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Dr. Stefano Longo
Università degli studi di Milano

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0 Muscle
0 Muscle Physiology
0 stiffness
0 Tendon adaptation
0 Stretching exercise

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Accepted manuscript
Published: 24 May 2021 in The Journals of Gerontology: Series A
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Background Vascular dysfunction and associated disorders are major side effects of chronic bed rest, yet passive mobilization as a potential treatment has only been theorized so far. This study investigated the effects of passive mobilization treatment on vascular function in older, chronically bedridden people. Methods The study sample was 45 chronically bedridden people of advanced age (mean age 87 years; 56% female; mean bed rest 4 years) randomly assigned to a treatment (n=23) or a control group (CTRL, n=22). The treatment group received passive mobilization twice daily (30 min, 5 times/week) for 4 weeks. A kinesiologist performed passive mobilization by passive knee flexion/extension at 1 Hz in one leg (treated leg, T-leg vs ctrl-leg). The CTRL group received routine treatment. The primary outcome was changes in peak blood flow (∆Peak) as measured with the single passive leg movement test (sPLM) at the common femoral artery. Results ∆Peak was increased in both legs in the Treatment group (+90.9 ml/min, p<0.001, in T-leg and +25.7 ml/min, p=0.039 in ctrl-leg). No difference in peak blood flow after routine treatment was found in the CTRL group. Conclusion Improvement in vascular function after 4 weeks of passive mobilization was recorded in the treatment group. Passive mobilization may be advantageously included in standard clinical practice as an effective strategy to treat vascular dysfunction in persons with severely limited mobility.

ACS Style

Anna Pedrinolla; Roberta Magliozzi; Alessandro L Colosio; Elisa Danese; Matteo Gelati; Stefania Rossi; Silvia Pogliaghi; Massimiliano Calabrese; Ettore Muti; Emiliano Cè; Stefano Longo; Fabio Esposito; Giuseppe Lippi; Federico Schena; Massimo Venturelli. Repeated passive mobilization to stimulate vascular function in individuals of advanced age who are chronically bedridden. A randomized controlled trial. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Anna Pedrinolla, Roberta Magliozzi, Alessandro L Colosio, Elisa Danese, Matteo Gelati, Stefania Rossi, Silvia Pogliaghi, Massimiliano Calabrese, Ettore Muti, Emiliano Cè, Stefano Longo, Fabio Esposito, Giuseppe Lippi, Federico Schena, Massimo Venturelli. Repeated passive mobilization to stimulate vascular function in individuals of advanced age who are chronically bedridden. A randomized controlled trial. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anna Pedrinolla; Roberta Magliozzi; Alessandro L Colosio; Elisa Danese; Matteo Gelati; Stefania Rossi; Silvia Pogliaghi; Massimiliano Calabrese; Ettore Muti; Emiliano Cè; Stefano Longo; Fabio Esposito; Giuseppe Lippi; Federico Schena; Massimo Venturelli. 2021. "Repeated passive mobilization to stimulate vascular function in individuals of advanced age who are chronically bedridden. A randomized controlled trial." The Journals of Gerontology: Series A , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 07 April 2021 in Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
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Purpose The current study investigated the effects of unilateral passive stretching on the neuromuscular mechanisms involved in the force-generating capacity of the contralateral muscle. Methods Twenty-six healthy men underwent unilateral passive stretching of the plantar flexors (5 x 45-s on+15s-off, total stretching time: 225 s). Before and after the stretching protocol, contralateral ankle range of motion (ROM), maximum isometric voluntary contraction (MVC) of the plantar flexors, and electromyographic root mean square (sEMG RMS) of the soleus and the gastrocnemii muscles were determined. Concurrently, V-wave, maximum and superimposed H-reflex, and M-wave were elicited via nerve stimulation to estimate the supraspinal, spinal, and peripheral mechanisms, respectively. The sEMG RMS, V-wave, and H-reflex were normalized to the M-wave. Results After passive stretching, contralateral ankle ROM was increased [+8% (1%/15%), effect size (ES) 0.43 (0.02/0.84), p<0.001], MVC of the plantar flexors was decreased [-9% (-21%/-2%), ES -0.96 (-1.53/-0.38), p<0.001], and the sEMG RMS/M-wave of the soleus and the gastrocnemii muscles was decreased (≈ -9%, ES ≈ -0.33, p<0.05). Concurrently, the V-wave/M-wave superimposed was decreased in all muscles (≈ -13%, ES -0.81 to -0.52, p<0.05). No change in H-reflex/M-wave and M-wave was observed under both maximum and superimposed condition. The decrease in the MVC and the sEMG RMS of the contralateral muscle was accompanied by a decrease in the V-wave/M-wave but not the H-reflex/M-wave ratios and the M-wave. Conclusions The present outcomes suggest that only supraspinal mechanisms might be involved in the contralateral decrease in the maximum force-generating capacity.

ACS Style

Giuseppe Coratella; Emiliano Cè; Christian Doria; Marta Borrelli; Stefano Longo; Fabio Esposito. Neuromuscular Correlates of the Contralateral Stretch-induced Strength Loss. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2021, Publish Ah, 1 .

AMA Style

Giuseppe Coratella, Emiliano Cè, Christian Doria, Marta Borrelli, Stefano Longo, Fabio Esposito. Neuromuscular Correlates of the Contralateral Stretch-induced Strength Loss. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2021; Publish Ah ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Giuseppe Coratella; Emiliano Cè; Christian Doria; Marta Borrelli; Stefano Longo; Fabio Esposito. 2021. "Neuromuscular Correlates of the Contralateral Stretch-induced Strength Loss." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise Publish Ah, no. : 1.

Original article
Published: 26 March 2021 in Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology
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Purpose The present study investigated whether or not passive stretching increases the force-generating capacity of the antagonist muscle, and the possible neuromuscular mechanisms behind. Methods To this purpose, the neuromuscular function accompanying the force-generating capacity was assessed in 26 healthy male volunteers after passive stretching and in a control session. Before and after passive intermittent static stretching of the plantar flexors consisting of five sets × 45 s + 15 s-rest, maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVC) and surface electromyographic root mean square (sEMG RMS) were measured in the tibialis anterior (the antagonist muscle). Additionally, evoked V wave, H-reflex, and M wave were elicited by nerve stimulation at rest and during MVC. Ankle range of motion (ROM) and plantar flexors MVC and EMG RMS were measured to check for the effectiveness of the stretching manoeuvre. Results No change in MVC [p = 0.670; effect size (ES) − 0.03] and sEMG RMS/M wave during MVC (p = 0.231; ES − 0.09) was observed in the antagonist muscle after passive stretching. Similarly, no change in V wave (p = 0.531; ES 0.16), H-reflex at rest and during MVC (p = 0.656 and 0.597; ES 0.11 and 0.23, respectively) and M wave at rest and during MVC (p = 0.355 and 0.554; ES 0.04 and 0.01, respectively) was observed. An increase in ankle ROM (p < 0.001; ES 0.55) and a decrease in plantar flexors MVC (p < 0.001; ES − 1.05) and EMG RMS (p < 0.05; ES − 1.72 to − 0.13 in all muscles) indicated the effectiveness of stretching protocol. Conclusion No change in the force-generating capacity and neuromuscular function of the antagonist muscle after passive stretching was observed.

ACS Style

Emiliano Cè; Giuseppe Coratella; Christian Doria; Susanna Rampichini; Marta Borrelli; Stefano Longo; Fabio Esposito. No effect of passive stretching on neuromuscular function and maximum force-generating capacity in the antagonist muscle. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 2021, 121, 1955 -1965.

AMA Style

Emiliano Cè, Giuseppe Coratella, Christian Doria, Susanna Rampichini, Marta Borrelli, Stefano Longo, Fabio Esposito. No effect of passive stretching on neuromuscular function and maximum force-generating capacity in the antagonist muscle. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology. 2021; 121 (7):1955-1965.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emiliano Cè; Giuseppe Coratella; Christian Doria; Susanna Rampichini; Marta Borrelli; Stefano Longo; Fabio Esposito. 2021. "No effect of passive stretching on neuromuscular function and maximum force-generating capacity in the antagonist muscle." Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 121, no. 7: 1955-1965.

Original article
Published: 09 March 2021 in Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology
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Purpose We investigated the effects of 12 weeks of passive static stretching training (PST) on force-generating capacity, passive stiffness, muscle architecture of plantarflexor muscles. Methods Thirty healthy adults participated in the study. Fifteen participants (STR, 6 women, 9 men) underwent 12-week plantarflexor muscles PST [(5 × 45 s-on/15 s-off) × 2exercises] × 5times/week (duration: 2250 s/week), while 15 participants (CTRL, 6 women, 9 men) served as control (no PST). Range of motion (ROM), maximum passive resistive torque (PRTmax), triceps surae architecture [fascicle length, fascicle angle, and thickness], passive stiffness [muscle–tendon complex (MTC) and muscle stiffness], and plantarflexors maximun force-generating capacity variables (maximum voluntary contraction, maximum muscle activation, rate of torque development, electromechanical delay) were calculated Pre, at the 6th (Wk6), and the 12th week (Wk12) of the protocol in both groups. Results Compared to Pre, STR ROM increased (P < 0.05) at Wk6 (8%) and Wk12 (23%). PRTmax increased at Wk12 (30%, P < 0.05), while MTC stiffness decreased (16%, P < 0.05). Muscle stiffness decreased (P < 0.05) at Wk6 (11%) and Wk12 (16%). No changes in triceps surae architecture and plantarflexors maximum force-generating capacity variables were found in STR (P > 0.05). Percentage changes in ROM correlated with percentage changes in PRTmax (ρ = 0.62, P = 0.01) and MTC stiffness (ρ = − 0.78, P = 0.001). In CTRL, no changes (P > 0.05) occurred in any variables at any time point. Conclusion The expected long-term PST-induced changes in ROM were associated with modifications in the whole passive mechanical properties of the ankle joint, while maximum force-generating capacity characteristics were preserved. 12 weeks of PST do not seem a sufficient stimulus to induce triceps surae architectural changes.

ACS Style

Stefano Longo; Emiliano Cè; Angela Valentina Bisconti; Susanna Rampichini; Christian Doria; Marta Borrelli; Eloisa Limonta; Giuseppe Coratella; Fabio Esposito. The effects of 12 weeks of static stretch training on the functional, mechanical, and architectural characteristics of the triceps surae muscle–tendon complex. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 2021, 121, 1743 -1758.

AMA Style

Stefano Longo, Emiliano Cè, Angela Valentina Bisconti, Susanna Rampichini, Christian Doria, Marta Borrelli, Eloisa Limonta, Giuseppe Coratella, Fabio Esposito. The effects of 12 weeks of static stretch training on the functional, mechanical, and architectural characteristics of the triceps surae muscle–tendon complex. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology. 2021; 121 (6):1743-1758.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stefano Longo; Emiliano Cè; Angela Valentina Bisconti; Susanna Rampichini; Christian Doria; Marta Borrelli; Eloisa Limonta; Giuseppe Coratella; Fabio Esposito. 2021. "The effects of 12 weeks of static stretch training on the functional, mechanical, and architectural characteristics of the triceps surae muscle–tendon complex." Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 121, no. 6: 1743-1758.

Journal article
Published: 18 February 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of using real-time visual feedback (VF) during a one-week balance training intervention on postural sway parameters in young karatekas. Twenty-six young male karatekas (age = 14.0 ± 2.3 years) were randomly divided into two groups: real-time VF training (VFT; n = 14) and control (CTRL; n = 12). Their center of pressure (COP) displacement (path length, COPpl; distance from origin, COPod) was assessed pre- and post-training on a Wii Balance Board platform in two positions (Flex: knee of the supporting leg slightly bent, maximum hip and leg flexion of the other leg; Kick: knee of the supporting leg slightly bent, mawashi-geri posture for the kicking leg). Both groups trained twice a day for seven days, performing a one-legged stance on the non-dominant limb in the Kick position. During the training, VFT received real-time VF of COP displacement, while CTRL looked at a fixed point. No interaction effect was found (p > 0.05). VFT exhibited greater changes pre- and post-training in Flex COPpl (−25.2%, g = 1.5), Kick COPpl (−24.1%, g = 1.3), and Kick COPod (−44.1%, g = 1.0) compared to CTRL (−0.9–−13.0%, g-range: 0.1–0.7). It is possible that superimposing real-time VF to a week-long balance training intervention could induce a greater sport-specific balance-training effect in young karatekas.

ACS Style

Stefano Vando; Stefano Longo; Luca Cavaggioni; Lucio Maurino; Alin Larion; Pietro Invernizzi; Johnny Padulo. The Effects of Short-Term Visual Feedback Training on the Stability of the Roundhouse Kicking Technique in Young Karatekas. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 1961 .

AMA Style

Stefano Vando, Stefano Longo, Luca Cavaggioni, Lucio Maurino, Alin Larion, Pietro Invernizzi, Johnny Padulo. The Effects of Short-Term Visual Feedback Training on the Stability of the Roundhouse Kicking Technique in Young Karatekas. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (4):1961.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stefano Vando; Stefano Longo; Luca Cavaggioni; Lucio Maurino; Alin Larion; Pietro Invernizzi; Johnny Padulo. 2021. "The Effects of Short-Term Visual Feedback Training on the Stability of the Roundhouse Kicking Technique in Young Karatekas." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4: 1961.

Journal article
Published: 18 February 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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This study aimed to compare the effects of non-sport-specific and sport-specific training methods on physical performance and perceptual response in young football players. Seventy-nine under 11 participants were selected and assigned to non-sport-specific (NSSG), sport-specific (SSG), and control (CNTG) groups. The NSSG training protocol consisted of combined stimuli based on balance, agility, and jump rope drills. The SSG training protocol included technical exercises, defensive and offensive game-based drills, and a small-sided game. The CNTG included the participants not taking part in any sport training. All participants were tested for general motor coordination (Harre test), dynamic balance (Lower Quarter Y-balance test), and dribbling before and after 10 weeks of training (NSSG and SSG) or habitual activity (CNTG). At post-intervention, perceived enjoyment was requested by the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES). A two-way repeated measure analysis of covariance was used to detect interactions and main effects of time and groups controlling for baseline values. Whereas, a one-way analysis of variance was used to evaluate PACES-related differences between groups. NSSG gained greater improvements (p < 0.05) compared with SSG in the Harre and Lower Quarter Y-balance tests, while dribbling skills improved similarly in both groups. Regarding PACES, NSSG and SSG presented a comparable perceived enjoyment. These findings suggest that a 10-week non-sport-specific training is an enjoyable practice capable to promote greater improvements in general motor coordination and dynamic balance compared with sport-specific training in youth football players. This can occur without impairment of football-specific skills.

ACS Style

Damiano Formenti; Alessio Rossi; Tindaro Bongiovanni; Francesco Campa; Luca Cavaggioni; Giampietro Alberti; Stefano Longo; Athos Trecroci. Effects of Non-Sport-Specific versus Sport-Specific Training on Physical Performance and Perceptual Response in Young Football Players. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 1962 .

AMA Style

Damiano Formenti, Alessio Rossi, Tindaro Bongiovanni, Francesco Campa, Luca Cavaggioni, Giampietro Alberti, Stefano Longo, Athos Trecroci. Effects of Non-Sport-Specific versus Sport-Specific Training on Physical Performance and Perceptual Response in Young Football Players. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (4):1962.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Damiano Formenti; Alessio Rossi; Tindaro Bongiovanni; Francesco Campa; Luca Cavaggioni; Giampietro Alberti; Stefano Longo; Athos Trecroci. 2021. "Effects of Non-Sport-Specific versus Sport-Specific Training on Physical Performance and Perceptual Response in Young Football Players." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4: 1962.

Journal article
Published: 17 February 2021 in Scientific Reports
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The aim of the present study was to investigate the differences between types of sport (i.e., closed vs. open skills sport) on inhibitory control and motor fitness in children. Forty-nine children were allocated into three groups based on their sports participation, which comprised an open skill sport group, a closed skill sport group, and a sedentary group. Participants were tested on cognitive performance (inhibitory control by the Flanker task) and motor fitness (reaction time, speed, agility, power, balance). Open skill sport group appeared to display higher inhibitory control (response time and accuracy of incongruent condition of the Flanker task) and motor fitness performance (reaction time, speed, agility, power) than sedentary group, whereas its superiority over closed skill sport group was found only in speed and agility. Moreover, closed skill sport group had only a better reaction time than sedentary group. Our data supports the framework according to which cognitive demands in complex motor actions may contribute to explain the beneficial effects of exercise on inhibitory control. This might suggest that the complexity of the environment (typical in open skill sports) in which sport training is performed plays a key role for both cognitive and motor development in children.

ACS Style

Damiano Formenti; Athos Trecroci; Marco Duca; Luca Cavaggioni; Fabio D’Angelo; Alberto Passi; Stefano Longo; Giampietro Alberti. Differences in inhibitory control and motor fitness in children practicing open and closed skill sports. Scientific Reports 2021, 11, 1 -9.

AMA Style

Damiano Formenti, Athos Trecroci, Marco Duca, Luca Cavaggioni, Fabio D’Angelo, Alberto Passi, Stefano Longo, Giampietro Alberti. Differences in inhibitory control and motor fitness in children practicing open and closed skill sports. Scientific Reports. 2021; 11 (1):1-9.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Damiano Formenti; Athos Trecroci; Marco Duca; Luca Cavaggioni; Fabio D’Angelo; Alberto Passi; Stefano Longo; Giampietro Alberti. 2021. "Differences in inhibitory control and motor fitness in children practicing open and closed skill sports." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1: 1-9.

Journal article
Published: 12 February 2021 in Brain Sciences
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The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between basic cognitive functions and sport-specific physical performance in young volleyball players. Forty-three female volleyball players (age 11.2 ± 0.8 years) were tested for cognitive performance by measuring simple reaction time (clinical reaction time), executive control (Flanker task), and perceptual speed (visual search task). Moreover, a set of tests was used to assess physical abilities as volleyball-specific skills (accuracy of setting, passing, and serving) and motor skills (change of direction, vertical jump, and balance). A cumulated value for both cognitive and sport-specific physical performance tests was computed by adding up each test’s domain outcomes. Pearson’s r correlation analysis showed a large positive correlation (r = 0.45, d-value = 1.01) of the cumulated score summarizing cognitive functions with the cumulated score summarizing sport-specific physical performance. Moreover, small-to-medium correlations (d-value from 0.63 to 0.73) were found between cognitive and motor skills. Given the cumulative scores, these results suggest that volleyball athletes with superior basic cognitive functions present better sport-specific physical performance. Our findings encourage to extend the knowledge of the associations between cognitive and motor skills within a sports performance context.

ACS Style

Athos Trecroci; Marco Duca; Luca Cavaggioni; Alessio Rossi; Raffaele Scurati; Stefano Longo; Giampiero Merati; Giampietro Alberti; Damiano Formenti. Relationship between Cognitive Functions and Sport-Specific Physical Performance in Youth Volleyball Players. Brain Sciences 2021, 11, 227 .

AMA Style

Athos Trecroci, Marco Duca, Luca Cavaggioni, Alessio Rossi, Raffaele Scurati, Stefano Longo, Giampiero Merati, Giampietro Alberti, Damiano Formenti. Relationship between Cognitive Functions and Sport-Specific Physical Performance in Youth Volleyball Players. Brain Sciences. 2021; 11 (2):227.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Athos Trecroci; Marco Duca; Luca Cavaggioni; Alessio Rossi; Raffaele Scurati; Stefano Longo; Giampiero Merati; Giampietro Alberti; Damiano Formenti. 2021. "Relationship between Cognitive Functions and Sport-Specific Physical Performance in Youth Volleyball Players." Brain Sciences 11, no. 2: 227.

Journal article
Published: 18 January 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The present study investigated the activation of gluteal, thigh, and lower back muscles in different squat variations. Ten male competitive bodybuilders perform back-squat at full (full-BS) or parallel (parallel-BS) depth, using large feet-stance (sumo-BS), and enhancing the feet external rotation (external-rotated-sumo-BS) and front-squat (FS) at 80% 1-RM. The normalized surface electromyographic root-mean-square (sEMG RMS) amplitude of gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, adductor longus, longissimus, and iliocostalis was recorded during both the ascending and descending phase of each exercise. During the descending phase, greater sEMG RMS amplitude of gluteus maximus and gluteus medius was found in FS vs. all other exercises (p < 0.05). Additionally, FS elicited iliocostalis more than all other exercises. During the ascending phase, both sumo-BS and external-rotated-sumo-BS showed greater vastus lateralis and adductor longus activation compared to all other exercises (p < 0.05). Moreover, rectus femoris activation was greater in FS compared to full-BS (p < 0.05). No between-exercise difference was found in vastus medialis and longissimus showed no between-exercise difference. FS needs more backward stabilization during the descending phase. Larger feet-stance increases thigh muscles activity, possibly because of their longer length. These findings show how bodybuilders uniquely recruit muscles when performing different squat variations.

ACS Style

Giuseppe Coratella; Gianpaolo Tornatore; Francesca Caccavale; Stefano Longo; Fabio Esposito; Emiliano Cè. The Activation of Gluteal, Thigh, and Lower Back Muscles in Different Squat Variations Performed by Competitive Bodybuilders: Implications for Resistance Training. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 772 .

AMA Style

Giuseppe Coratella, Gianpaolo Tornatore, Francesca Caccavale, Stefano Longo, Fabio Esposito, Emiliano Cè. The Activation of Gluteal, Thigh, and Lower Back Muscles in Different Squat Variations Performed by Competitive Bodybuilders: Implications for Resistance Training. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (2):772.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Giuseppe Coratella; Gianpaolo Tornatore; Francesca Caccavale; Stefano Longo; Fabio Esposito; Emiliano Cè. 2021. "The Activation of Gluteal, Thigh, and Lower Back Muscles in Different Squat Variations Performed by Competitive Bodybuilders: Implications for Resistance Training." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2: 772.

Research note
Published: 10 November 2020 in Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport
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The present study investigated whether or not verbal instruction affects the electromyographic (EMG) amplitude of back-squat prime movers. Fifteen resistance-trained men performed back-squat at 50%1-RM and 80%1-RM and received external (EF) or internal focus (IF) on lower-limb posterior muscles. EMG amplitude of gluteus maximus, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius medialis, vastus lateralis and tibialis anterior was recorded during both concentric and eccentric phase. During the concentric phase, the gluteus maximus and biceps femoris EMG amplitude was greater in IF vs EF at 50% [effect size (ES): 0.63(95%CI 0.09/1.17) and 0.49(0.10/0.78) respectively] and 80% [ES: 1.30(0.29/2.21) and 0.59(0.08/1.10)]. The gastrocnemius medialis EMG amplitude was greater in IF vs EF during the eccentric phase at 50% [ES: 0.73(0.13/1.33)] and at 80% [ES: 0.72(0.10/1.34)]. Concomitantly, vastus lateralis EMG amplitude was lower at 50% [ES: −0.71(−1.38/-0.04)] and 80% [ES: −0.68(−1.33/-0.03)]. During the eccentric phase, the tibialis anterior EMG amplitude was greater in IF vs EF at 50% [ES: 0.90(0.12 to 1.68)] and 80% [ES: 0.74(0.13/1.45)]. Irrespective of the load, in the thigh muscles the internal focus promoted a different motor pattern, increasing the hip extensors and reducing the knee extensor excitation during the concentric phase. Concomitantly, both ankle muscles were more excited during the eccentric phase, possibly to increase the anterior-posterior balance control. The internal focus in back-squat seems to have phase-dependent effects, and it is visible at both moderate and high load.

ACS Style

Giuseppe Coratella; Gianpaolo Tornatore; Stefano Longo; Marta Borrelli; Christian Doria; Fabio Esposito; Emiliano Cè. The Effects of Verbal Instructions on Lower Limb Muscles’ Excitation in Back-Squat. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 2020, 1 -7.

AMA Style

Giuseppe Coratella, Gianpaolo Tornatore, Stefano Longo, Marta Borrelli, Christian Doria, Fabio Esposito, Emiliano Cè. The Effects of Verbal Instructions on Lower Limb Muscles’ Excitation in Back-Squat. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. 2020; ():1-7.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Giuseppe Coratella; Gianpaolo Tornatore; Stefano Longo; Marta Borrelli; Christian Doria; Fabio Esposito; Emiliano Cè. 2020. "The Effects of Verbal Instructions on Lower Limb Muscles’ Excitation in Back-Squat." Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , no. : 1-7.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2020 in Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport
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The current study investigated the correlation between quadriceps muscle architecture and the knee extension rate of force development (RFD). cross-sectional study. Muscle thickness, pennation angle and fascicle length normalized per the thigh-length were measured via ultrasound in vastus lateralis, rectus femoris, vastus intermedius and vastus medialis. The knee extension rate of force was assessed isometrically at 90° knee angle and calculated in different 50-ms epochs (0-50, 50-100, 100-150, 150-200 and 200-250ms). The maximum voluntary contraction was also recorded. Large correlations were observed between vastus intermedius muscle thickness and the 100-150ms (r=0.694, p=0.004), 150-200ms (r=0.597, p=0.019) and 200-250ms (r=0.546, p=0.045) epochs. Large correlation was observed between vastus intermedius normalized fascicle length and 100-150ms (r=0.570, p=0.043) and large correlations with 150-200ms (r=0.643, p=0.010) and 200-250ms (r=0.629, p=0.012) epochs. Additionally, large correlations were observed between vastus lateralis normalized fascicle length and the 100-150ms (r=0.535, p=0.049), 150-200ms (r=0.629, p=0.016) and 200-250ms (r=0.563, p=0.046) epochs. Vastus intermedius muscle thickness predicted 59% (R2=0.581, p=0.002) of the RFD of the 100-150ms epoch; vastus intermedius muscle thickness and fascicle length predicted 51% (R2=0.506, p=0.029) of the 150-200ms epoch; vastus intermedius and vastus lateralis fascicle length predicted 48% (R2=0.483, p=0.037) of the 200-250ms epoch. No further correlation was observed. Fascicle length and muscle thickness were observed as predictive of the late phase of the rate of force development. Vastus intermedius muscle architecture has a primary role in the knee extension RFD.

ACS Style

Giuseppe Coratella; Stefano Longo; Marta Borrelli; Christian Doria; Emiliano Cè; Fabio Esposito. Vastus intermedius muscle architecture predicts the late phase of the knee extension rate of force development in recreationally resistance-trained men. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 2020, 23, 1100 -1104.

AMA Style

Giuseppe Coratella, Stefano Longo, Marta Borrelli, Christian Doria, Emiliano Cè, Fabio Esposito. Vastus intermedius muscle architecture predicts the late phase of the knee extension rate of force development in recreationally resistance-trained men. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 2020; 23 (11):1100-1104.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Giuseppe Coratella; Stefano Longo; Marta Borrelli; Christian Doria; Emiliano Cè; Fabio Esposito. 2020. "Vastus intermedius muscle architecture predicts the late phase of the knee extension rate of force development in recreationally resistance-trained men." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 23, no. 11: 1100-1104.

Journal article
Published: 19 August 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The present study examined the muscle activation in lateral raise with humerus rotated externally (LR-external), neutrally (LR-neutral), internally (LR-internal), with flexed elbow (LR-flexed) and frontal raise during both the concentric and eccentric phase. Ten competitive bodybuilders performed the exercises. Normalized surface electromyographic root mean square (sEMG RMS) was obtained from anterior, medial, and posterior deltoid, pectoralis major, upper trapezius, and triceps brachii. During the concentric phase, anterior deltoid and posterior deltoid showed greater sEMG RMS in frontal raise (effect size (ES)-range: 1.78/9.25)) and LR-internal (ES-range: 10.79/21.34), respectively, vs. all other exercises. Medial deltoid showed greater sEMG RMS in LR-neutral than LR-external (ES: 1.47 (95% confidence-interval—CI: 0.43/2.38)), frontal raise (ES: 10.28(95% CI: 6.67/13.01)), and LR-flexed (ES: 6.41(95% CI: 4.04/8.23)). Pectoralis major showed greater sEMG RMS in frontal raise vs. all other exercises (ES-range: 17.2/29.5), while upper trapezius (ES-range: 2.66/7.18) and triceps brachii (ES-range: 0.41/3.31) showed greater sEMG RMS in LR-internal vs. all other exercises. Similar recruitment patterns were found during the eccentric phase. When humerus rotates internally, greater activation of posterior deltoid, triceps brachii, and upper trapezius occurs. Humerus external rotation increases the activation of anterior and medial deltoid. Frontal raise mainly activates anterior deltoid and pectoralis major. LR variations and frontal raise activate specifically shoulders muscles and should be proposed accordingly.

ACS Style

Giuseppe Coratella; Gianpaolo Tornatore; Stefano Longo; Fabio Esposito; Emiliano Cè. An Electromyographic Analysis of Lateral Raise Variations and Frontal Raise in Competitive Bodybuilders. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 6015 .

AMA Style

Giuseppe Coratella, Gianpaolo Tornatore, Stefano Longo, Fabio Esposito, Emiliano Cè. An Electromyographic Analysis of Lateral Raise Variations and Frontal Raise in Competitive Bodybuilders. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (17):6015.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Giuseppe Coratella; Gianpaolo Tornatore; Stefano Longo; Fabio Esposito; Emiliano Cè. 2020. "An Electromyographic Analysis of Lateral Raise Variations and Frontal Raise in Competitive Bodybuilders." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17: 6015.

Original research article
Published: 04 August 2020 in Frontiers in Physiology
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Purpose: To investigate the time-course of changes in knee-extensors muscle mass, architecture and function in response to plyometric training (PLT) performed on a novel training device, the Tramp-Trainer. This machine consists in a trampoline connected to an inclined sledge which allows the performance of repeated jumps while the subject is sitting on a chair. Methods: Eight healthy males (173.6 ± 4.7 cm, 69.7 ± 13.5 kg, 25.3 ± 4.6 years) underwent 6 weeks of bilateral PLT on the tramp-trainer machine. Training was performed three times per week (between 120 and 150 bounces per session). Knee-extensor maximum voluntary torque (MVT) and power, quadriceps femoris (QF) volume (VOL), cross-sectional area from the 20% to the 60% of femur length and CSAmean, together with vastus lateralis (VL) architecture (fascicle length, Lf, and pennation angle, PA) were assessed after 2, 4, and 6 weeks of PLT. Results: All results are presented as changes versus baseline values. MVT increased by 17.8% (week 2, p < 0.001) and 22.2% (week 4, p < 0.01), respectively, and declined to 13.3% (p < 0.05) at week 6 of PLT. Power increased by 18.2% (week 4, p < 0.05) and 19.7% (week 6, p < 0.05). QF VOL increased by 4.7% (week 4, p < 0.05) and 5.8% (week 6, p < 0.01); VL VOL increased by 5.2%, (p < 0.05), 8.2%, (p < 0.01), and 9.6% (p < 0.05) at weeks 2, 4, and 6, respectively. An increase in Lf was detected already at wk 2 (2.2%, p < 0.05), with further increase at 4 and 6 weeks of PLT (4 and 4.4%, respectively, p < 0.01). PA increased by 5.8% (p < 0.05) at week 6. Significant positive correlations were found between CSAmean and Power (R2 = 0.46, p < 0.001) and between QF VOL and Power (R2 = 0.44, p < 0.024). Conclusions: PLT induced rapid increases in muscle volume, fascicle length, pennation angle, torque and power in healthy younger adults. Notably, changes in VL VOL and Lf were detectable already after 2 weeks, followed by increases in knee extensors VOL and power from week 4 of PLT. Since the increase in CSAmean and QF VOL cannot fully explain the increment in muscle power, it is likely that other factors (such as adaptations in neural drive or tendon mechanical properties) may have contributed to such fucntional changes.

ACS Style

Elena Monti; Martino V. Franchi; Francesca Badiali; Jonathan I. Quinlan; Stefano Longo; Marco V. Narici. The Time-Course of Changes in Muscle Mass, Architecture and Power During 6 Weeks of Plyometric Training. Frontiers in Physiology 2020, 11, 946 .

AMA Style

Elena Monti, Martino V. Franchi, Francesca Badiali, Jonathan I. Quinlan, Stefano Longo, Marco V. Narici. The Time-Course of Changes in Muscle Mass, Architecture and Power During 6 Weeks of Plyometric Training. Frontiers in Physiology. 2020; 11 ():946.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elena Monti; Martino V. Franchi; Francesca Badiali; Jonathan I. Quinlan; Stefano Longo; Marco V. Narici. 2020. "The Time-Course of Changes in Muscle Mass, Architecture and Power During 6 Weeks of Plyometric Training." Frontiers in Physiology 11, no. : 946.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2020 in Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
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Trecroci, A, Porcelli, S, Perri, E, Pedrali, M, Rasica, L, Alberti, G, Longo, S, and Iaia, FM. Effects of different training interventions on the recovery of physical and neuromuscular performance after a soccer match. J Strength Cond Res 34(8): 2189–2196, 2020—In competitive soccer, players are frequently required to play in periods with congested fixtures in which they have limited time to recover between matches (3–4 days). Thus, finding the most appropriate intervention strategy to limit players' neuromuscular (muscle function of lower limbs) and physical (running performance) impairments in this short period becomes crucial. The aim of the study was to examine how muscle function of knee extensors and flexors and sprint performance recovered +72 hours after match in relation to different field-based training sessions. Using a crossover design, 9 subelite players (age 17.6 ± 0.5 years, height 1.77 ± 0.02 m, body mass 66.4 ± 5.8 kg) underwent a soccer-specific training (SST) session or an active recovery regime (AR) on the second day after a match. Immediately after (0 hour) and +72 hours after match, 30-m sprint and repeated sprint ability (RSA) were assessed. Maximum isometric voluntary force (MVF) of knee extensors and flexors was determined at 120° and 90° (with 180° being full extension), respectively. SST and AR promoted similar effects on the recovery kinetics of sprint, RSA, and MVF of knee extensors (p > 0.05). However, compared with SST, AR promoted a significantly better restoration of MVF of knee flexors (p < 0.05) after +72 hours from the match. Because muscle fatigue has been related with increased hamstring injury risk, a training based on AR can be a valid intervention to promote the recovery of muscle force production of knee flexors and reduce hamstring injury risk in the postmatch period.

ACS Style

Athos Trecroci; Simone Porcelli; Enrico Perri; Magda Pedrali; Letizia Rasica; Giampietro Alberti; Stefano Longo; F. Marcello Iaia. Effects of Different Training Interventions on the Recovery of Physical and Neuromuscular Performance After a Soccer Match. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 2020, 34, 2189 -2196.

AMA Style

Athos Trecroci, Simone Porcelli, Enrico Perri, Magda Pedrali, Letizia Rasica, Giampietro Alberti, Stefano Longo, F. Marcello Iaia. Effects of Different Training Interventions on the Recovery of Physical and Neuromuscular Performance After a Soccer Match. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2020; 34 (8):2189-2196.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Athos Trecroci; Simone Porcelli; Enrico Perri; Magda Pedrali; Letizia Rasica; Giampietro Alberti; Stefano Longo; F. Marcello Iaia. 2020. "Effects of Different Training Interventions on the Recovery of Physical and Neuromuscular Performance After a Soccer Match." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 34, no. 8: 2189-2196.

Journal article
Published: 30 July 2020 in Sports
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This study aimed to investigate the effects of a five-week compound training (with strength and plyometric exercises performed on separate days) on sprint, change of direction, and vertical jump in young soccer players. Eighteen novices in strength and plyometric training were assigned to either a compound training (CMPT) or a control condition (CNT). Both groups trained three times per week. One session was dedicated to soccer-specific drills. The other two weekly sessions were dedicated to circuit-based training routines employing on one-day strength exercises and on the other day plyometric exercises in the CMPT group. At the same time, the CNT group performed two weekly soccer-specific training sessions. All players were tested by 15-m sprint, change-of-direction and acceleration test (CODAT), squat jump, and countermovement jump with arms swing tests. CMPT group improved CODAT, squat jump and countermovement jump to a higher extent compared to CNT group (large vs small or trivial effects, p < 0.05), while both groups had similar 15-m sprint performance (p > 0.05). These results support the use of compound training to improve change of direction and vertical jump performances in young novice soccer players, which are unfamiliar with structured and advanced strength and plyometric training.

ACS Style

Athos Trecroci; Marco Duca; Damiano Formenti; Giampietro Alberti; F. Marcello Iaia; Stefano Longo. Short-Term Compound Training on Physical Performance in Young Soccer Players. Sports 2020, 8, 108 .

AMA Style

Athos Trecroci, Marco Duca, Damiano Formenti, Giampietro Alberti, F. Marcello Iaia, Stefano Longo. Short-Term Compound Training on Physical Performance in Young Soccer Players. Sports. 2020; 8 (8):108.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Athos Trecroci; Marco Duca; Damiano Formenti; Giampietro Alberti; F. Marcello Iaia; Stefano Longo. 2020. "Short-Term Compound Training on Physical Performance in Young Soccer Players." Sports 8, no. 8: 108.

Journal article
Published: 27 July 2020 in PeerJ
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Background In youth, the development of change of direction (COD) and sprint performance is a key component for successfully competing in soccer across age. During a COD, the presence of directional asymmetries may be detrimental due to the unpredictable nature of the sport. Therefore, the aims of the study were to investigate asymmetries in COD ability and to examine the differences in COD and sprint performance across age in young soccer players. Methods Sixty-eight sub-elite soccer players of different age categories (U18, U17, U16, U15) were tested on a 10-m linear sprint test and 90°COD (5-m entry and exit) test in both directions. Asymmetric index (AI) of COD deficit was obtained for dominant (fastest) and non-dominant directions (slowest). Results The results showed that U16 were more asymmetrical than U18, U17, and U15 from large to moderate effects. The sprint time improved linearly across age with U18 and U15 displaying the fastest and slowest 10-m sprint performance (p < 0.01), respectively. Moreover, COD ability measured by COD deficit did not change across age (p > 0.05). Conclusion Given the results of this study, practitioners are encouraged to assess asymmetries between dominant and non-dominant directions rather than solely players’ COD ability in young soccer players.

ACS Style

Athos Trecroci; Alessio Rossi; Thomas Dos’Santos; Damiano Formenti; Luca Cavaggioni; Stefano Longo; F. Marcello Iaia; Giampietro Alberti. Change of direction asymmetry across different age categories in youth soccer. PeerJ 2020, 8, e9486 .

AMA Style

Athos Trecroci, Alessio Rossi, Thomas Dos’Santos, Damiano Formenti, Luca Cavaggioni, Stefano Longo, F. Marcello Iaia, Giampietro Alberti. Change of direction asymmetry across different age categories in youth soccer. PeerJ. 2020; 8 ():e9486.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Athos Trecroci; Alessio Rossi; Thomas Dos’Santos; Damiano Formenti; Luca Cavaggioni; Stefano Longo; F. Marcello Iaia; Giampietro Alberti. 2020. "Change of direction asymmetry across different age categories in youth soccer." PeerJ 8, no. : e9486.

Research paper
Published: 01 July 2020 in The Journal of Physiology
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Key points Vascular function and arterial stiffness are important markers of cardiovascular health and cardiovascular co‐morbidity. Transitional phases of hypoemia and hypermia, with consequent fluctuations in shear rate, occuring during repetitive passive stretching adminstration (passive stretching training) may constitute an effective stimulus to induce an amelioration in vascular function, arterial stiffness and vascular remodelling by improving central and local blood flow control mechanisms. Vascular function, arterial stiffness and vascular remodelling were evaluated before and after 12 weeks of passive stretching training and after 6 weeks from training cessation, in the femoral, popliteal (treated with stretching), and brachial arteries (untreated) of both sides. After passive stretching training, vascular function and arterial remodelling improved, and arterial stiffness decreased in all the arteries, suggesting modifications of both central and local blood flow control mechanisms. Passive stretching‐induced improvements related to central mechanisms seemed to have a short duration, as they returned to pre‐training baseline within 6 weeks from training cessation, whereas those more related to a local mechanism persisted in the follow‐up. Abstract Acute passive stretching (PS) effects on blood flow (), shear rate (), and vascular function in the feeding arteries of the stretched muscle have been extensively investigated; however, few data are available on vascular adjustments induced by long‐term PS training. We investigated the effects of PS training on vascular function and stiffness of the involved (femoral and popliteal) and uninvolved (brachial) arteries. Our hypothesis was that PS‐induced changes in and would improve central and local mechanisms of control. Thirty‐nine participants were randomly assigned to bilateral PS (n = 14), monolateral PS (n = 13) or no PS training (n = 12). Vascular function was measured before and after 12 weeks of knee extensor and plantar flexor muscles’ PS training by single passive limb movement and flow‐mediated dilatation (FMD). Central (carotid‐femoral artery PWV, PWVCF) and peripheral (carotid‐radial artery PWV, PWVCR) arterial stiffness was measured by pulse‐wave velocity (PWV), together with systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure. After PS training, increases of 30%, 25% and 8% (P < 0.05) in femoral Δ, popliteal and brachial artery FMD%, respectively, occurred in both PS training groups. A decrease in PWVCF, PWVCR, SBP and DBP (−25%, −17%, −4% and −8%, respectively; P < 0.05) was noted. No changes occurred in controls. Vascular function improved and arterial stiffness reduced in the arteries involved and uninvolved with PS training, suggesting modifications in both central and local control mechanisms. PS‐induced improvements had a short duration in some of vascular function parameters, as they returned to baseline within 6 weeks of PS training cessation.

ACS Style

Angela Valentina Bisconti; E. Cè; S. Longo; M. Venturelli; G. Coratella; E. Limonta; C. Doria; S. Rampichini; F. Esposito. Evidence for improved systemic and local vascular function after long‐term passive static stretching training of the musculoskeletal system. The Journal of Physiology 2020, 598, 3645 -3666.

AMA Style

Angela Valentina Bisconti, E. Cè, S. Longo, M. Venturelli, G. Coratella, E. Limonta, C. Doria, S. Rampichini, F. Esposito. Evidence for improved systemic and local vascular function after long‐term passive static stretching training of the musculoskeletal system. The Journal of Physiology. 2020; 598 (17):3645-3666.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Angela Valentina Bisconti; E. Cè; S. Longo; M. Venturelli; G. Coratella; E. Limonta; C. Doria; S. Rampichini; F. Esposito. 2020. "Evidence for improved systemic and local vascular function after long‐term passive static stretching training of the musculoskeletal system." The Journal of Physiology 598, no. 17: 3645-3666.

Original research article
Published: 30 June 2020 in Frontiers in Physiology
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The effect of sleep–wake rhythm disruption on neuromuscular control and muscle fatigue has received little attention. Because nurse shift work is so varied, including overnight duty, rotating shift schedules, early awakening, and interrupted nocturnal sleep, it offers an interesting model to study this paradigm. It has been investigated so far using only subjective markers. A combined approach based on the simultaneous analysis of surface electromyographic (sEMG) and force signals can objectively detect possible deficits in neuromuscular control and muscle fatigue. With this study we investigated neuromuscular activation and muscle contraction capacity at submaximum and maximum level in nurses working two night-shift schedules and compared them to levels in nurses working entirely in day shifts. Sleep quality and activity levels were also assessed. The study sample was 71 nurses grouped by their shift work schedule: night shift for 5 days (NS5, n = 46), night shift for 10 days (NS10, n = 9), and only day/swing shift (DS, n = 16). Before and after the shift-work cycle, maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) force and muscle activation, neuromuscular control, and muscle fatigability were measured in the finger flexor muscles. Activity level and sleep quality during the shift-work cycle were recorded with a wrist actigraph. After the shift-work cycles, MVC force and muscle activation were decreased (−11 ± 3% and −33 ± 3%, p < 0.001) as was neuromuscular control (−36 ± 8%, p = 0.007), whereas muscle fatigability was increased (+ 19 ± 9%, p = 0.006) in the NS5 and the NS10 group. Sleep quality was lower in the NS5 and the NS10 group (−8 ± 1.8% and −15%3, respectively, p < 0.001), while the activity level for the three groups was similar. There was a clear reduction in neuromuscular control and an increase in muscle fatigue in the nurses working the night shift. These findings may inform of work schedule planning or recommendations for devising new recovery strategies to counteract neuromuscular alterations in night shift nurses.

ACS Style

Emiliano Cè; Christian Doria; Eliana Roveda; Angela Montaruli; Letizia Galasso; Lucia Castelli; Antonino Mulè; Stefano Longo; Giuseppe Coratella; Pasqualino D’Aloia; Giuseppe Banfi; Fabio Esposito. Reduced Neuromuscular Performance in Night Shift Orthopedic Nurses: New Insights From a Combined Electromyographic and Force Signals Approach. Frontiers in Physiology 2020, 11, 693 .

AMA Style

Emiliano Cè, Christian Doria, Eliana Roveda, Angela Montaruli, Letizia Galasso, Lucia Castelli, Antonino Mulè, Stefano Longo, Giuseppe Coratella, Pasqualino D’Aloia, Giuseppe Banfi, Fabio Esposito. Reduced Neuromuscular Performance in Night Shift Orthopedic Nurses: New Insights From a Combined Electromyographic and Force Signals Approach. Frontiers in Physiology. 2020; 11 ():693.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emiliano Cè; Christian Doria; Eliana Roveda; Angela Montaruli; Letizia Galasso; Lucia Castelli; Antonino Mulè; Stefano Longo; Giuseppe Coratella; Pasqualino D’Aloia; Giuseppe Banfi; Fabio Esposito. 2020. "Reduced Neuromuscular Performance in Night Shift Orthopedic Nurses: New Insights From a Combined Electromyographic and Force Signals Approach." Frontiers in Physiology 11, no. : 693.

Original article
Published: 03 June 2020 in Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology
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The Wingate anaerobic test measures the maximum anaerobic capacity of the lower limbs. The energy sources of Wingate test are dominated by anaerobic metabolism (~ 80%). Chronic high altitude exposure induces adaptations on skeletal muscle function and metabolism. Therefore, the study aim was to investigate possible changes in the energy system contribution to Wingate test before and after a high-altitude sojourn. Seven male climbers performed a Wingate test before and after a 43-day expedition in the Himalaya (23 days above 5.000 m). Mechanical parameters included: peak power (PP), average power (AP), minimum power (MP) and fatigue index (FI). The metabolic equivalents were calculated as aerobic contribution from O2 uptake during the 30-s exercise phase (WVO2), lactic and alactic anaerobic energy sources were determined from net lactate production (WLa) and the fast component of the kinetics of post-exercise oxygen uptake (WPCr), respectively. The total metabolic work (WTOT) was calculated as the sum of the three energy sources. PP and AP decreased from 7.3 ± 1.1 to 6.7 ± 1.1 W/kg and from 5.9 ± 0.7 to 5.4 ± 0.8 W/kg, respectively, while FI was unchanged. WTOT declined from 103.9 ± 28.7 to 83.8 ± 17.8 kJ. Relative aerobic contribution remained unchanged (19.9 ± 4.8% vs 18.3 ± 2.3%), while anaerobic lactic and alactic contributions decreased from 48.3 ± 11.7 to 43.1 ± 8.9% and increased from 31.8 ± 14.5 to 38.6 ± 7.4%, respectively. Chronic high altitude exposure induced a reduction in both mechanical and metabolic parameters of Wingate test. The anaerobic alactic relative contribution increased while the anaerobic lactic decreased, leaving unaffected the overall relative anaerobic contribution to Wingate test.

ACS Style

Christian Doria; V. Verratti; T. Pietrangelo; G. Fanò-Illic; A. V. Bisconti; S. Shokohyar; S. Rampichini; E. Limonta; G. Coratella; S. Longo; E. Cè; F. Esposito. Changes in energy system contributions to the Wingate anaerobic test in climbers after a high altitude expedition. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 2020, 120, 1629 -1636.

AMA Style

Christian Doria, V. Verratti, T. Pietrangelo, G. Fanò-Illic, A. V. Bisconti, S. Shokohyar, S. Rampichini, E. Limonta, G. Coratella, S. Longo, E. Cè, F. Esposito. Changes in energy system contributions to the Wingate anaerobic test in climbers after a high altitude expedition. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology. 2020; 120 (7):1629-1636.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christian Doria; V. Verratti; T. Pietrangelo; G. Fanò-Illic; A. V. Bisconti; S. Shokohyar; S. Rampichini; E. Limonta; G. Coratella; S. Longo; E. Cè; F. Esposito. 2020. "Changes in energy system contributions to the Wingate anaerobic test in climbers after a high altitude expedition." Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 120, no. 7: 1629-1636.

Original research article
Published: 28 May 2020 in Frontiers in Psychology
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Aim: In lead climbing, the ascent of the route can be defined as on-sight or red-point. On-sight is the more challenging style since it demands greater physiological and psychological commitment. The differences between the two modes in advanced climbers have not been studied much. Two essential skills needed to optimize performance, in both on-sight and in red-point climbing, are route interpretation (RI) ability and movements sequence recall. Therefore, this study aimed to compare performance between on-sight and red-point ascent in advanced climbers and evaluate how a climber’s RI ability and movement sequences recall might change before and after on-sight and red-point climbing. Methods: Eighteen advanced male climbers (age 29.2 ± 4.7 years, body mass 67.8 ± 3.6 kg, stature 175.2 ± 2.4 cm, best red-point and on-sight grades 7b+/8a and 7a+/7b+, respectively) were video-recorded during the route ascent in on-sight and red-point modes to evaluate performance and to measure static and dynamic action times. RI ability and movement sequence recall were assessed before and after each climb. Level of anxiety was evaluated via a self-report questionnaire. Heart rate (fH), lactate concentration, ([La–]), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were detected during and after each climb. Results: Compared to on-sight, an improvement in performance was observed in a red-point climb: the ascent was faster (148.7 ± 13.6 s and 179.5 ± 12.5 s, respectively, P < 0.05), smoother (significant reduction in exploratory moves and in stops times, P < 0.05), less demanding physiologically (lower fHpeak and [La–]peak, P < 0.05), and psychologically (lower RPE, cognitive and somatic anxiety and higher self-confidence, P < 0.05). The RI ability was improved in red-point versus on-sight and, in the same mode, between pre and post ascent. Conclusion: Red-point climbing was found to be less demanding than on-sight, both physiologically and psychologically, under the conditions investigated by this study. Our findings suggest that RI is a trainable skill and underscore the importance of including specific techniques in training programs designed to improve interaction between perceptual, psychological, and physiological factors.

ACS Style

Eloisa Limonta; Maurizio Fanchini; Susanna Rampichini; Emiliano Cé; Stefano Longo; Giuseppe Coratella; Fabio Esposito. On-Sight and Red-Point Climbing: Changes in Performance and Route-Finding Ability in Male Advanced Climbers. Frontiers in Psychology 2020, 11, 1 .

AMA Style

Eloisa Limonta, Maurizio Fanchini, Susanna Rampichini, Emiliano Cé, Stefano Longo, Giuseppe Coratella, Fabio Esposito. On-Sight and Red-Point Climbing: Changes in Performance and Route-Finding Ability in Male Advanced Climbers. Frontiers in Psychology. 2020; 11 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eloisa Limonta; Maurizio Fanchini; Susanna Rampichini; Emiliano Cé; Stefano Longo; Giuseppe Coratella; Fabio Esposito. 2020. "On-Sight and Red-Point Climbing: Changes in Performance and Route-Finding Ability in Male Advanced Climbers." Frontiers in Psychology 11, no. : 1.