Deep learning (DL) is a new machine learning (ML) methodology that has found successful implementations in many application domains. However, its usage in communications systems has not been well explored. This paper investigates the use of the DL in modulation classification, which is a major task in many communications systems. The DL relies on a massive amount of data and, for research and applications, this can be easily available in communications systems. Furthermore, unlike the ML, the DL has the advantage of not requiring manual feature selections, which significantly reduces the task complexity in modulation classification. In this paper, we use two convolutional neural network (CNN)-based DL models, AlexNet and GoogLeNet. Specifically, we develop several methods to represent modulated signals in data formats with gridlike topologies for the CNN. The impacts of representation on classification performance are also analyzed. In addition, comparisons with traditional cumulant and ML-based algorithms are presented. Experimental results demonstrate the significant performance advantage and application feasibility of the DL-based approach for modulation classification.

A computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system based on mammograms enables early breast cancer detection, diagnosis, and treatment. However, the accuracy of existing CAD systems remains unsatisfactory. This paper explores a breast CAD method based on feature fusion with Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) deep features. First, we propose a mass detection method based on CNN deep features and Unsupervised Extreme Learning Machine (US-ELM) clustering. Second, we build a feature set fusing deep features, morphological features, texture features, and density features. Third, an ELM classifier is developed using the fused feature set to classify benign and malignant breast masses. Extensive experiments demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of our proposed mass detection and breast cancer classification method.

Modulation classification is one of the key tasks for communications systems monitoring, management, and control for addressing technical issues, including spectrum awareness, adaptive transmissions, and interference avoidance. Recently, deep learning (DL)-based modulation classification has attracted significant attention due to its superiority in feature extraction and classification accuracy. In DL-based modulation classification, one major challenge is to preprocess a received signal and represent it in a proper format before feeding the signal into deep neural networks. This article provides a comprehensive survey of the state-of-the-art DL-based modulation classification algorithms, especially the techniques of signal representation and data preprocessing utilized in these algorithms. Since a received signal can be represented by either features, images, sequences, or a combination of them, existing algorithms of DL-based modulation classification can be categorized into four groups and are reviewed accordingly in this article. Furthermore, the advantages as well as disadvantages of each signal representation method are summarized and discussed.

Breast cancer is one of the most common and deadliest cancers among women. Since histopathological images contain sufficient phenotypic information, they play an indispensable role in the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancers. To improve the accuracy and objectivity of Breast Histopathological Image Analysis (BHIA), Artificial Neural Network (ANN) approaches are widely used in the segmentation and classification tasks of breast histopathological images. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the BHIA techniques based on ANNs. First of all, we categorize the BHIA systems into classical and deep neural networks for in-depth investigation. Then, the relevant studies based on BHIA systems are presented. After that, we analyze the existing models to discover the most suitable algorithms. Finally, publicly accessible datasets, along with their download links, are provided for the convenience of future researchers.

Ultrasound (US) is one of the most widely used imaging modalities in medical diagnosis. It has the advantages of real-time, low cost, noninvasive nature, and easy to operate. However, it also has the unique disadvantages of strong artifacts and noise and high dependence on the experience of doctors. In order to overcome the shortcomings of ultrasound diagnosis and help doctor improve the accuracy and efficiency of diagnosis, many computer aided diagnosis (CAD) systems have been developed. In recent years, deep learning has achieved great success in computer vision with its unique advantages. In the aspect of medical US image analysis, deep learning has also been exploited for its great potential and more and more researchers apply it to CAD systems. In this paper, we first introduce the deep learning models commonly used in medical US image analysis; Second, we review the data preprocessing methods of medical US images, including data augmentation, denoising, and enhancement; Finally, we analyze the applications of deep learning in medical US imaging tasks (such as image classification, object detection, and image reconstruction).