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This paper presents an experimental investigation on the effects of the replacement length of concrete with engineered cementitious composites (ECC) on the cyclic behavior of a reinforced concrete (RC) column. A conventional RC column specimen and two RC composite columns designed with ECC were fabricated. To investigate the cyclic behavior of each specimen, a series of cyclic loading tests was performed under a reversed cyclic loading condition with a constant axial load. Test results showed that ECC columns exhibited higher cyclic behavior in terms of load carrying capacity, ductility, and energy dissipation capacity compared to the RC column. It was also found that when applying ECC to the column specimen with a length of 3.6d or more, the energy dissipation capacity was greatly increased.
Jung-Hwan Hyun; Jin-Wook Bang; Bang-Yeon Lee; Yun-Yong Kim. Effects of the Replacement Length of Concrete with ECC on the Cyclic Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Columns. Materials 2021, 14, 3542 .
AMA StyleJung-Hwan Hyun, Jin-Wook Bang, Bang-Yeon Lee, Yun-Yong Kim. Effects of the Replacement Length of Concrete with ECC on the Cyclic Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Columns. Materials. 2021; 14 (13):3542.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJung-Hwan Hyun; Jin-Wook Bang; Bang-Yeon Lee; Yun-Yong Kim. 2021. "Effects of the Replacement Length of Concrete with ECC on the Cyclic Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Columns." Materials 14, no. 13: 3542.
Myung-Joo Park; Byung-Jae Lee; Jung-Soo Kim; Yun-Yong Kim. Effect of Concrete Strength on Chloride Ion Penetration Resistance and Chemical Resistance of Concrete Coated by Siloxane-based Water Repellent. Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute 2018, 30, 583 -590.
AMA StyleMyung-Joo Park, Byung-Jae Lee, Jung-Soo Kim, Yun-Yong Kim. Effect of Concrete Strength on Chloride Ion Penetration Resistance and Chemical Resistance of Concrete Coated by Siloxane-based Water Repellent. Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute. 2018; 30 (6):583-590.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMyung-Joo Park; Byung-Jae Lee; Jung-Soo Kim; Yun-Yong Kim. 2018. "Effect of Concrete Strength on Chloride Ion Penetration Resistance and Chemical Resistance of Concrete Coated by Siloxane-based Water Repellent." Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute 30, no. 6: 583-590.
Jeong-Il Choi; Se-Eon Park; Bang Yeon Lee; Yun Yong Kim. Tensile Properties of Polyethylene Fiber-Reinforced Highly Ductile Composite with Compressive Strength of 100 MPa Class. Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute 2018, 30, 497 -503.
AMA StyleJeong-Il Choi, Se-Eon Park, Bang Yeon Lee, Yun Yong Kim. Tensile Properties of Polyethylene Fiber-Reinforced Highly Ductile Composite with Compressive Strength of 100 MPa Class. Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute. 2018; 30 (5):497-503.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJeong-Il Choi; Se-Eon Park; Bang Yeon Lee; Yun Yong Kim. 2018. "Tensile Properties of Polyethylene Fiber-Reinforced Highly Ductile Composite with Compressive Strength of 100 MPa Class." Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute 30, no. 5: 497-503.
Ki-Seong Kwon; Jin-Wook Bang; Yun-Yong Kim. Flexural Performance of Multi-layered Fiber-reinforced Cement Composites with Diverse Interface Shape. Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute 2018, 30, 429 -435.
AMA StyleKi-Seong Kwon, Jin-Wook Bang, Yun-Yong Kim. Flexural Performance of Multi-layered Fiber-reinforced Cement Composites with Diverse Interface Shape. Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute. 2018; 30 (4):429-435.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKi-Seong Kwon; Jin-Wook Bang; Yun-Yong Kim. 2018. "Flexural Performance of Multi-layered Fiber-reinforced Cement Composites with Diverse Interface Shape." Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute 30, no. 4: 429-435.
Latex modified concrete (LMC) is used for a bridge deck pavement method that was introduced in Korea in the 2000s, and it is currently the concrete pavement method being used for most highway bridges. It has been recommended that mixing with latex approximately 15% in terms of polymer-cement ratio (P/C ratio) by weight showed no occurrence of cracks with sufficient tensile strength and bond strength of LMC. However, many cracks occur in the actual field mostly due to drying shrinkage of concrete, requiring frequent repair. Therefore, this study examined the feasibility of applying a shrinkage reducing agent(SRA) that could reduce plastic shrinkage cracks at early age as well as drying shrinkage cracks of LMC. Based on the test results, it was confirmed that adding a shrinkage reducing agent could secure the durability without affecting the fresh and hardened properties of LMC. The compression strength test results presented a 1.7–5.7% improvement in strength to the SRA mixture compared to the plain mixture. Length change test results indicated that SRA mix conditions presented more outstanding performance compared to mix conditions with the expansive admixture. The amount of shrinkage reducing agent suitable for achieving performance requirements in length change, crack resistance, chloride ions penetration resistance and scaling resistance, was evaluated as 3% by weight ratio of binding material under the limited condition of the present study.
Byung Jae Lee; Yun Yong Kim. Durability of Latex Modified Concrete Mixed with a Shrinkage Reducing Agent for Bridge Deck Pavement. International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials 2018, 12, 23 .
AMA StyleByung Jae Lee, Yun Yong Kim. Durability of Latex Modified Concrete Mixed with a Shrinkage Reducing Agent for Bridge Deck Pavement. International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials. 2018; 12 (1):23.
Chicago/Turabian StyleByung Jae Lee; Yun Yong Kim. 2018. "Durability of Latex Modified Concrete Mixed with a Shrinkage Reducing Agent for Bridge Deck Pavement." International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials 12, no. 1: 23.
This paper presents the results of an experimental study on the effect of limestone powder on the compressive strength, tensile behavior, and micromechanical parameters of a highly ductile cement composite incorporating limestone powder. Four mixtures were determined according to the replacement ratio of cement with limestone powder. A series of experiments including compressive strength, uniaxial tension, single fiber pullout, and matrix toughness tests were performed. Test results showed that the strength (compressive, initial cracking, and tensile strength) decreased, and that the tensile strain capacity increased, with an increase of the replacement ratio of cement with limestone powder. Micromechanical tests and analysis supported the uniaxial tension test result.
Jung Hwan Hyun; Bang Yeon Lee; Yun Yong Kim. Composite Properties and Micromechanical Analysis of Highly Ductile Cement Composite Incorporating Limestone Powder. Applied Sciences 2018, 8, 151 .
AMA StyleJung Hwan Hyun, Bang Yeon Lee, Yun Yong Kim. Composite Properties and Micromechanical Analysis of Highly Ductile Cement Composite Incorporating Limestone Powder. Applied Sciences. 2018; 8 (2):151.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJung Hwan Hyun; Bang Yeon Lee; Yun Yong Kim. 2018. "Composite Properties and Micromechanical Analysis of Highly Ductile Cement Composite Incorporating Limestone Powder." Applied Sciences 8, no. 2: 151.
Jin-Wook Bang; Myung-Joo Park; Byung-Jea Lee; Yun-Yong Kim. Effects of Triethanol Amine and Triisopropanol Amine on the Compressive Strength and Discoloration of Mortar. Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute 2018, 30, 241 -246.
AMA StyleJin-Wook Bang, Myung-Joo Park, Byung-Jea Lee, Yun-Yong Kim. Effects of Triethanol Amine and Triisopropanol Amine on the Compressive Strength and Discoloration of Mortar. Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute. 2018; 30 (3):241-246.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJin-Wook Bang; Myung-Joo Park; Byung-Jea Lee; Yun-Yong Kim. 2018. "Effects of Triethanol Amine and Triisopropanol Amine on the Compressive Strength and Discoloration of Mortar." Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute 30, no. 3: 241-246.
G. R. Vijay Shankar; M. C. Sundarraja; G. Ganesh Prabhu; Yun Yong Kim. Using carbon-fibre-reinforced polymer to strengthen concrete-filled steel tubular columns. Structures Buildings 2017, 170, 917 -927.
AMA StyleG. R. Vijay Shankar, M. C. Sundarraja, G. Ganesh Prabhu, Yun Yong Kim. Using carbon-fibre-reinforced polymer to strengthen concrete-filled steel tubular columns. Structures Buildings. 2017; 170 (12):917-927.
Chicago/Turabian StyleG. R. Vijay Shankar; M. C. Sundarraja; G. Ganesh Prabhu; Yun Yong Kim. 2017. "Using carbon-fibre-reinforced polymer to strengthen concrete-filled steel tubular columns." Structures Buildings 170, no. 12: 917-927.
Jeong-Il Choi; Yun Lee; Yun Yong Kim; Bang Yeon Lee. Image-processing technique to detect carbonation regions of concrete sprayed with a phenolphthalein solution. Construction and Building Materials 2017, 154, 451 -461.
AMA StyleJeong-Il Choi, Yun Lee, Yun Yong Kim, Bang Yeon Lee. Image-processing technique to detect carbonation regions of concrete sprayed with a phenolphthalein solution. Construction and Building Materials. 2017; 154 ():451-461.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJeong-Il Choi; Yun Lee; Yun Yong Kim; Bang Yeon Lee. 2017. "Image-processing technique to detect carbonation regions of concrete sprayed with a phenolphthalein solution." Construction and Building Materials 154, no. : 451-461.
The potential for monitoring the construction of post-tensioned concrete beams and detecting damage to the beams under loading conditions was investigated through an experimental program. First, embedded sensors were investigated that could measure pre-stress from the fabrication process to a failure condition. Four types of sensors were installed on a steel frame, and the applicability and the accuracy of these sensors were tested while pre-stress was applied to a tendon in the steel frame. As a result, a tri-sensor loading plate and a Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensor were selected as possible candidates. With those sensors, two pre-stressed concrete flexural beams were fabricated and tested. The pre-stress of the tendons was monitored during the construction and loading processes. Through the test, it was proven that the variation in thepre-stress had been successfully monitored throughout the construction process. The losses of pre-stress that occurred during a jacking and storage process, even those which occurred inside the concrete, were measured successfully. The results of the loading test showed that tendon stress and strain within the pure span significantly increased, while the stress in areas near the anchors was almost constant. These results prove that FBG sensors installed in a middle section can be used to monitor the strain within, and the damage to pre-stressed concrete beams.
Kyung-Joon Shin; Seong-Cheol Lee; Yun Yong Kim; Jae-Min Kim; Seunghee Park; Hwanwoo Lee. Construction Condition and Damage Monitoring of Post-Tensioned PSC Girders Using Embedded Sensors. Sensors 2017, 17, 1843 .
AMA StyleKyung-Joon Shin, Seong-Cheol Lee, Yun Yong Kim, Jae-Min Kim, Seunghee Park, Hwanwoo Lee. Construction Condition and Damage Monitoring of Post-Tensioned PSC Girders Using Embedded Sensors. Sensors. 2017; 17 (8):1843.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKyung-Joon Shin; Seong-Cheol Lee; Yun Yong Kim; Jae-Min Kim; Seunghee Park; Hwanwoo Lee. 2017. "Construction Condition and Damage Monitoring of Post-Tensioned PSC Girders Using Embedded Sensors." Sensors 17, no. 8: 1843.
The objectives of this study are to investigate the relationship between static and dynamic elastic moduli determined using shear-wave velocity measurements and to demonstrate the practical potential of the shear-wave velocity method for in situ dynamic modulus evaluation. Three hundred 150 by 300 mm concrete cylinders were prepared from three different mixtures with target compressive strengths of 30, 35, and 40 MPa. Static and dynamic tests were performed at 4, 7, 14, and 28 days to evaluate the compressive strength and the static and dynamic moduli of the cylinders. The results obtained from the shear-wave velocity measurements were compared with dynamic moduli obtained from standard test methods (P-wave velocity measurements according to ASTM C597/C597M-16 and fundamental longitudinal and transverse resonance tests according to ASTM C215-14). The shear-wave velocity measured from cylinders showed excellent repeatability with a coefficient of variation (COV) less than 1%, which is as good as that of the standard test methods. The relationship between the dynamic elastic modulus based on shear-wave velocity and the chord elastic modulus according to ASTM C469/C469M was established. Furthermore, the best-fit line for the shear-wave velocity was also demonstrated to be effective for estimating compressive strength using an empirical relationship between compressive strength and static elastic modulus.
Byung Jae Lee; Seong-Hoon Kee; Taekeun Oh; Yun-Yong Kim. Evaluating the Dynamic Elastic Modulus of Concrete Using Shear-Wave Velocity Measurements. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2017, 2017, 1 -13.
AMA StyleByung Jae Lee, Seong-Hoon Kee, Taekeun Oh, Yun-Yong Kim. Evaluating the Dynamic Elastic Modulus of Concrete Using Shear-Wave Velocity Measurements. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering. 2017; 2017 ():1-13.
Chicago/Turabian StyleByung Jae Lee; Seong-Hoon Kee; Taekeun Oh; Yun-Yong Kim. 2017. "Evaluating the Dynamic Elastic Modulus of Concrete Using Shear-Wave Velocity Measurements." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2017, no. : 1-13.
Mechanical tests were carried out to evaluate the influence and effects of fluidity and compressive strength of cement grout on semirigid asphalt pavement. An open graded asphalt skeleton was designed in order to achieve target porosity in the range of 18~22%. In addition, four types of cement grout mixtures were produced with varying mix proportions with ultrarapid hardening cement and chemical admixtures, that is, accelerating and retarding agents. For the semirigid pavement specimens, mechanical experiments to measure properties such as porosity, flexural strength, Marshall stability, and wheel tracking resistance were carried out. The test results demonstrated that the flow time (fluidity) of cement grout is the most significant factor that determines the mechanical properties of semirigid asphalt specimens under constant condition of the open graded asphalt skeleton. For the semirigid pavement mixing proportion in the current study, it is recommended that the porosity of the open graded asphalt skeleton and flow time of cement grout should be 20% and within 12 seconds, respectively.
Jin Wook Bang; Byung Jae Lee; Yun Yong Kim. Development of a Semirigid Pavement Incorporating Ultrarapid Hardening Cement and Chemical Admixtures for Cement Grouts. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2017, 2017, 1 -9.
AMA StyleJin Wook Bang, Byung Jae Lee, Yun Yong Kim. Development of a Semirigid Pavement Incorporating Ultrarapid Hardening Cement and Chemical Admixtures for Cement Grouts. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering. 2017; 2017 ():1-9.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJin Wook Bang; Byung Jae Lee; Yun Yong Kim. 2017. "Development of a Semirigid Pavement Incorporating Ultrarapid Hardening Cement and Chemical Admixtures for Cement Grouts." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2017, no. : 1-9.
Byung-Jae Lee; Jun Lee; Yun-Yong Kim. Durability Performance of Concrete Penetrated and Coated by Polydimethylsiloxane for Penetrating Water Repellency. Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute 2017, 29, 607 -613.
AMA StyleByung-Jae Lee, Jun Lee, Yun-Yong Kim. Durability Performance of Concrete Penetrated and Coated by Polydimethylsiloxane for Penetrating Water Repellency. Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute. 2017; 29 (6):607-613.
Chicago/Turabian StyleByung-Jae Lee; Jun Lee; Yun-Yong Kim. 2017. "Durability Performance of Concrete Penetrated and Coated by Polydimethylsiloxane for Penetrating Water Repellency." Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute 29, no. 6: 607-613.
Jung-Hwan Hyun; Jae-Ho Noh; Hong-Sam Kim; Yun-Yong Kim. Durability Characteristics of Latex Modified Concrete for Bridge Deck Pavement Produced with CSA-based Admixture for Traffic Opening at the Age of 24 Hours. Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute 2017, 29, 625 -631.
AMA StyleJung-Hwan Hyun, Jae-Ho Noh, Hong-Sam Kim, Yun-Yong Kim. Durability Characteristics of Latex Modified Concrete for Bridge Deck Pavement Produced with CSA-based Admixture for Traffic Opening at the Age of 24 Hours. Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute. 2017; 29 (6):625-631.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJung-Hwan Hyun; Jae-Ho Noh; Hong-Sam Kim; Yun-Yong Kim. 2017. "Durability Characteristics of Latex Modified Concrete for Bridge Deck Pavement Produced with CSA-based Admixture for Traffic Opening at the Age of 24 Hours." Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute 29, no. 6: 625-631.
Jung-Hwan Hyun; Yun-Yong Kim. Design of Fiber Reinforced Cement Matrix Composite Produced with Limestone Powder and Flexural Performance of Structural Members. Composites Research 2016, 29, 328 -335.
AMA StyleJung-Hwan Hyun, Yun-Yong Kim. Design of Fiber Reinforced Cement Matrix Composite Produced with Limestone Powder and Flexural Performance of Structural Members. Composites Research. 2016; 29 (6):328-335.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJung-Hwan Hyun; Yun-Yong Kim. 2016. "Design of Fiber Reinforced Cement Matrix Composite Produced with Limestone Powder and Flexural Performance of Structural Members." Composites Research 29, no. 6: 328-335.
Jin-Wook Bang; Chan-Kyu Park; Seong-Yeong Yang; Yun-Yong Kim. Flexural Behavior of Large-Diameter Composite PHC pile Using In-Filled Concrete and Reinforcement. Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection 2016, 20, 109 -115.
AMA StyleJin-Wook Bang, Chan-Kyu Park, Seong-Yeong Yang, Yun-Yong Kim. Flexural Behavior of Large-Diameter Composite PHC pile Using In-Filled Concrete and Reinforcement. Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection. 2016; 20 (5):109-115.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJin-Wook Bang; Chan-Kyu Park; Seong-Yeong Yang; Yun-Yong Kim. 2016. "Flexural Behavior of Large-Diameter Composite PHC pile Using In-Filled Concrete and Reinforcement." Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection 20, no. 5: 109-115.
Material Characteristics of Rapid Hardening Cement Paste Using Phase Change Material for Semi-rigid Pavement Ultra rapid hardening cement;Grout;Phase change material;Hydration heat control; A study to apply phase change material(PCM) to rapid hardening cement paste forming semi-rigid pavement was carried out. The characteristics fresh and hardened paste were evaluated through the experiment for a total of 6 mixtures according to the cement type and the substitution of phase change material for acrylate. The fluidity by substituting phase change material for acrylate satisfied the target flow time of 10 to 13 seconds. In case of setting time, it was possible to secure the performance of rapid hardening cement by substituting phase change material, and if the substitution ratio over 60%, the initial set occurred 1 to 2 minutes faster than other mixtures. In case of compressive strength and bond strength, it showed similar strength characteristics with the plain mixture, and it satisfied both the target compressive and bonding strength of 36MPa and 2MPa. The mixture substituting phase change material showed higher resistance to chloride ion penetration than the mixture only using acrylate and the OPC level was insufficient. From the results of physical and mechanical performances of semi-rigid pavement cement paste, the phase change material substitution rate of 20% was effective in the range of this study.
Seung-Su Kim; Byung-Jae Lee; Jin-Wook Bang; Yun-Yong Kim. Material Characteristics of Rapid Hardening Cement Paste Using Phase Change Material for Semi-rigid Pavement. Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection 2016, 20, 44 -50.
AMA StyleSeung-Su Kim, Byung-Jae Lee, Jin-Wook Bang, Yun-Yong Kim. Material Characteristics of Rapid Hardening Cement Paste Using Phase Change Material for Semi-rigid Pavement. Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection. 2016; 20 (4):44-50.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSeung-Su Kim; Byung-Jae Lee; Jin-Wook Bang; Yun-Yong Kim. 2016. "Material Characteristics of Rapid Hardening Cement Paste Using Phase Change Material for Semi-rigid Pavement." Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection 20, no. 4: 44-50.
Pile-cap Connection Behavior Dependent on the Connecting Method between PHC pile and Footing Pile-cap connection;Cyclic lateral load;PHC pile;Composite PHC pile; The pile-cap connection part which transfers foundation loads through pile body is critical element regarding flexural and shear force because the change of area, stress, and stiffness occurs in the this region suddenly. The purpose of this study is to investigate the structural behavior of pile-cap connection dependent on fabrication methods using conventional PHC pile and composite PHC pile. A series of test under cyclic lateral load was performed and the connection behavior was discussed. From the test results, it was found that the initial rotational stiffness of pile-cap connection was affected by the length of pile-head inserted in footing and the location of longitudinal reinforcing bars. The types of pile and location of longitudinal reinforcing bars governed the behavior of pile-cap connection regarding load-carrying capacity, ductility, and energy dissipation.
Jin-Wook Bang; Sang-Jin Oh; Seung-Soo Lee; Yun-Yong Kim. Pile-cap Connection Behavior Dependent on the Connecting Method between PHC pile and Footing. Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection 2016, 20, 25 -32.
AMA StyleJin-Wook Bang, Sang-Jin Oh, Seung-Soo Lee, Yun-Yong Kim. Pile-cap Connection Behavior Dependent on the Connecting Method between PHC pile and Footing. Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection. 2016; 20 (3):25-32.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJin-Wook Bang; Sang-Jin Oh; Seung-Soo Lee; Yun-Yong Kim. 2016. "Pile-cap Connection Behavior Dependent on the Connecting Method between PHC pile and Footing." Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection 20, no. 3: 25-32.
Jin-Wook Bang; Yun-Yong Kim. Mechanical Properties of an Open Graded Asphalt for Semi-rigid Pavement. Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute 2016, 4, 68 -75.
AMA StyleJin-Wook Bang, Yun-Yong Kim. Mechanical Properties of an Open Graded Asphalt for Semi-rigid Pavement. Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute. 2016; 4 (1):68-75.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJin-Wook Bang; Yun-Yong Kim. 2016. "Mechanical Properties of an Open Graded Asphalt for Semi-rigid Pavement." Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute 4, no. 1: 68-75.
The distribution of fiber orientation is an important factor in determining the mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced concrete. This study proposes a new image analysis technique for improving the evaluation accuracy of fiber orientation distribution in the sectional image of fiber-reinforced concrete. A series of tests on the accuracy of fiber detection and the estimation performance of fiber orientation was performed on artificial fiber images to assess the validity of the proposed technique. The validation test results showed that the proposed technique estimates the distribution of fiber orientation more accurately than the direct measurement of fiber orientation by image analysis.
Bang Yeon Lee; Su-Tae Kang; Hae-Bum Yun; Yun Yong Kim. Improved Sectional Image Analysis Technique for Evaluating Fiber Orientations in Fiber-Reinforced Cement-Based Materials. Materials 2016, 9, 42 .
AMA StyleBang Yeon Lee, Su-Tae Kang, Hae-Bum Yun, Yun Yong Kim. Improved Sectional Image Analysis Technique for Evaluating Fiber Orientations in Fiber-Reinforced Cement-Based Materials. Materials. 2016; 9 (1):42.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBang Yeon Lee; Su-Tae Kang; Hae-Bum Yun; Yun Yong Kim. 2016. "Improved Sectional Image Analysis Technique for Evaluating Fiber Orientations in Fiber-Reinforced Cement-Based Materials." Materials 9, no. 1: 42.