The ultrasonic welding (UW) technique is an ultra-fast joining process, and it is used to join thermoplastic composite structures, and provides an excellent bonding strength. It is more cost-efficient as opposed to the conventional adhesive, mechanical and other joining methods. This review paper presents the detailed progress made by the scientific and research community to date in the direction of the UW of thermoplastic composites. The focus of this paper is to review the recent development of the ultrasonic welding technique for thermoplastic composites to thermoplastic composites, and to dissimilar materials. Different ultrasonic welding modes and their processing parameters, namely, weld time, weld pressure, amplitude, type of energy directors (EDs) affecting the welding quality and the advantages and disadvantages of UW over other bonding techniques, are summarized. The current state of the ultrasonic welding of thermoplastic composites and their future perspectives are also deliberated.

Tomographic volumetric printing (TVP) physically reverses tomography to offer fast and auxiliary-free 3D printing. Here we show that wavelength-sensitive photoresins can be cured using visible ( $$\bar{\lambda }=455$$λ ¯ = 455 nm) and UV ( $$\bar{\lambda }=365$$λ ¯ = 365 nm) sources simultaneously in a TVP setup to generate internal mechanical property gradients with high precision. We develop solutions of mixed acrylate and epoxy monomers and utilize the orthogonal chemistry between free radical and cationic polymerization to realize fully 3D stiffness control. The radial resolution of stiffness control is 300 µm or better and an average modulus gradient of 5 MPa/µm is achieved. We further show that the reactive transport of radical inhibitors defines a workpiece’s shape and limits the achievable stiffness contrast to a range from 127 MPa to 201 MPa according to standard tensile tests after post-processing. Our result presents a strategy for controlling the stiffness of material spatially in light-based volumetric additive manufacturing.

Effect of potassium (K) fertilization (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 kg K ha⁻¹) on yield, nitrogen (N) and K nutrition of Boro (dry season) rice and apparent soil K balance was studied. Experiment was conducted at Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) regional station farm, Habiganj, Bangladesh during 2007–2008 to 2009–2010 in a wetland rice ecosystem under haor area. Cropping pattern was Boro–Fallow–Fallow. A popular rice variety BRRI dhan29 was tested in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Results indicated that BRRI dhan29 maintained an average grain yield of 5.19 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ without K fertilization. Potassium fertilization significantly increased the grain yield to 6.86 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. Quadratic equations best explained the progressive increase of rice yield with increasing K rates. Optimum dose of K in 3 years ranged from 78 to 93 kg ha⁻¹. Internal N use efficiency of rice decreased with increasing K rates. However, K use efficiency was inconsistent. Apparent K balance study revealed that application of 100 kg K ha⁻¹ was not able to maintain a positive K balance in soil under wetland ecosystem with Boro–Fallow–Fallow cropping system. However, K fertilization decreased the negativity of K balance in soil.