Proton membrane exchange fuel cells (PEMFCs) provide an important energy solution to decarbonizing transport sectors and electric systems due to zero carbon emission during the operating process, and how to enhance the system efficiency of PEMFCs is one of the most challengeable issues to hinder the large-scale commercial application of PEMFCs. In recent years, numerous studies have been conducted to explore the feasibility and techno-economic performance of advanced thermal management to promote the efficiency of PEMFC systems. The thermal management of PEMFCs can be implemented from two aspects: one is efficient cooling methods to maintain the PEMFC under proper working temperature range, and the other one is waste heat recovery from PEMFCs to improve the overall system efficiency. Concentrated on these topics, many achievements have been gained by academic and industrial communities, and it is imperative to analyze and conclude these experienced studies from mechanism, technology, and application aspects. Therefore, this review summarized the great advances of thermal management of PEMFCs with efficient cooling and waste heat recovery for the sake of improving the overall efficiency of PEMFC systems, providing guidelines for the future design and optimization of PEMFC systems.

Wind energy is a useful and reliable energy source. Wind turbines are attracting attention with the dependency of the world on clean energy. The turbulent nature of wind profiles along with uncertainty in the modeling of wind turbines makes them more challenging for prolific power extraction. The pitch control angle is used for the effective operation of wind turbines at the above-nominal wind speed. To extract stable power as well as to keep wind turbines in a safe operating region, the pitch controller should be intelligent and highly efficient. For this purpose, proportional–integral–derivative controllers are mostly used. The parameters for the proportional–integral–derivative controller are unknown and calculated by numerous techniques, which is a quite cumbersome task. In this research, the particle swarm optimization technique is used but the conventional particle swarm optimization technique cannot tackle the system’s nonlinearity and uncertainties. Hence, the proposed particle swarm optimization algorithm is employed for the calculation of the controller’s optimal parameters. The proposed technique is implemented on a 5-MW wind turbine, which is designed using the Bladed software. Simulation is performed using MATLAB/Simulink to validate the effectiveness of the proposed technique. A variable wind profile is fed as input into the system and the proposed controller provides satisfactory results for the power, rotor speed, and torque. The system is stable and the settling time is reduced.

the integration of solar energy and transportation can be beneficial for the overall environment and the economy of any country. The conventional vehicles with the internal combustion engines have the leading role for the burning of fossil fuels and causing global warming, co2 emission, acid rain, and environmental pollution. The solar energy is abundant in nature and offers a number of benefits for the green and clean environment. The solar-powered battery electric vehicle offers a possible solution to these problems. This paper proposes an equation-based design for battery electric vehicles with the installation of flexible solar panels that can be utilized while on mobility and parking. It covers all the parts of the electric vehicle starting from the tractive force calculation, battery model, motor model, driveline model and losses associated with these models. This study is beneficial for the designing of the battery electric vehicle according to any specification because it provides a benchmark circuit to analysis all the parameters at the initial level. The standard drive cycle has been used for the verification of the solar-powered electric vehicle. The proposed model for the solar-powered electric vehicle gives the extra range for the electric vehicle and can easily be charged by the radiation of the sun. The MATLAB/SIMULINK model for the solar-powered battery electric vehicle is built for simulation and shows the result by giving extra charging to the battery.