This work proposes a methodology whereby the selection of hydrologic and land-use cover change (LUCC) models allows an assessment of the proportional variation in potential groundwater recharge (PGR) due to both land-use cover change (LUCC) and some climate change scenarios for 2050. The simulation of PGR was made through a distributed model, based on empirical methods and the forecasting of LUCC stemming from a supervised classification with remote sensing techniques, both inside a Geographic Information System. Once the supervised classification was made, a Markov-based model was developed to predict LUCC to 2050. The method was applied in Acapulco, an important tourism center for Mexico. From 1986 to 2017, the urban area increased 5%, and by 2050 was predicted to cover 16%. In this period, a loss of 7 million m³ of PGR was assumed to be caused by the estimated LUCC. From 2017 to 2050, this loss is expected to increase between 73 and 273 million m³ depending on the considered climate change scenario, which is the equivalent amount necessary for satisfying the water needs of 6 million inhabitants. Therefore, modeling the variation in groundwater recharge can be an important tool for identifying water vulnerability, through both climate and land-use change.

Solid waste for incineration and wastewater from the country’s largest city, Mexico City (CDMX), is transported to the southern region of Valle del Mezquital (MV). This area also hosts an oil refinery, a thermoelectric plant (PEMEX-CFE), cement factories, industrial corridors, and mining operations, all of which harm environmental and public health. From a Political Ecology (PE) perspective, we examine the mechanisms of accumulation, emphasizing the allocation of property titles and the extraction of rent as an environmental reservoir. We also explore the power of socio-environmental movements to provide a comprehensive understanding of environmental conflict. Based on economic power structures, we identify a geopolitical configuration that deepens the spatial divisions between labor in the MV and consumption in CDMX, exacerbating health disparities. We conclude that an unequal geography has been built that has produced capitalist and rentier landowners who are exempt from the externalities that have produced a sacrifice zone. The Mexican State is a key stakeholder, collaborating with the industrial elite in both legal and illegal spheres. Within this sacrifice zone, the inhabitants of the MV have resisted pollution and industrial accidents for over 50 years. Despite publicizing their struggle internationally and collaborating with academics, members of the movement have been assassinated.

[Introducción]: El crecimiento urbano en zonas costeras de América Latina pone en riego a la población y contribuye al cambio climático. [Objetivos]: El objetivo de la presente investigación es generar una metodología que a futuro identifique la aptitud territorial para el desarrollo urbano en municipios costeros, considerando medidas de mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático, aspectos fisiográficos y político-administrativos. [Metodología]: Este estudio presenta el uso de sistemas de información geográfica (SIG) y la técnica del análisis de decisiones de criterios múltiples (MCDA, por sus siglas en inglés) para la selección de zonas idóneas para el desarrollo urbano en el municipio de Acapulco de Juárez, México. [Resultados]: Se crearon mapas temáticos del promedio de índices de vegetación, de la recarga potencial de agua subterránea, de tenencia de la tierra, de peligro de inundación, de restricciones de zonas urbanas existentes y de cuerpos de agua; posteriormente, se integraron en un MCDA para dotar de zonas urbanas aptas a futuro. En los resultados, se identificaron 367 km2 idóneos para el desarrollo urbano con menor impacto al ecosistema y a la vez, no son un riesgo para la población; asimismo, se identificaron zonas intermedias y no aptas que representan un peligro para la población y al ecosistema. [Conclusiones]: Este trabajo hace posible planear el territorio como una medida de mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático con el MCDA a través de SIG, en una zona afectada por los fenómenos hidrometeorológicos y una población en condiciones socioeconómicas adversas.

Solid waste for incineration and wastewater from the country's largest city, Mexico City (CDMX), are transported to the southern region of Valle del Mezquital (MV). This area also hosts an oil refinery, a thermoelectric plant (PEMEX-CFE), cement factories, industrial corridors, and mining operations, all of which harm environmental and public health. From a Political Ecology (PE) perspective, we examine the mechanisms of accumulation, emphasizing the allocation of property titles and the extraction of rent as an environmental reservoir. We also explore the power of socio-environmental movements to provide a comprehensive understanding of environmental conflict. Based on economic power structures, we identify a geopolitical configuration that deepens the spatial divisions between labor in the MV and consumption in CDMX, exacerbating health disparities. We conclude that an unequal geography has been built that produced capitalist and rentier landowners who are exempt from the externalities that have produced an environmental hell. The Mexican State is a key stakeholder, collaborating with the industrial elite in both legal and illegal spheres. Within this sacrifice zone, the inhabitants of the MV have resisted pollution and industrial accidents for over 50 years. Despite publicizing their struggle internationally and collaborating with academics, members of the movement have been assassinated.

In the original publication (Morales et al