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Jorge Garcia-Unanue
IGOID Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain

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Short Biography

Mr. Jorge García is an investigator of the IGOID Research Group. His main research interests are Exercise Science, Big Data, Data-Driven, sports facilities, sports surfaces, and sports performance.

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Journal article
Published: 19 August 2021 in Sensors
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The aim of this study was to characterise all the goal scoring patterns during open play (elaborate attacks versus counterattacks) related to zone pitch division and the number of players involved in the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia. An Iterative Dichotomiser 3 (ID3) decision tree algorithm was used to classify all the goal scoring patterns (94 goals in 64 matches). The results did not show statistical differences between the type of scoring goal during the 2018 FIFA World Cup (p > 0.05; ES = Moderate). According to the result of the patterns of how the goals were achieved, an ID3 algorithm decision tree with seven classification decision nodes was calculated. Consequently, this study may aid national team coaches for the next World Cup to establish notational analyses and spatial-temporal relations to understand how scoring patterns during open play are related to zone pitch division and the number of players involved.

ACS Style

Joaquin Cerda; Javier Sanchez-Sanchez; David Viejo-Romero; Luis Jimenez-Linares; Jesus Vicente Gimenez; Jorge Garcia-Unanue; Jose Luis Felipe. Characterisation of Goal Scoring Patterns during Open Play Related to Zone Pitch Division and Number of Players Involved in the 2018 FIFA World Cup. Sensors 2021, 21, 5601 .

AMA Style

Joaquin Cerda, Javier Sanchez-Sanchez, David Viejo-Romero, Luis Jimenez-Linares, Jesus Vicente Gimenez, Jorge Garcia-Unanue, Jose Luis Felipe. Characterisation of Goal Scoring Patterns during Open Play Related to Zone Pitch Division and Number of Players Involved in the 2018 FIFA World Cup. Sensors. 2021; 21 (16):5601.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Joaquin Cerda; Javier Sanchez-Sanchez; David Viejo-Romero; Luis Jimenez-Linares; Jesus Vicente Gimenez; Jorge Garcia-Unanue; Jose Luis Felipe. 2021. "Characterisation of Goal Scoring Patterns during Open Play Related to Zone Pitch Division and Number of Players Involved in the 2018 FIFA World Cup." Sensors 21, no. 16: 5601.

Review
Published: 26 July 2021 in Nutrients
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Dietary patterns, exercise, sport, and physical activity have been shown to improve body composition in children. This systematic review with meta-analysis analyzed the effects of practicing football on body composition (fat mass, lean body mass, and bone mineral content) in children. An initial search in PubMed, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus was carried out in April 2021 to identify relevant articles. Inclusion criteria required children up to 12 years of age with a minimum football intervention duration of 10 weeks. Methodological quality of the articles was evaluated using the PEDro scale. Between the 1803 articles originally founded, only 14 articles were included in the meta-analysis. A total of 1643 subjects between the 14 studies were identified. The review and meta-analysis were conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and used Review Manager and Full Meta-Analysis software. The results between the control and experimental groups showed significantly better lean body mass and fat mass values in the experimental group (p< 0.05). Football practice was positively associated with increases in lean body mass (mean difference of 1.55; 95% CI, 0.96, 2.15), decreases in fat mass (mean difference of −0.81; 95% CI, −1.49, −0.13), and increases in whole body bone mineral content (mean difference of 117.68; 95% CI, 83.69, 151.67). In conclusion, the results of this systematic review with meta-analysis suggest that football positively affects body composition in children. However, further research is needed to confirm the results for bone mineral content.

ACS Style

Antonio Hernandez-Martin; Jorge Garcia-Unanue; Alejandro Martínez-Rodríguez; Samuel Manzano-Carrasco; Jose Felipe; Maria Carvalho; Leonor Gallardo; Javier Sanchez-Sanchez. The Effects of Football Practice on Nutritional Status and Body Composition in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2021, 13, 2562 .

AMA Style

Antonio Hernandez-Martin, Jorge Garcia-Unanue, Alejandro Martínez-Rodríguez, Samuel Manzano-Carrasco, Jose Felipe, Maria Carvalho, Leonor Gallardo, Javier Sanchez-Sanchez. The Effects of Football Practice on Nutritional Status and Body Composition in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2021; 13 (8):2562.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Antonio Hernandez-Martin; Jorge Garcia-Unanue; Alejandro Martínez-Rodríguez; Samuel Manzano-Carrasco; Jose Felipe; Maria Carvalho; Leonor Gallardo; Javier Sanchez-Sanchez. 2021. "The Effects of Football Practice on Nutritional Status and Body Composition in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Nutrients 13, no. 8: 2562.

Journal article
Published: 19 February 2021 in Sustainability
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The choice of service delivery form (direct management, agencification, or indirect management) is one of the most important decisions in the strategic planning of sports systems. However, its influence on efficiency has not been adequately studied in the scientific literature. The aim of this paper is to analyse the service delivery form of sports services on cost efficiency and to study the implications the use of different inputs has for the analysis of cost efficiency in sports services. To answer the objectives of the study, the analysis is divided into three stages. First, the cost efficiency of municipal sports services is estimated through the partial order-m robust frontiers using two different measures of cost (budgetary expenditures and effective cost). Then, the two cost-efficiency estimations were compared by the Li test to analyse the existence of significant differences. Finally, cost efficiency was regressed on several environmental factors by a bootstrapped truncated regression. The results show that there is no significant relationship between the different forms of management when the effective cost is included as an input. However, there is a significant relationship when the budgetary expenditure is specified as input; in this case, direct municipal management is the delivery form with the highest efficiency.

ACS Style

Jorge Garcia-Unanue; Jose Felipe; Leonor Gallardo; Carlos Majano; Gemma Perez-Lopez. Decentralisation and Efficiency in Municipal Sports Services: Expenditure vs. Cost. Sustainability 2021, 13, 2260 .

AMA Style

Jorge Garcia-Unanue, Jose Felipe, Leonor Gallardo, Carlos Majano, Gemma Perez-Lopez. Decentralisation and Efficiency in Municipal Sports Services: Expenditure vs. Cost. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (4):2260.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jorge Garcia-Unanue; Jose Felipe; Leonor Gallardo; Carlos Majano; Gemma Perez-Lopez. 2021. "Decentralisation and Efficiency in Municipal Sports Services: Expenditure vs. Cost." Sustainability 13, no. 4: 2260.

Journal article
Published: 03 February 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Monitoring fatigue and performance is important for adjusting training loads in soccer. Therefore, knowing the status of the player when applying a training stimulus is key to optimizing the players’ development. This study aims to evaluate the interaction between internal and external load, during training and matches, in an elite youth soccer team. Methods: seventeen youth players of the highest Spanish category were monitored with GPS devices during training and matches, as well as recording their nocturnal heart rate variability (HRV). We employed a linear mixed model to assess the physical demands between training and matches, and to compare the HRV variables. Results: a higher total distance (+2993.35–5746.56 m; ES = 1.4), distance at high intensity (+641.24–1907 m; ES = 1.5), sprint distance (+350.46–795.05 m; ES = 2.1), number of sprints (+18.38–41.58; ES = 1.9), and number of repeated sprints (+5.91–15.30; ES = 1.7) (all p < 0.001), but not in the number of accelerations, were reported during the matches when compared to the training sessions during the 11 weeks. The analysis of the HRV variables showed no significant differences between the accumulated values during a training week, providing similar results pre-match or post-match (p > 0.05). The LF/HFRATIO showed a negative influence on the total distance ran, distance at high intensity, distance in sprint, number of sprints, and repeated sprint. RRMEAN was positively related to the sprint number. Conclusion: the results of the present study suggest that nocturnal HRV variables are not different between pre-match and post-match. Furthermore, it suggests that LF/HFRATIO and RRMEAN during pre-match can determine the external load that the player will be able to complete during the match.

ACS Style

Javier Sánchez-Sánchez; Javier Botella; Jose Felipe Hernández; Manuel León; Víctor Paredes-Hernández; Enrique Colino; Leonor Gallardo; Jorge García-Unanue. Heart Rate Variability and Physical Demands of In-Season Youth Elite Soccer Players. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 1391 .

AMA Style

Javier Sánchez-Sánchez, Javier Botella, Jose Felipe Hernández, Manuel León, Víctor Paredes-Hernández, Enrique Colino, Leonor Gallardo, Jorge García-Unanue. Heart Rate Variability and Physical Demands of In-Season Youth Elite Soccer Players. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (4):1391.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Javier Sánchez-Sánchez; Javier Botella; Jose Felipe Hernández; Manuel León; Víctor Paredes-Hernández; Enrique Colino; Leonor Gallardo; Jorge García-Unanue. 2021. "Heart Rate Variability and Physical Demands of In-Season Youth Elite Soccer Players." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4: 1391.

Journal article
Published: 27 January 2021 in Sensors
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This cross-sectional study aims to analyze the physical demands of elite beach handball players during an official competition. Nine elite female (mean age: 24.6 ± 4.0 years; body weight: 62.4 ± 4.6 kg; body height: 1.68 ± 0.059 m; training experience: 5 years; training: 6 h/week) beach handball players of the Spanish National Team were recruited for this study. A Global Positioning System was incorporated on each player’s back to analyze their movement patterns. Speed and distance were recorded at a sampling frequency of 15 Hz, whereas acceleration was recorded at 100 Hz by means of a built-in triaxial accelerometer. The main finding of the study is that 53% of the distance travelled is done at speeds between 1.5 and 5 km/h and 30% of the distance is between 9 and 13 km/h (83% of the total distance covered), which shows the intermittent efforts that beach handball involves at high intensity, as reflected in the analysis of the internal load with 62.82 ± 14.73% of the game time above 80% of the maximum heart rate. These data help to orientate training objectives to the physical demands required by the competition in order to optimize the players’ performance.

ACS Style

Juan Sánchez-Sáez; Javier Sánchez-Sánchez; Alejandro Martínez-Rodríguez; José Felipe; Jorge García-Unanue; Daniel Lara-Cobos. Global Positioning System Analysis of Physical Demands in Elite Women’s Beach Handball Players in an Official Spanish Championship. Sensors 2021, 21, 850 .

AMA Style

Juan Sánchez-Sáez, Javier Sánchez-Sánchez, Alejandro Martínez-Rodríguez, José Felipe, Jorge García-Unanue, Daniel Lara-Cobos. Global Positioning System Analysis of Physical Demands in Elite Women’s Beach Handball Players in an Official Spanish Championship. Sensors. 2021; 21 (3):850.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Juan Sánchez-Sáez; Javier Sánchez-Sánchez; Alejandro Martínez-Rodríguez; José Felipe; Jorge García-Unanue; Daniel Lara-Cobos. 2021. "Global Positioning System Analysis of Physical Demands in Elite Women’s Beach Handball Players in an Official Spanish Championship." Sensors 21, no. 3: 850.

Review
Published: 17 December 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of natural turf, artificial turf, and sand on sprint performance in different sports and to determine how the sport surface affects sprint performance. A systematic search was conducted in Pubmed, Web of Sciences, and SPORTDiscus databases. Out of 5644 studies, 11 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The studies were very heterogeneous, as they examined different structural characteristics or quality parameters. The studies on natural turf and sand showed significant improvements on sprint speed during training. On the other hand, the analysis of fatigue did not reveal significant differences in the deterioration of sprint speed on both natural and artificial turf. Significance was set at p < 0.05. In conclusion, although lower performance in sprint was reported on sand, further studies are needed to explain the differences in sprint on natural and artificial turf.

ACS Style

Javier Sanchez-Sanchez; Alejandro Martinez-Rodriguez; Jose Luis Felipe; Antonio Hernandez-Martin; Esther Ubago-Guisado; Jens Bangsbo; Leonor Gallardo; Jorge Garcia-Unanue. Effect of Natural Turf, Artificial Turf, and Sand Surfaces on Sprint Performance. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 9478 .

AMA Style

Javier Sanchez-Sanchez, Alejandro Martinez-Rodriguez, Jose Luis Felipe, Antonio Hernandez-Martin, Esther Ubago-Guisado, Jens Bangsbo, Leonor Gallardo, Jorge Garcia-Unanue. Effect of Natural Turf, Artificial Turf, and Sand Surfaces on Sprint Performance. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (24):9478.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Javier Sanchez-Sanchez; Alejandro Martinez-Rodriguez; Jose Luis Felipe; Antonio Hernandez-Martin; Esther Ubago-Guisado; Jens Bangsbo; Leonor Gallardo; Jorge Garcia-Unanue. 2020. "Effect of Natural Turf, Artificial Turf, and Sand Surfaces on Sprint Performance. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 24: 9478.

Journal article
Published: 06 December 2020 in Sensors
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The aim of this study was to analyse the physical demands of U10 players in a 7-a-side-soccer tournament based on the playing positions in 6 consecutive matches by global positioning systems (GPS). Variables of total distance, relative distance in different speed zones, maximum speed, time interval between accelerations, maximum speed acceleration, maximum acceleration, acceleration distance and the number of high-intensity accelerations were analysed. Differences between playing positions were found in the total distance covered by the midfielders. They covered higher total distances than the defenders (+1167 m; 95% CI: 411 to 1922 m; effect size (ES) = 1.41; p < 0.05) and forwards (+1388 m; CI 95%: 712 a 2063 m; TE = 0.85; p < 0.05). The total covered distance increased in the final rounds with respect to the group stage (p < 0.05; ES: 0.44 to 1.62), and high-intensity actions, such as the number of accelerations, were greater in the final rounds compared to the group stage (p < 0.05; ES: 0.44 to 1.62). The physical performance of young football players in a tournament with consecutive matches on a 40 × 62 m football field on the same day is influenced by the playing position and dependent on the level difference between opponents.

ACS Style

Antonio Hernandez-Martin; Javier Sanchez-Sanchez; Jose Luis Felipe; Samuel Manzano-Carrasco; Carlos Majano; Leonor Gallardo; Jorge Garcia-Unanue. Physical Demands of U10 Players in a 7-a-Side Soccer Tournament Depending on the Playing Position and Level of Opponents in Consecutive Matches Using Global Positioning Systems (GPS). Sensors 2020, 20, 6968 .

AMA Style

Antonio Hernandez-Martin, Javier Sanchez-Sanchez, Jose Luis Felipe, Samuel Manzano-Carrasco, Carlos Majano, Leonor Gallardo, Jorge Garcia-Unanue. Physical Demands of U10 Players in a 7-a-Side Soccer Tournament Depending on the Playing Position and Level of Opponents in Consecutive Matches Using Global Positioning Systems (GPS). Sensors. 2020; 20 (23):6968.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Antonio Hernandez-Martin; Javier Sanchez-Sanchez; Jose Luis Felipe; Samuel Manzano-Carrasco; Carlos Majano; Leonor Gallardo; Jorge Garcia-Unanue. 2020. "Physical Demands of U10 Players in a 7-a-Side Soccer Tournament Depending on the Playing Position and Level of Opponents in Consecutive Matches Using Global Positioning Systems (GPS)." Sensors 20, no. 23: 6968.

Journal article
Published: 28 August 2020 in Sensors
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The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of the match half and the playing position on physical requirements in the Spanish Professional Futsal League players during official games. The external load from distance, speed, acceleration and deceleration variables were obtained from fourteen elite futsal players during 10 official matches of the 2019–2020 season using a Local Positioning System with ultra-wideband technology installed on the futsal pitch. The results revealed similar results from physical requirements between first and second half (p > 0.05). Wingers demonstrated greater high-speed running distance (+4.04 m·min−1; CI95%: 0.35 to 7.72; ES: 0.87) than pivots (p > 0.05). There were a high number of accelerations (7.42–9.41 n·min−1) and decelerations (7.37–9.12 n·min−1) per minute in all player positions. The principal finding of the current manuscript did not evidence differences in the physical performance of players between the first and second half. The physical requirements varied among pivots and wingers regarding high-intensity actions. These outcomes add new contributions to the understanding of futsal physical demands.

ACS Style

Carlos Serrano; Jose Luis Felipe; Jorge Garcia-Unanue; Enrique Ibañez; Enrique Hernando; Leonor Gallardo; Javier Sanchez-Sanchez. Local Positioning System Analysis of Physical Demands during Official Matches in the Spanish Futsal League. Sensors 2020, 20, 4860 .

AMA Style

Carlos Serrano, Jose Luis Felipe, Jorge Garcia-Unanue, Enrique Ibañez, Enrique Hernando, Leonor Gallardo, Javier Sanchez-Sanchez. Local Positioning System Analysis of Physical Demands during Official Matches in the Spanish Futsal League. Sensors. 2020; 20 (17):4860.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carlos Serrano; Jose Luis Felipe; Jorge Garcia-Unanue; Enrique Ibañez; Enrique Hernando; Leonor Gallardo; Javier Sanchez-Sanchez. 2020. "Local Positioning System Analysis of Physical Demands during Official Matches in the Spanish Futsal League." Sensors 20, no. 17: 4860.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2020 in Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
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Calderón Pellegrino, G, Paredes-Hernández, V, Sánchez-Sánchez, J, García-Unanue, J, and Gallardo, L. Effect of the fatigue on the physical performance in different small-sided games in elite football players. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2018-Football players need to be able to perform high-intensity efforts of short duration with brief recovery periods. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of the pitch dimension on high-intensity actions and the effect of a repeated sprint ability (RSA) test on the physical performance in different 4-against-4 (4v4) small-sided games (SSG) dimensions. Sixteen U-18 elite football players performed an RSA test between two 4v4 SSGs (pre and post) to induce fatigue and compare physical data. Speed, sprint number, accelerations, sprint distance, total distance covered, and total distance covered of the players at different intensities were evaluated in 3 different SSGs (125, 150, 250, and 300 m). Results revealed a significant detriment of physical performance in the 125-m SSG after RSA, mostly in number of sprints (-6.56; confidence interval [CI] 95%: -10.13 to -3.00; effect size [ES]: 1.13 p < 0.001), accelerations (-2.69; CI 95%: -5.13 to -0.24; ES: 0.68; p = 0.032), and sprint distance (-65.44 m; CI 95%: -103.73 to -27.16; ES: 1.20; p = 0.001). In bigger SSGs (250 and 300 m), higher distance at high intensity was covered and Vmax, Vmean, and sprint distance were greater. In summary, accelerations, sprint number, and fatigue were higher in smaller pitches, and higher velocities were reached in bigger SSGs. Football players should be aware that changes in pitch size can modify the physical performance on high-intensity actions in SSGs.

ACS Style

Gabriel Calderón Pellegrino; Víctor Paredes-Hernández; Javier Sánchez-Sánchez; Jorge García-Unanue; Leonor Gallardo. Effect of the Fatigue on the Physical Performance in Different Small-Sided Games in Elite Football Players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 2020, 34, 2338 -2346.

AMA Style

Gabriel Calderón Pellegrino, Víctor Paredes-Hernández, Javier Sánchez-Sánchez, Jorge García-Unanue, Leonor Gallardo. Effect of the Fatigue on the Physical Performance in Different Small-Sided Games in Elite Football Players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2020; 34 (8):2338-2346.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gabriel Calderón Pellegrino; Víctor Paredes-Hernández; Javier Sánchez-Sánchez; Jorge García-Unanue; Leonor Gallardo. 2020. "Effect of the Fatigue on the Physical Performance in Different Small-Sided Games in Elite Football Players." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 34, no. 8: 2338-2346.

Journal article
Published: 31 July 2020 in Applied Sciences
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The aim of this study was to analyse different success models and split time on cut-off point values on physical demands to keep category in semi-professional football players. An ad hoc observational controlled study was carried out with a total of ten (840 match data) outfield main players (25.2 ± 6.3 years, 1.79 ± 0.75 m, 74.9 ± 5.8 kg and 16.5 ± 6 years of football experience) and monitored using 15 Hz GPS devices. During 14 official matches from the Spanish division B in the 2016/2017 season, match data were coded considering the situational variable (score) and classified by match results (winning, losing or drawing). The results show significant differences between high-intensity attributes criteria that considered split time in velocity zones of 0–15 min (p = 0.043, ηp2 = 0.065, medium), 30–45 min (p = 0.010, ηp2 = 0.094, medium) and 60–75 min (p = 0.015, ηp2 = 0.086, medium), as well as sprint 60–75 min (p = 0.042, ηp2 = 0.066, medium) and 75–90 min (p = 0.002, ηp2 = 0.129, medium). Decision tree induction was applied to reduce the disparity range of data according to six 15-min intervals and to determine the cut-off point values for every parameter combination. It was possible to establish multivariate models for the main high-intensity actions criteria, allowing the establishment of all rules with their attributes and enabling the detection and visualisation of relationships and the pattern sets of variables for determining success.

ACS Style

Jesus Vicente Gimenez; Luis Jimenez-Linares; Jorge Garcia-Unanue; Javier Sanchez-Sanchez; Leonor Gallardo; Jose Luis Felipe. Analyse Success Model of Split Time and Cut-Off Point Values of Physical Demands to Keep Category in Semi-Professional Football Players. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 5299 .

AMA Style

Jesus Vicente Gimenez, Luis Jimenez-Linares, Jorge Garcia-Unanue, Javier Sanchez-Sanchez, Leonor Gallardo, Jose Luis Felipe. Analyse Success Model of Split Time and Cut-Off Point Values of Physical Demands to Keep Category in Semi-Professional Football Players. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (15):5299.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jesus Vicente Gimenez; Luis Jimenez-Linares; Jorge Garcia-Unanue; Javier Sanchez-Sanchez; Leonor Gallardo; Jose Luis Felipe. 2020. "Analyse Success Model of Split Time and Cut-Off Point Values of Physical Demands to Keep Category in Semi-Professional Football Players." Applied Sciences 10, no. 15: 5299.

Journal article
Published: 29 July 2020 in Scientific Reports
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This study aimed to analyse the effect of playing surface temperature on muscular and thermal response to a repeated-sprint ability (RSA) test in football players. Thirty-two male football players (23 ± 5 years; 1.77 ± 0.06 m; 71.2 ± 6.7 kg) from two squads of a third-division football club participated in the study. An RSA test was carried out at a high surface temperature (45.34 ± 2.53 °C) and low surface temperature (27.21 ± 2.17 °C). Before and after this test, the muscular response of the players was assessed through tensiomyography and thermograms. The results revealed that performance in the RSA test particularly increased at a higher surface temperature, especially in the first 5 m of the 30 m sprint test. While a reduction in maximal radial displacement (Dm) in the biceps femoris post-RSA was observed at lower surface temperatures, a higher temperature on the thigh, hamstring and calf was found in the higher surface temperature group. In conclusion, higher surface temperatures had an influence on players’ thermal and tensiomyographic profile and improved performance in their repeated-sprint ability. These results suggest a need for coaches and players to be aware of these parameters to ensure adequate functionality and safety of the playing surface.

ACS Style

Gabriel Calderón-Pellegrino; Leonor Gallardo; Víctor Paredes-Hernández; Jorge Fernando García Unanue; Jesus Vicente Giménez; Enrique Colino; Jose Luis Felipe; Javier Sánchez-Sánchez. Influence of artificial turf temperature on physical performance and muscle contractile properties in football players after a repeated-sprint ability test. Scientific Reports 2020, 10, 12747 .

AMA Style

Gabriel Calderón-Pellegrino, Leonor Gallardo, Víctor Paredes-Hernández, Jorge Fernando García Unanue, Jesus Vicente Giménez, Enrique Colino, Jose Luis Felipe, Javier Sánchez-Sánchez. Influence of artificial turf temperature on physical performance and muscle contractile properties in football players after a repeated-sprint ability test. Scientific Reports. 2020; 10 (1):12747.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gabriel Calderón-Pellegrino; Leonor Gallardo; Víctor Paredes-Hernández; Jorge Fernando García Unanue; Jesus Vicente Giménez; Enrique Colino; Jose Luis Felipe; Javier Sánchez-Sánchez. 2020. "Influence of artificial turf temperature on physical performance and muscle contractile properties in football players after a repeated-sprint ability test." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1: 12747.

Letter
Published: 09 July 2020 in Sensors
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The mechanical properties of the surfaces used for exercising can affect sports performance and injury risk. However, the mechanical properties of treadmill surfaces remain largely unknown. The aim of this study was, therefore, to assess the shock absorption (SA), vertical deformation (VD) and energy restitution (ER) of different treadmill models and to compare them with those of other sport surfaces. A total of 77 treadmills, 30 artificial turf pitches and 30 athletics tracks were assessed using an advanced artificial athlete device. Differences in the mechanical properties between the surfaces and treadmill models were evaluated using a repeated-measures ANOVA. The treadmills were found to exhibit the highest SA of all the surfaces (64.2 ± 2; p < 0.01; effect size (ES) = 0.96), while their VD (7.6 ± 1.3; p < 0.01; ES = 0.87) and ER (45 ± 11; p < 0.01; ES = 0.51) were between the VDs of the artificial turf and track. The SA (p < 0.01; ES = 0.69), VD (p < 0.01; ES = 0.90) and ER (p < 0.01; ES = 0.89) were also shown to differ between treadmill models. The differences between the treadmills commonly used in fitness centers were much lower than differences between the treadmills and track surfaces, but they were sometimes larger than the differences with artificial turf. The treadmills used in clinical practice and research were shown to exhibit widely varying mechanical properties. The results of this study demonstrate that the mechanical properties (SA, VD and ER) of treadmill surfaces differ significantly from those of overground sport surfaces such as artificial turf and athletics track surfaces but also asphalt or concrete. These different mechanical properties of treadmills may affect treadmill running performance, injury risk and the generalizability of research performed on treadmills to overground locomotion.

ACS Style

Enrique Colino; Jose Luis Felipe; Bas Van Hooren; Leonor Gallardo; Kenneth Meijer; Alejandro Lucia; Jorge Lopez-Fernandez; Jorge Garcia-Unanue. Mechanical Properties of Treadmill Surfaces Compared to Other Overground Sport Surfaces. Sensors 2020, 20, 3822 .

AMA Style

Enrique Colino, Jose Luis Felipe, Bas Van Hooren, Leonor Gallardo, Kenneth Meijer, Alejandro Lucia, Jorge Lopez-Fernandez, Jorge Garcia-Unanue. Mechanical Properties of Treadmill Surfaces Compared to Other Overground Sport Surfaces. Sensors. 2020; 20 (14):3822.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Enrique Colino; Jose Luis Felipe; Bas Van Hooren; Leonor Gallardo; Kenneth Meijer; Alejandro Lucia; Jorge Lopez-Fernandez; Jorge Garcia-Unanue. 2020. "Mechanical Properties of Treadmill Surfaces Compared to Other Overground Sport Surfaces." Sensors 20, no. 14: 3822.

Journal article
Published: 22 June 2020 in Sustainability
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The growing interest in fitness services is demanding optimal service management and operation. This research aims to identify the best practices in fitness center management for increasing customer engagement and for long-term stability and sustainability of the business. A qualitative approach through 23 semi-structured interviews to fitness center managers was performed in Spain, covering private centers with diverse business models (7 low-cost, 13 mid-market, and 3 premium). The managers were asked about their characteristics, the fitness center characteristics, and the managerial decisions and individual opinion. The results showed the best practices divided into five sections: customer service, offered service, marketing, facilities, and general terms and conditions. Kind customer service, the existence of loyalty programs, enough tangible quality, and online marketing strategies are essential for fitness centers’ success. Additionally, a fair fee and a maximum of a 15 min trip to the center should be guaranteed. This information has clear implications for promoting sporting habits and for engaging more people in physical activity, complementing the extensive quantitative data in the existing literature.

ACS Style

Jairo León-Quismondo; Jorge García-Unanue; Pablo Burillo. Best Practices for Fitness Center Business Sustainability: A Qualitative Vision. Sustainability 2020, 12, 5067 .

AMA Style

Jairo León-Quismondo, Jorge García-Unanue, Pablo Burillo. Best Practices for Fitness Center Business Sustainability: A Qualitative Vision. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (12):5067.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jairo León-Quismondo; Jorge García-Unanue; Pablo Burillo. 2020. "Best Practices for Fitness Center Business Sustainability: A Qualitative Vision." Sustainability 12, no. 12: 5067.

Journal article
Published: 19 June 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Physical activity impacts positively on stress and anxiety. Working conditions affect the quality of life by increasing stress levels, which can affect job performance and work absence. The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Work Ability Index (WAI), Transtheoretical Model (TTM), as well as heart rate variability (HRV) have been applied to monitor the state of workers in their job. The aim of this study was to analyze PSS, WAI, and TTM classifications, and to find out how are they linked to physiological stress (HRV). One hundred and thirteen office workers responded to the three questionnaires and their HRV was monitored for at least two full days. Groups were set up according to TTM (Stage 1, Stage 2, Stage 3–4, Stage 5), WAI (weak WAI, medium WAI, good WAI), and PSS (low PSS, medium PSS, high PSS). Results obtained from the test were related to stress values measured by HRV with a Bodyguard2 device. The Stage 5 group from TTM had better HVR and stress levels than the other groups for both women and men (p < 0.05). Participants in the good WAI group and low PSS group had better results than weak WAI and high PSS, but the differences with respect to medium WAI and medium PSS were less clear. Finally, TTM seemed to be the best tool to discriminate physiological stress in office workers with regard to other questionnaires.

ACS Style

Maria Marin-Farrona; Manuel Leon-Jimenez; Jorge Garcia-Unanue; Leonor Gallardo; Carmen Crespo-Ruiz; Beatriz Crespo-Ruiz. Transtheoretical Model Is Better Predictor of Physiological Stress than Perceived Stress Scale and Work Ability Index among Office Workers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 4410 .

AMA Style

Maria Marin-Farrona, Manuel Leon-Jimenez, Jorge Garcia-Unanue, Leonor Gallardo, Carmen Crespo-Ruiz, Beatriz Crespo-Ruiz. Transtheoretical Model Is Better Predictor of Physiological Stress than Perceived Stress Scale and Work Ability Index among Office Workers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (12):4410.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria Marin-Farrona; Manuel Leon-Jimenez; Jorge Garcia-Unanue; Leonor Gallardo; Carmen Crespo-Ruiz; Beatriz Crespo-Ruiz. 2020. "Transtheoretical Model Is Better Predictor of Physiological Stress than Perceived Stress Scale and Work Ability Index among Office Workers." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12: 4410.

Journal article
Published: 04 June 2020 in Nutrients
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The aim of this study was to analyze the differences in body composition and physical fitness according to the weight status (normoweight, overweight and obese) and the level of adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD; low, medium or high), in physically active children and adolescents. Furthermore, this study also analyzed the relationship between body composition and physical fitness with Body Mass Index (BMI), fat mass and the level of adherence to the MD. In total, 1676 participants aged 6–17 from different municipal sports schools participated in this cross-sectional study. Data on adherence to the MD (a KIDMED questionnaire), anthropometric measurements, body composition and physical fitness parameters (the 20-m shuttle run test and muscular strength) were collected. A total of 43.5% of the sample were presented as overweight and obese, and only 35.7% had high or optimal adherence to the MD. The results revealed that a normoweight status was associated with greater cardiorespiratory fitness (p < 0.05; ES: 0.50 to 0.67) and lower-body muscular strength (p < 0.05; ES: 0.58 to 1.10). The overweight group showed more significant results than the other groups in handgrip strength (p < 0.01). Greater adherence to the MD in this population indicated better physical fitness, but only in boys. It is concluded that normoweight status and optimal adherence to the MD in children and adolescents are associated with health benefits, which are significant in the body composition and the effect on physical fitness.

ACS Style

Samuel Manzano-Carrasco; Jose Luis Felipe; Javier Sanchez-Sanchez; Antonio Hernandez-Martin; Leonor Gallardo; Jorge Garcia-Unanue. Weight Status, Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet, and Physical Fitness in Spanish Children and Adolescents: The Active Health Study. Nutrients 2020, 12, 1680 .

AMA Style

Samuel Manzano-Carrasco, Jose Luis Felipe, Javier Sanchez-Sanchez, Antonio Hernandez-Martin, Leonor Gallardo, Jorge Garcia-Unanue. Weight Status, Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet, and Physical Fitness in Spanish Children and Adolescents: The Active Health Study. Nutrients. 2020; 12 (6):1680.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Samuel Manzano-Carrasco; Jose Luis Felipe; Javier Sanchez-Sanchez; Antonio Hernandez-Martin; Leonor Gallardo; Jorge Garcia-Unanue. 2020. "Weight Status, Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet, and Physical Fitness in Spanish Children and Adolescents: The Active Health Study." Nutrients 12, no. 6: 1680.

Journal article
Published: 18 May 2020 in Sports
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As most existing studies in youth academies are focused on top players, the objective of this research is to analyze the physical and physiological demands of various small-sided games (SSGs) on different age categories within a sub-elite soccer academy. We evaluated 63 young players from a Spanish sub-elite academy (under 14 = 21; under 16 = 21; under 18 = 21). Players performed four different small-side games focused on possession game (3-a-side; 4-a-side; 5-a-side; 6-a-side). The global indicators of performance and high-intensity actions were recorded through global positioning systems, whereas the heart rate responses were measured using heart rate monitors. Results: Under 16 ran a greater distance at high-intensity velocity than under 14 in the small side games 3v3 and 6v6. Furthermore, under 16 also ran a greater distance at high-intensity velocity than under 18 in the small side game 3v3 (p < 0.01). Under 14 showed greater acceleration at the highest intensity (> 2.75 m/s2) than the other age groups, under 16 and U18 (p < 0.01; ES (effect size) > 1). According to the physiological load, SSG 3v3 presented lower outcomes in Zone 6 (> 95% HRmax) than the small side game 4v4 and the small side game 5v5, in both under 14 and under 16. The workload of SSGs varies depending on the number of players, but also depending on the players’ ages. Therefore, when designing the SSGs it is important to consider both the players’ ages and the workload that want to be achieved.

ACS Style

Jorge López-Fernández; Javier Sánchez-Sánchez; Jorge García-Unanue; Enrique Hernando; Leonor Gallardo. Physical and Physiological Responses of U-14, U-16, and U-18 Soccer Players on Different Small-Sided Games. Sports 2020, 8, 66 .

AMA Style

Jorge López-Fernández, Javier Sánchez-Sánchez, Jorge García-Unanue, Enrique Hernando, Leonor Gallardo. Physical and Physiological Responses of U-14, U-16, and U-18 Soccer Players on Different Small-Sided Games. Sports. 2020; 8 (5):66.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jorge López-Fernández; Javier Sánchez-Sánchez; Jorge García-Unanue; Enrique Hernando; Leonor Gallardo. 2020. "Physical and Physiological Responses of U-14, U-16, and U-18 Soccer Players on Different Small-Sided Games." Sports 8, no. 5: 66.

Journal article
Published: 11 May 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The current study aimed at analyzing the relationship between body composition, adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD), and physical fitness (PF) in a young active population. A total of 1198 athletes (boys = 875; girls = 323) enrolled in different municipal sports schools participated in this study. Data on adherence to the MD (KIDMED questionnaire), anthropometric measurements, and PF (20 m shuttle run test, handgrip strength, vertical jump and forced spirometry) were collected. Results show that the pubertal boys had a higher score in the KIDMED test than the prepubertal ones (+0.38, p = 0.28). Moreover, boys with better adherence to the MD had significantly higher results in handgrip strength (+12.20 regarding low MD group and +9.13 regarding medium MD group, p < 0.05), as well as in forced vital capacity (FVC) (+0.66 regarding low MD group and 0.29 regarding medium MD group, p < 0.05). No differences were found in the girls. Finally, the result of the KIDMED test is a variable with a positive and significant relationship with cardiorespiratory fitness, along with the FVC, percentage of fat mass, and performance in the vertical jump (p < 0.05). It is concluded that adherence to the MD could show a relationship with various PF variables in boys and could be a predictor of cardiorespiratory fitness in both cases.

ACS Style

Samuel Manzano-Carrasco; Jose Luis Felipe; Javier Sanchez-Sanchez; Antonio Hernandez-Martin; Ivan Clavel; Leonor Gallardo; Jorge Garcia-Unanue. Relationship between Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet and Body Composition with Physical Fitness Parameters in a Young Active Population. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 3337 .

AMA Style

Samuel Manzano-Carrasco, Jose Luis Felipe, Javier Sanchez-Sanchez, Antonio Hernandez-Martin, Ivan Clavel, Leonor Gallardo, Jorge Garcia-Unanue. Relationship between Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet and Body Composition with Physical Fitness Parameters in a Young Active Population. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (9):3337.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Samuel Manzano-Carrasco; Jose Luis Felipe; Javier Sanchez-Sanchez; Antonio Hernandez-Martin; Ivan Clavel; Leonor Gallardo; Jorge Garcia-Unanue. 2020. "Relationship between Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet and Body Composition with Physical Fitness Parameters in a Young Active Population." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 9: 3337.

Journal article
Published: 10 May 2020 in Sensors
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The aim of this study was to define a reliable and sensitive test method for assessing Shock Absorption (SA), Vertical Deformation (VD), and Energy Restitution (ER) in treadmill surfaces. A total of 42 treadmills belonging to four different models were included in the study: (a) Technogym Jog700 Excite (n = 10), (b) Technogym Artis Run (n = 12), (c) LifeFitness Integrity Series 97T (n = 11), and (d) LifeFitness Integrity Series DX (n = 9). An advanced artificial athlete (AAA) device was used to assess SA, VD, and ER at three different locations along the longitudinal axis of each treadmill and in the support area of the athletes’ feet. For each location, our results show that the error assumed when performing one impact with the AAA instead of three (SA ≤ |0.1|%, VD ≤ |0.0| mm, and ER ≤ |0.2|%) is lower than the smallest changes that can be detected by the measuring device (SA = 0.4%, VD = 0.2 mm, and ER = 0.9%). Also, our results show the ability of the test method to detect meaningful differences between locations once the one-impact criterium is adopted, since absolute minimum differences between zones (SA: |0.6|%, VD: |0.3| mm, and ER: |1.2|%) were above the uncertainty of the measuring device. Therefore, performing a single impact with the AAA in each of the three locations described in this study can be considered a representative and reliable method for assessing SA, VD, and ER in treadmill surfaces.

ACS Style

Enrique Colino; Jorge Garcia-Unanue; Bas Van Hooren; Leonor Gallardo; Kenneth Meijer; Alejandro Lucia; Jose Luis Felipe. A Proposed Method to Assess the Mechanical Properties of Treadmill Surfaces. Sensors 2020, 20, 2724 .

AMA Style

Enrique Colino, Jorge Garcia-Unanue, Bas Van Hooren, Leonor Gallardo, Kenneth Meijer, Alejandro Lucia, Jose Luis Felipe. A Proposed Method to Assess the Mechanical Properties of Treadmill Surfaces. Sensors. 2020; 20 (9):2724.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Enrique Colino; Jorge Garcia-Unanue; Bas Van Hooren; Leonor Gallardo; Kenneth Meijer; Alejandro Lucia; Jose Luis Felipe. 2020. "A Proposed Method to Assess the Mechanical Properties of Treadmill Surfaces." Sensors 20, no. 9: 2724.

Journal article
Published: 07 May 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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This study aimed to analyze the differences in physical fitness variables, body composition, and adherence to the Mediterranean diet according to the cardiorespiratory fitness and the maturational stage in young football players. A total of 194 male football players (aged 8–16) from three football sport schools participated in this study. Data on cardiorespiratory fitness (the 20-m shuttle run test), anthropometric measurements, handgrip strength, respiratory capacity (forced spirometry), and adherence to the Mediterranean diet (KIDMED questionnaire) were collected. Players were divided into two groups depending on their maturational stage (prepubertal n = 127 and pubertal n = 67). The results show a direct relationship between low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness and body mass index, as well as body fat and leg fat. Similarly, players with lower cardiorespiratory fitness presented higher values of handgrip strength in the prepubertal state. On the other hand, improvements in respiratory values were observed in the pubertal state with the rest of the parameters when the cardiorespiratory fitness was increased. Therefore, the promotion of recreational football that encourage and develop cardiorespiratory fitness is a key factor and can be used as an effective sport activity to promote physical fitness and healthy habits in children and adolescents as well as within the population that is already physically active.

ACS Style

Samuel Manzano-Carrasco; Jose Luis Felipe; Javier Sanchez-Sanchez; Antonio Hernandez-Martin; Leonor Gallardo; Jorge Garcia-Unanue. Physical Fitness, Body Composition, and Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in Young Football Players: Influence of the 20 mSRT Score and Maturational Stage. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 3257 .

AMA Style

Samuel Manzano-Carrasco, Jose Luis Felipe, Javier Sanchez-Sanchez, Antonio Hernandez-Martin, Leonor Gallardo, Jorge Garcia-Unanue. Physical Fitness, Body Composition, and Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in Young Football Players: Influence of the 20 mSRT Score and Maturational Stage. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (9):3257.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Samuel Manzano-Carrasco; Jose Luis Felipe; Javier Sanchez-Sanchez; Antonio Hernandez-Martin; Leonor Gallardo; Jorge Garcia-Unanue. 2020. "Physical Fitness, Body Composition, and Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in Young Football Players: Influence of the 20 mSRT Score and Maturational Stage." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 9: 3257.

Journal article
Published: 03 May 2020 in Sustainability
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The aim of this paper is to analyse different interactions of the variables (age, position, or quality of the team and the league) and the crowdsourcing Transfermarkt values of male players in the top European leagues. All players (n = 2259) in the five most highly valued European leagues—Spain, England, Italy, France, and Germany—from the 2017/2018 season were included in this study. Data were retrieved from the open-source football database (Transfermarkt). The present economic value (VPRESENT) and maximum economic value (VMAX) of all players with professional contracts were registered. Regression analysis evidenced a significant influence of the level of the team, the birth month, the league, the playing position and the age of the player on mean and maximum economic value (p < 0.05). This analysis confirms that the players participating in the UEFA Champions League, Premier League teams, playing as attacking midfielders, and born in the first quarter of the year are the most economically valued in terms of both current value (R2 of 0.33) and maximal value (R2 of 0.36). Therefore, international football entities must take into account the financial balance between competitions—and not only at the domestic level, as the attractiveness and balance of European competitions may be directly affected.

ACS Style

Jose Luis Felipe; Alvaro Fernandez-Luna; Pablo Burillo; Luis Eduardo De La Riva; Javier Sanchez-Sanchez; Jorge Garcia-Unanue. Money Talks: Team Variables and Player Positions that Most Influence the Market Value of Professional Male Footballers in Europe. Sustainability 2020, 12, 3709 .

AMA Style

Jose Luis Felipe, Alvaro Fernandez-Luna, Pablo Burillo, Luis Eduardo De La Riva, Javier Sanchez-Sanchez, Jorge Garcia-Unanue. Money Talks: Team Variables and Player Positions that Most Influence the Market Value of Professional Male Footballers in Europe. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (9):3709.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jose Luis Felipe; Alvaro Fernandez-Luna; Pablo Burillo; Luis Eduardo De La Riva; Javier Sanchez-Sanchez; Jorge Garcia-Unanue. 2020. "Money Talks: Team Variables and Player Positions that Most Influence the Market Value of Professional Male Footballers in Europe." Sustainability 12, no. 9: 3709.