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Yukun Cao
College of Economics and Management, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China

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Journal article
Published: 20 April 2020 in Sustainability
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National distance (ND) is the key factor that affects international trade but the traditional trade gravity model only considers spatial distance, which is not enough. This paper therefore constructs a trade gravity model and a Generalized Moment Estimation Model (GMM) based on four dimensions—spatial distance (SD), economic distance (ED), institutional distance (ID) and cultural distance (CD)—comprehensively analyzing the impact of the heterogeneity represented by national distance on exports of wooden forest products (EWFP) from China to countries along the “Belt and Road” using panel data from 2001 to2018. The results show that the impacts of the four types of ND on China’s EWFP are different and that a major change has taken place since the “Belt and Road” initiative was proposed, within which CD has become the key factor that hinders exports, while the traditional SD is not significant. Therefore, using NDs instead of the SD of the traditional trade gravity model is much more reasonable. Finally, this paper proposes some suggestions to reduce the ND between China and the route countries and to promote cooperation among them.

ACS Style

Tianbo Wu; Bin Zhang; Yukun Cao; Pingjun Sun. Impact of Multi-Dimensional and Dynamic Distance on China’s Exports of Wooden Forest Products to Countries along the “Belt and Road”. Sustainability 2020, 12, 3339 .

AMA Style

Tianbo Wu, Bin Zhang, Yukun Cao, Pingjun Sun. Impact of Multi-Dimensional and Dynamic Distance on China’s Exports of Wooden Forest Products to Countries along the “Belt and Road”. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (8):3339.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tianbo Wu; Bin Zhang; Yukun Cao; Pingjun Sun. 2020. "Impact of Multi-Dimensional and Dynamic Distance on China’s Exports of Wooden Forest Products to Countries along the “Belt and Road”." Sustainability 12, no. 8: 3339.

Journal article
Published: 17 October 2019 in Forests
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In this study, we assessed the impact of the Billion Trees Afforestation Program (BTAP) on the livelihood of local household in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province (KPK). BTAP is the largest ban-logging afforestation program in Pakistan, which aims to conserve natural forests, promoting rural livelihoods and reducing poverty. Primary data from 360 local inhabitants were collected and analyzed using descriptive and econometric methodologies that include ordered logit model and ordinary least squares (OLS) respectively. In specific, a wealth index, household income, and five assets of sustainable livelihood have been considered to measure the impact of BTAP. We found that there is a strong and positive contribution of BTAP to the improvement of a rural community’s livelihood. Results showed that BTAP based households earn 4% more income and possess around 35% more assets. These findings suggest that BTAP has considerable effect on increase in livelihood assets. This study continues the discussion with several practical implications of this along with recommendations for future research.

ACS Style

Tariq Rauf; Naveed Khan; Syed Jamal Shah; Muhammad Zada; Saqib Yaqoob Malik; Cao; Adnan Sadique; Rauf; Khan; Shah; Zada; Cao Yukun; Yukun Cao. Poverty and Prosperity: Impact on Livelihood Assets of Billion Trees Afforestation Program in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan. Forests 2019, 10, 916 .

AMA Style

Tariq Rauf, Naveed Khan, Syed Jamal Shah, Muhammad Zada, Saqib Yaqoob Malik, Cao, Adnan Sadique, Rauf, Khan, Shah, Zada, Cao Yukun, Yukun Cao. Poverty and Prosperity: Impact on Livelihood Assets of Billion Trees Afforestation Program in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan. Forests. 2019; 10 (10):916.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tariq Rauf; Naveed Khan; Syed Jamal Shah; Muhammad Zada; Saqib Yaqoob Malik; Cao; Adnan Sadique; Rauf; Khan; Shah; Zada; Cao Yukun; Yukun Cao. 2019. "Poverty and Prosperity: Impact on Livelihood Assets of Billion Trees Afforestation Program in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan." Forests 10, no. 10: 916.

Journal article
Published: 19 August 2019 in Forests
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In recent decades, the terrestrial ecosystem in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province (KPK), Pakistan, has undergone tremendous destruction. To restore environmental conditions, the government implemented the Billion Tree Afforestation Program (BTAP), with a high target to impact multidimensional aspects of the terrestrial ecosystem. The government claims that it is local residents who have benefited the most from the BTAP. Hence, the objective of this research was to examine the socioeconomic impact and local rural perception of the BTAP in three districts of KPK. Primary data were collected from 406 households. Fundamental orientation theory was used to assess the social impacts of the BTAP, while cost–benefit analysis was applied to examine its economic impact. The results show that the overall social impacts of the BTAP are satisfactory and beneficial, increasing social sustainability by 69% between 2014 and 2018. Additionally, based on the cost–benefit analysis and perception-based analysis, it was found that the BTAP positively affects the economic conditions of rural households. The community livelihood increased during the program, with a total net income of 6.9 million USD in the three districts of KPK. It is concluded that the majority of respondents have benefited from participation in the BTAP. The sustainability of rural livelihood is one of the main concerns related to the establishment of the BTAP. Effort is needed by the government and other parties to both increase rural household income and to protect the environment.

ACS Style

Naveed Khan; Syed Jamal Shah; Tariq Rauf; Muhammad Zada; Cao Yukun; Jun Harbi; Khan; Shah; Rauf; Zada. Socioeconomic Impacts of the Billion Trees Afforestation Program in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province (KPK), Pakistan. Forests 2019, 10, 703 .

AMA Style

Naveed Khan, Syed Jamal Shah, Tariq Rauf, Muhammad Zada, Cao Yukun, Jun Harbi, Khan, Shah, Rauf, Zada. Socioeconomic Impacts of the Billion Trees Afforestation Program in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province (KPK), Pakistan. Forests. 2019; 10 (8):703.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Naveed Khan; Syed Jamal Shah; Tariq Rauf; Muhammad Zada; Cao Yukun; Jun Harbi; Khan; Shah; Rauf; Zada. 2019. "Socioeconomic Impacts of the Billion Trees Afforestation Program in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province (KPK), Pakistan." Forests 10, no. 8: 703.