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A park-and-ride (P&R) system is a set of facilities where private vehicle users can transfer to public transport to continue their journey. The main advantage of the system is decreasing the congestion in the central business district. This paper aims to analyze the most significant factors related to a Park-and-Ride facility location by adopting a combined model of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Best Worst Method (BWM). The integrated model is applicable for complex problems, which can be structured as a hierarchy with at least one 5 × 5 pairwise comparison matrix (PCM) (or bigger). Applying AHP for at least 5 × 5 PCM may generate inconsistent matrices, which may cause a loss of reliable information. As a solution for this gap, we conducted BWM, which generates more consistent comparisons compared to the AHP approach. Moreover, the model requires fewer comparisons compared to the classic AHP approach. That is the main reason of adopting the AHP-BWM model to evaluate Park-and-Ride facility location factors for a designed two-level hierarchical structure. As a case study, a real-world complex decision-making process was selected to evaluate the Park-and-Ride facility location problem in Cuenca city, Ecuador. The result shows that the application of multi-criteria methods becomes a planning tool for experts when designing a P&R system.
Jairo Ortega; Sarbast Moslem; Juan Palaguachi; Martin Ortega; Tiziana Campisi; Vincenza Torrisi. An Integrated Multi Criteria Decision Making Model for Evaluating Park-and-Ride Facility Location Issue: A Case Study for Cuenca City in Ecuador. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7461 .
AMA StyleJairo Ortega, Sarbast Moslem, Juan Palaguachi, Martin Ortega, Tiziana Campisi, Vincenza Torrisi. An Integrated Multi Criteria Decision Making Model for Evaluating Park-and-Ride Facility Location Issue: A Case Study for Cuenca City in Ecuador. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (13):7461.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJairo Ortega; Sarbast Moslem; Juan Palaguachi; Martin Ortega; Tiziana Campisi; Vincenza Torrisi. 2021. "An Integrated Multi Criteria Decision Making Model for Evaluating Park-and-Ride Facility Location Issue: A Case Study for Cuenca City in Ecuador." Sustainability 13, no. 13: 7461.
The Park and Ride (P&R) system is integrated into the transport infrastructure of a city’s urban environment. P&R is an intermodal connection point between private vehicles and public transport, and therefore is considered a fundamental element in transport planning. The planning of a P&R system is linked to numerous parameters related to transport planning, such as origin and purpose of travel in the P&R system, P&R location problem, P&R and potential demand, P&R and catchment area, P&R and public transport, and P&R in the future transportation (autonomous, electric vehicles). Thus, the planning process becomes essential for the successful implementation of the P&R system. However, most studies have shown each part of the planning process separately. Therefore, the researchers in this paper have conducted a comprehensive analysis of the available literature on P&R system planning, and studies that consider the planning sections separately are to be part of the complete research. In conclusion, the planning of P&R facilities should not be regarded as a separate mobility design element. Instead, it should be viewed as an essential component integrated into the city’s urban environment.
Jairo Ortega; János Tóth; Tamás Péter. Planning a Park and Ride System: A Literature Review. Future Transportation 2021, 1, 82 -98.
AMA StyleJairo Ortega, János Tóth, Tamás Péter. Planning a Park and Ride System: A Literature Review. Future Transportation. 2021; 1 (1):82-98.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJairo Ortega; János Tóth; Tamás Péter. 2021. "Planning a Park and Ride System: A Literature Review." Future Transportation 1, no. 1: 82-98.
Several transport policies reduce pollution levels caused by private vehicles by introducing autonomous or electric vehicles and encouraging mode shift from private to public transport through park and ride (P&R) facilities. However, combining the policies of introducing autonomous vehicles with the implementation of electric vehicles and using the P&R system could amplify the decrease of transport sector emissions. The COPERT software has been used to calculate the emissions. This article aims to study these policies and determine which combinations can better reduce pollution. The result shows that each combination of autonomous vehicles reduces pollution to different degrees. In conclusion, the shift to more sustainable transport modes through autonomous electric vehicles and P&R systems reduces pollution in the urban environment to a higher percentage. In contrast, the combination of autonomous vehicles has lower emission reduction but is easier to implement with the currently available infrastructure.
Mohammed Obaid; Arpad Torok; Jairo Ortega. A Comprehensive Emissions Model Combining Autonomous Vehicles with Park and Ride and Electric Vehicle Transportation Policies. Sustainability 2021, 13, 4653 .
AMA StyleMohammed Obaid, Arpad Torok, Jairo Ortega. A Comprehensive Emissions Model Combining Autonomous Vehicles with Park and Ride and Electric Vehicle Transportation Policies. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (9):4653.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohammed Obaid; Arpad Torok; Jairo Ortega. 2021. "A Comprehensive Emissions Model Combining Autonomous Vehicles with Park and Ride and Electric Vehicle Transportation Policies." Sustainability 13, no. 9: 4653.
A Park and Ride (P&R) system is an intermodal point where private vehicle users transfer to public transport to make a combined trip. Several researchers have measured the static accessibility of the P&R system. However, studying dynamic accessibility leads to a comprehensive model consisting of a series of elements and steps that allow for travel time analysis in various traffic conditions. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to develop an integrated model that provides a set of procedures which determine the travel origin points of the P&R system, calculate the trips in different traffic conditions (in this article, the results are shown in three scenarios: no traffic (NT), low traffic (LT), and heavy traffic (HT)), and include a hot spot analysis and correlation in order to finally be able to display the dynamic accessibility using geospatial software. The result shows that the accessibility of the P&R system varies depending on the traffic volume and the variation of the accessibility in the different areas that conform to the urban environment. In conclusion, the integrated model helps users decide on the best time to travel to the P&R system, allows transport planners to develop strategies to make the system more functional, and gives an excellent opportunity to develop a travel information system.
Jairo Ortega; János Tóth; Tamás Péter. A Comprehensive Model to Study the Dynamic Accessibility of the Park & Ride System. Sustainability 2021, 13, 4064 .
AMA StyleJairo Ortega, János Tóth, Tamás Péter. A Comprehensive Model to Study the Dynamic Accessibility of the Park & Ride System. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (7):4064.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJairo Ortega; János Tóth; Tamás Péter. 2021. "A Comprehensive Model to Study the Dynamic Accessibility of the Park & Ride System." Sustainability 13, no. 7: 4064.
The Park and Ride (P&R) system is a set of facilities available to private vehicle users to transfer to public transportation in order to complete their journey. The location of the facilities is determined by the purpose for which they have been created, for example, to reduce traffic in the central business district (CBD), reduce pollution, or increase the use of public transportation. Thus, a set of six main criteria and 19 sub-criteria are considered that are particularly important for decision-makers about the location of P&R facilities in a city. In order to identify which criteria are relevant, a method belonging to the multiple criteria decision is needed. The central point of this study is to evaluate the problem of the location of the facilities of the P&R system according to the point of view of the experts. For this aim, the Best Worst Method (BWM) is adopted to estimate the location of the facilities of the P&R system. The questionnaire survey has been designed estimated by ten transport experts in the related field. The recently created BWM was conducted. The results highlighted that “accessibility of public transportation” is the most important aspect of the problem of the location of P&R facilities. The results obtained provide greater accuracy in the location of facilities problem than the pure analytic hierarchy process method (AHP).
Jairo Ortega; Sarbast Moslem; János Tóth; Tamás Péter; Juan Palaguachi; Mario Paguay. Using Best Worst Method for Sustainable Park and Ride Facility Location. Sustainability 2020, 12, 10083 .
AMA StyleJairo Ortega, Sarbast Moslem, János Tóth, Tamás Péter, Juan Palaguachi, Mario Paguay. Using Best Worst Method for Sustainable Park and Ride Facility Location. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (23):10083.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJairo Ortega; Sarbast Moslem; János Tóth; Tamás Péter; Juan Palaguachi; Mario Paguay. 2020. "Using Best Worst Method for Sustainable Park and Ride Facility Location." Sustainability 12, no. 23: 10083.
A Park and Ride (P & R) system is a set of facilities located throughout an urban area that can serve as transfer points for travelers that would like to utilize their private vehicles for one part of their journey and a more sustainable transport mode, such as public transport, for another part of the same journey. The catchment area of the facilities is identified as a fundamental element for planning a P & R system. It can be assumed to be accurately represented by several geometric shapes, such as a circle or a parabola. In that regard, a method denominated as the parabola method can be used to visualize those geometric shapes on digital maps of an urban environment. It can be implemented as a software program that integrates the variables that represent the elements of the P & R system as well as the set of equations that are used in a geographic information system (GIS) software. A significant aspect of how the parabola method is applied is its orientation as a shape, which is traditionally configured in respect to the area of major business activity or central business districts (CBDs). In fact, the research presented in this article aims to provide a new approach to the parabola’s orientation to study the P & R system’s catchment area by proposing the parabola’s orientation according to the primary access that potential users used to reach the facility. A case study that portrays the application of our method is given that is focused on the medium-sized city of Cuenca, Ecuador, where we determine which approach to the parabola’s orientation is the most suitable. In conclusion, the second approach proposed in this research reflects in a more realistic form the operation of the catchment area of the P & R system, considering a better distribution of the coverage area of the P & R system in the urban environment.
Jairo Ortega; János Tóth; Tamás Péter. Mapping the Catchment Area of Park and Ride Facilities within Urban Environments. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 2020, 9, 501 .
AMA StyleJairo Ortega, János Tóth, Tamás Péter. Mapping the Catchment Area of Park and Ride Facilities within Urban Environments. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 2020; 9 (9):501.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJairo Ortega; János Tóth; Tamás Péter. 2020. "Mapping the Catchment Area of Park and Ride Facilities within Urban Environments." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, no. 9: 501.
A park and ride (P&R) system is a set of facilities where private vehicle users can transfer to public transport to complete their journey. The main advantage of the system is reducing the congestions problem in the central business district (CBD). Thus, the notion of symmetry is particularly important in multi-criteria decision aid (MCDA) because they are basic characteristics of the binary relationships used in modelling the preferences of decision-makers. The focal point of this study is evaluating the P&R facility system location problem from the experts’ point of view. For this aim, an integrated multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) methodology is proposed to evaluate the location of the facilities of the P&R system. The questionnaire survey was designed and estimated by 10 transport experts in the related field. The famous analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was adopted in a fuzzy environment, where the fuzzy sets have an efficient ability to manage the vague concepts in a specific way; moreover, it can mitigate the evaluator reasoning during decision-making. The hierarchical structure of the problem was established to evaluate a real-life problem in Cuenca city, Ecuador. The outcomes highlighted the “accessibility of public transport” as the most significant issue in the P&R facility location problem. The obtained results provide more flexible facilities than the pure AHP method.
Jairo Ortega; János Tóth; Sarbast Moslem; Tamás Péter; Szabolcs Duleba. An Integrated Approach of Analytic Hierarchy Process and Triangular Fuzzy Sets for Analyzing the Park-and-Ride Facility Location Problem. Symmetry 2020, 12, 1225 .
AMA StyleJairo Ortega, János Tóth, Sarbast Moslem, Tamás Péter, Szabolcs Duleba. An Integrated Approach of Analytic Hierarchy Process and Triangular Fuzzy Sets for Analyzing the Park-and-Ride Facility Location Problem. Symmetry. 2020; 12 (8):1225.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJairo Ortega; János Tóth; Sarbast Moslem; Tamás Péter; Szabolcs Duleba. 2020. "An Integrated Approach of Analytic Hierarchy Process and Triangular Fuzzy Sets for Analyzing the Park-and-Ride Facility Location Problem." Symmetry 12, no. 8: 1225.
The Park and Ride (P&R) System is part of a set of parking policies provided by Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans (SUMPs) that have been used in developing efficient, safe and environmentally friendly solutions to reduce the undesirable effects of private vehicles in Central Business District (CBD). In fact, the P&Rs are allocated near public transportation stations to ease transfer from a private vehicle to a public transportation mode. Therefore, the P&R system is considered as an alternative transport mode in which the location and potential demand of each facility are fundamental components to be evaluated within sustainable urban planning. The paper proposes an integrated model of P&R facilities based on estimate the potential demand through a mathematical model of the seven park-and-ride (P&R) facilities (designated A to G) in Cuenca city, Ecuador. The developed integrated model includes two cost functions: one is the P&R mode, and the second is the private car mode. Additionally, a SUMP is integrated into the model as a data collection source in order to find the required parameters for the cost functions and origin–destination (O-D) matrix of private vehicles. The results showed that three out of the seven P&R facilities (P&R C, P&R G, and P&R A) had the highest demand (70% of the overall demand). Consequently, these three P&R facilities were studied separately using the same developed model, and the demand proved to be the highest for P&R facility “C” (39% out of 70%). In conclusion, SUMPs, as a methodology for data collection and a mathematical model, proved to be an effective integrated method for evaluating the most attractive P&R location based on the potential demand.
Jairo Ortega; János Tóth; Tamás Péter; Sarbast Moslem. An Integrated Model of Park-And-Ride Facilities for Sustainable Urban Mobility. Sustainability 2020, 12, 4631 .
AMA StyleJairo Ortega, János Tóth, Tamás Péter, Sarbast Moslem. An Integrated Model of Park-And-Ride Facilities for Sustainable Urban Mobility. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (11):4631.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJairo Ortega; János Tóth; Tamás Péter; Sarbast Moslem. 2020. "An Integrated Model of Park-And-Ride Facilities for Sustainable Urban Mobility." Sustainability 12, no. 11: 4631.
The preferences of travelers determines the utility of daily activity plans. Decision-makers can affect the preference of travelers when they force private car users to use park-and-ride (P&R) facilities as a way of decreasing traffic in city centers. The P&R system has been shown to be effective in reducing uninterrupted increases in traffic congestion, especially in city centers. Therefore, the impacts of P&R on travel behavior and the daily activity plans of both worker and shopper travelers were studied in this paper. Moreover, autonomous vehicles (AVs) are a promising technology for the coming decade. A simulation of the AV as part of a multimodal system, when the P&R system was integrated in the daily activity plans, was carried out to determine the required AV fleet size needed to fulfill a certain demand and to study the impacts of AVs on the behavior of travelers (trip time and distance). Specifically, a group of travelers, who use private cars as their transport mode, was studied, and certain modifications to their daily activity plans, including P&R facilities and changing their transport mode, were introduced. Using the MATSim open-source tool, four scenarios were simulated based on the mentioned modifications. The four scenarios included (1) a simulation of the existing transport modes of the travelers, (2) a simulation of their daily activity plans when their transport modes were changed to AVs, (3) a simulation of the travelers, when P&R facilities were included in their activity chain plans, and (4) a simulation of their daily activity plans, when both P&R and AVs were included in their activity chain plans. The result showed that using the P&R system increased overall travel time, compared with using a private car. The results also demonstrated that using AVs as a replacement for conventional cars reduced travel time. In conclusion, the impact of P&R and AVs on the travel behavior of certain travelers was evaluated in this paper.
Jairo Ortega; Jamil Hamadneh; Domokos Esztergár-Kiss; János Tóth. Simulation of the Daily Activity Plans of Travelers Using the Park-and-Ride System and Autonomous Vehicles: Work and Shopping Trip Purposes. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 2912 .
AMA StyleJairo Ortega, Jamil Hamadneh, Domokos Esztergár-Kiss, János Tóth. Simulation of the Daily Activity Plans of Travelers Using the Park-and-Ride System and Autonomous Vehicles: Work and Shopping Trip Purposes. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (8):2912.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJairo Ortega; Jamil Hamadneh; Domokos Esztergár-Kiss; János Tóth. 2020. "Simulation of the Daily Activity Plans of Travelers Using the Park-and-Ride System and Autonomous Vehicles: Work and Shopping Trip Purposes." Applied Sciences 10, no. 8: 2912.