Omega‐3 fatty acids play a significant role in immunomodulation, with nutrigenomic approaches highlighting their impact on gene expression related to immune responses. Research indicates that omega‐3 fatty acids can modulate inflammatory pathways, potentially reducing chronic inflammation and enhancing immune function. This review discusses the intersection of nutrigenomics and nutriepigenomics, focusing on how omega‐3 fatty acids influence gene expression, immune function, and overall health. The immune system is a complex network responsible for defending the body against pathogens and maintaining internal balance. Comprised of innate and adaptive immunity, the system involves various cells, tissues, and organs working together to combat infections and prevent diseases. Omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), play a significant role in modulating the immune system. These fatty acids influence immune cell function, membrane fluidity, and signaling processes, enhancing immune responses and reducing inflammation. Furthermore, EPA and DHA affect several signaling pathways, reducing the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and inhibiting nuclear factor kappa‐light‐chain‐enhancer of activated B cells (NF‐κB) activation, a critical transcription factor in the inflammatory response. Additionally, they activate PPAR‐γ, further diminishing inflammatory gene expression. As precursors to specialized proresolving lipid mediators, EPA and DHA help shift the lipid mediator profile from proinflammatory to antiinflammatory derivatives, thus aiding in the resolution of inflammation.

The aim of this study was to compare anthropometric measures of obesity and sleep qualities in individuals with/without social jetlag (SJL). In addition, it was aimed to compare the energy, macronutrient intake and diet qualities of individuals with/without SJL during school and non-school days. This study comprised 710 university students with mean age 21.58 ± 1.41 years. The presence of SJL was acknowledged if there was a difference of more than 1 hour between the middle of sleep time on school day and on non-school day. While the physical activity levels (PALs) of the individuals were determined with a 24-hour physical activity record, measurements such as waist circumference, neck circumference and body mass index were recorded for anthropometric measurements. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was used to determine the sleep quality of the individuals. Energy, macronutrients intake, and diet quality were calculated from the 24-h dietary recall of the individuals, and recorded for the school days and non-school days. In this study, 76% of the individuals (n = 542) were determined as exposed to SJL. Although there was no significant difference in their PALs, individuals with SJL had a higher waist (p < .05) and neck (p < .05) circumference, as well as higher body mass index (p < .05). Individuals with SJL were found to have significantly poor sleep quality (OR:1.109, p < .031) and sleep latency (OR:1.130, p < .001) after adjustment for confounding factors. When compared to school days, in the individuals with SJL, energy (p < .001), fat (p < .001), saturated fatty acids (SFA) (p < .001), and mono unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) (p < .001) were significantly increased; however, fiber intake (p < .001) was significantly reduced on non-school days. Although there was no significant difference in the diet quality scores between the groups on the school days, the diet quality of the individuals without SJL on non-school days was increased significantly (p < .05). In conclusion, SJL was associated with sleep loss, increased body mass index, and lowered diet quality in university students.

Aim: To determine the role of sleep quality and caffeinated beverage consumption in the effect of late chronotype on body mass index (BMI). Materials and methods: The study consisted of a total of 661 healthy university students with a mean age of 21.4 ± 1.38 years. Within the scope of the study, The Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) was used to determine the chronotypes of individuals, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to determine sleep quality, and a 24 h physical activity record was taken to determine physical activity levels. The caffeine intake of the individuals was determined using a food frequency questionnaire for the intake of caffeinated food and beverages. The role of mediators in the effect of late chronotype on BMI was evaluated via multiple mediation analysis. Results: In this study, evening-type individuals had higher daily caffeine intake, worse sleep quality (P < 0.001), and higher BMI (P < 0.05). When the effect of mediators was taken into account, the negative relationship between the chronotype score and BMI was maintained (β = –0.109, 95% CI (−0.194, −0.021), P < 0.05). Decreased sleep quality had a mediated effect in this relationship [β = –0.208, 95% CI (−0.275, −0.119)], and caffeinated beverage consumption was found to have no mediator function (β = 0.040 95% CI (−0.050, 0.108), P > 0.05). Conclusion: To conclude, eveningness chronotype had an effect on higher levels of caffeinated beverage consumption, lower sleep quality, and increased BMI. Chronotype, sleep quality, and caffeinated beverage consumption should be taken into account in studies examining the relationship between circadian rhythm and obesity.

Objective: This study aimed to explore the relationship between caffeine use disorder (CUD), caffeine withdrawal symptoms and the prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress (DASS) in adults. Design: The study utilised a cross-sectional design to assess the relationships between CUD, caffeine withdrawal symptoms and DASS. Setting: Participants’ CUD was evaluated through the Caffeine Use Disorder Questionnaire (CUDQ), while the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) measured DASS levels. Caffeine withdrawal symptoms and total caffeine intake were calculated based on self-reported consumption of caffeine-rich products. Participants: The study involved 618 participants with an average age of 27·8 (sd 7·8) years. Results: Participants consumed an average of 461·21 (sd 11·09) mg/d of caffeine, showing a positive correlation between CUD and total caffeine intake. The risk of CUD increased alongside levels of DASS. Individuals with caffeine withdrawal symptoms had higher CUDQ and DASS scores. A multiple linear regression model revealed significant associations between total caffeine intake (P < 0·001) and DASS-21 score (P < 0·001) with CUDQ score. Conclusions: The study concluded that caffeine, while recognised for its potential health benefits, also exhibits properties that may lead to addiction. The development of caffeine use disorder and cessation of caffeine intake can increase DASS levels in adults, indicating the need for awareness and appropriate interventions in public health nutrition.