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Dietary patterns, exercise, sport, and physical activity have been shown to improve body composition in children. This systematic review with meta-analysis analyzed the effects of practicing football on body composition (fat mass, lean body mass, and bone mineral content) in children. An initial search in PubMed, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus was carried out in April 2021 to identify relevant articles. Inclusion criteria required children up to 12 years of age with a minimum football intervention duration of 10 weeks. Methodological quality of the articles was evaluated using the PEDro scale. Between the 1803 articles originally founded, only 14 articles were included in the meta-analysis. A total of 1643 subjects between the 14 studies were identified. The review and meta-analysis were conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and used Review Manager and Full Meta-Analysis software. The results between the control and experimental groups showed significantly better lean body mass and fat mass values in the experimental group (p< 0.05). Football practice was positively associated with increases in lean body mass (mean difference of 1.55; 95% CI, 0.96, 2.15), decreases in fat mass (mean difference of −0.81; 95% CI, −1.49, −0.13), and increases in whole body bone mineral content (mean difference of 117.68; 95% CI, 83.69, 151.67). In conclusion, the results of this systematic review with meta-analysis suggest that football positively affects body composition in children. However, further research is needed to confirm the results for bone mineral content.
Antonio Hernandez-Martin; Jorge Garcia-Unanue; Alejandro Martínez-Rodríguez; Samuel Manzano-Carrasco; Jose Felipe; Maria Carvalho; Leonor Gallardo; Javier Sanchez-Sanchez. The Effects of Football Practice on Nutritional Status and Body Composition in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2021, 13, 2562 .
AMA StyleAntonio Hernandez-Martin, Jorge Garcia-Unanue, Alejandro Martínez-Rodríguez, Samuel Manzano-Carrasco, Jose Felipe, Maria Carvalho, Leonor Gallardo, Javier Sanchez-Sanchez. The Effects of Football Practice on Nutritional Status and Body Composition in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2021; 13 (8):2562.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAntonio Hernandez-Martin; Jorge Garcia-Unanue; Alejandro Martínez-Rodríguez; Samuel Manzano-Carrasco; Jose Felipe; Maria Carvalho; Leonor Gallardo; Javier Sanchez-Sanchez. 2021. "The Effects of Football Practice on Nutritional Status and Body Composition in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Nutrients 13, no. 8: 2562.
The choice of service delivery form (direct management, agencification, or indirect management) is one of the most important decisions in the strategic planning of sports systems. However, its influence on efficiency has not been adequately studied in the scientific literature. The aim of this paper is to analyse the service delivery form of sports services on cost efficiency and to study the implications the use of different inputs has for the analysis of cost efficiency in sports services. To answer the objectives of the study, the analysis is divided into three stages. First, the cost efficiency of municipal sports services is estimated through the partial order-m robust frontiers using two different measures of cost (budgetary expenditures and effective cost). Then, the two cost-efficiency estimations were compared by the Li test to analyse the existence of significant differences. Finally, cost efficiency was regressed on several environmental factors by a bootstrapped truncated regression. The results show that there is no significant relationship between the different forms of management when the effective cost is included as an input. However, there is a significant relationship when the budgetary expenditure is specified as input; in this case, direct municipal management is the delivery form with the highest efficiency.
Jorge Garcia-Unanue; Jose Felipe; Leonor Gallardo; Carlos Majano; Gemma Perez-Lopez. Decentralisation and Efficiency in Municipal Sports Services: Expenditure vs. Cost. Sustainability 2021, 13, 2260 .
AMA StyleJorge Garcia-Unanue, Jose Felipe, Leonor Gallardo, Carlos Majano, Gemma Perez-Lopez. Decentralisation and Efficiency in Municipal Sports Services: Expenditure vs. Cost. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (4):2260.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJorge Garcia-Unanue; Jose Felipe; Leonor Gallardo; Carlos Majano; Gemma Perez-Lopez. 2021. "Decentralisation and Efficiency in Municipal Sports Services: Expenditure vs. Cost." Sustainability 13, no. 4: 2260.
Monitoring fatigue and performance is important for adjusting training loads in soccer. Therefore, knowing the status of the player when applying a training stimulus is key to optimizing the players’ development. This study aims to evaluate the interaction between internal and external load, during training and matches, in an elite youth soccer team. Methods: seventeen youth players of the highest Spanish category were monitored with GPS devices during training and matches, as well as recording their nocturnal heart rate variability (HRV). We employed a linear mixed model to assess the physical demands between training and matches, and to compare the HRV variables. Results: a higher total distance (+2993.35–5746.56 m; ES = 1.4), distance at high intensity (+641.24–1907 m; ES = 1.5), sprint distance (+350.46–795.05 m; ES = 2.1), number of sprints (+18.38–41.58; ES = 1.9), and number of repeated sprints (+5.91–15.30; ES = 1.7) (all p < 0.001), but not in the number of accelerations, were reported during the matches when compared to the training sessions during the 11 weeks. The analysis of the HRV variables showed no significant differences between the accumulated values during a training week, providing similar results pre-match or post-match (p > 0.05). The LF/HFRATIO showed a negative influence on the total distance ran, distance at high intensity, distance in sprint, number of sprints, and repeated sprint. RRMEAN was positively related to the sprint number. Conclusion: the results of the present study suggest that nocturnal HRV variables are not different between pre-match and post-match. Furthermore, it suggests that LF/HFRATIO and RRMEAN during pre-match can determine the external load that the player will be able to complete during the match.
Javier Sánchez-Sánchez; Javier Botella; Jose Felipe Hernández; Manuel León; Víctor Paredes-Hernández; Enrique Colino; Leonor Gallardo; Jorge García-Unanue. Heart Rate Variability and Physical Demands of In-Season Youth Elite Soccer Players. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 1391 .
AMA StyleJavier Sánchez-Sánchez, Javier Botella, Jose Felipe Hernández, Manuel León, Víctor Paredes-Hernández, Enrique Colino, Leonor Gallardo, Jorge García-Unanue. Heart Rate Variability and Physical Demands of In-Season Youth Elite Soccer Players. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (4):1391.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJavier Sánchez-Sánchez; Javier Botella; Jose Felipe Hernández; Manuel León; Víctor Paredes-Hernández; Enrique Colino; Leonor Gallardo; Jorge García-Unanue. 2021. "Heart Rate Variability and Physical Demands of In-Season Youth Elite Soccer Players." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4: 1391.
The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of natural turf, artificial turf, and sand on sprint performance in different sports and to determine how the sport surface affects sprint performance. A systematic search was conducted in Pubmed, Web of Sciences, and SPORTDiscus databases. Out of 5644 studies, 11 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The studies were very heterogeneous, as they examined different structural characteristics or quality parameters. The studies on natural turf and sand showed significant improvements on sprint speed during training. On the other hand, the analysis of fatigue did not reveal significant differences in the deterioration of sprint speed on both natural and artificial turf. Significance was set at p < 0.05. In conclusion, although lower performance in sprint was reported on sand, further studies are needed to explain the differences in sprint on natural and artificial turf.
Javier Sanchez-Sanchez; Alejandro Martinez-Rodriguez; Jose Luis Felipe; Antonio Hernandez-Martin; Esther Ubago-Guisado; Jens Bangsbo; Leonor Gallardo; Jorge Garcia-Unanue. Effect of Natural Turf, Artificial Turf, and Sand Surfaces on Sprint Performance. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 9478 .
AMA StyleJavier Sanchez-Sanchez, Alejandro Martinez-Rodriguez, Jose Luis Felipe, Antonio Hernandez-Martin, Esther Ubago-Guisado, Jens Bangsbo, Leonor Gallardo, Jorge Garcia-Unanue. Effect of Natural Turf, Artificial Turf, and Sand Surfaces on Sprint Performance. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (24):9478.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJavier Sanchez-Sanchez; Alejandro Martinez-Rodriguez; Jose Luis Felipe; Antonio Hernandez-Martin; Esther Ubago-Guisado; Jens Bangsbo; Leonor Gallardo; Jorge Garcia-Unanue. 2020. "Effect of Natural Turf, Artificial Turf, and Sand Surfaces on Sprint Performance. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 24: 9478.
The aim of this study was to analyse the physical demands of U10 players in a 7-a-side-soccer tournament based on the playing positions in 6 consecutive matches by global positioning systems (GPS). Variables of total distance, relative distance in different speed zones, maximum speed, time interval between accelerations, maximum speed acceleration, maximum acceleration, acceleration distance and the number of high-intensity accelerations were analysed. Differences between playing positions were found in the total distance covered by the midfielders. They covered higher total distances than the defenders (+1167 m; 95% CI: 411 to 1922 m; effect size (ES) = 1.41; p < 0.05) and forwards (+1388 m; CI 95%: 712 a 2063 m; TE = 0.85; p < 0.05). The total covered distance increased in the final rounds with respect to the group stage (p < 0.05; ES: 0.44 to 1.62), and high-intensity actions, such as the number of accelerations, were greater in the final rounds compared to the group stage (p < 0.05; ES: 0.44 to 1.62). The physical performance of young football players in a tournament with consecutive matches on a 40 × 62 m football field on the same day is influenced by the playing position and dependent on the level difference between opponents.
Antonio Hernandez-Martin; Javier Sanchez-Sanchez; Jose Luis Felipe; Samuel Manzano-Carrasco; Carlos Majano; Leonor Gallardo; Jorge Garcia-Unanue. Physical Demands of U10 Players in a 7-a-Side Soccer Tournament Depending on the Playing Position and Level of Opponents in Consecutive Matches Using Global Positioning Systems (GPS). Sensors 2020, 20, 6968 .
AMA StyleAntonio Hernandez-Martin, Javier Sanchez-Sanchez, Jose Luis Felipe, Samuel Manzano-Carrasco, Carlos Majano, Leonor Gallardo, Jorge Garcia-Unanue. Physical Demands of U10 Players in a 7-a-Side Soccer Tournament Depending on the Playing Position and Level of Opponents in Consecutive Matches Using Global Positioning Systems (GPS). Sensors. 2020; 20 (23):6968.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAntonio Hernandez-Martin; Javier Sanchez-Sanchez; Jose Luis Felipe; Samuel Manzano-Carrasco; Carlos Majano; Leonor Gallardo; Jorge Garcia-Unanue. 2020. "Physical Demands of U10 Players in a 7-a-Side Soccer Tournament Depending on the Playing Position and Level of Opponents in Consecutive Matches Using Global Positioning Systems (GPS)." Sensors 20, no. 23: 6968.
The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of the match half and the playing position on physical requirements in the Spanish Professional Futsal League players during official games. The external load from distance, speed, acceleration and deceleration variables were obtained from fourteen elite futsal players during 10 official matches of the 2019–2020 season using a Local Positioning System with ultra-wideband technology installed on the futsal pitch. The results revealed similar results from physical requirements between first and second half (p > 0.05). Wingers demonstrated greater high-speed running distance (+4.04 m·min−1; CI95%: 0.35 to 7.72; ES: 0.87) than pivots (p > 0.05). There were a high number of accelerations (7.42–9.41 n·min−1) and decelerations (7.37–9.12 n·min−1) per minute in all player positions. The principal finding of the current manuscript did not evidence differences in the physical performance of players between the first and second half. The physical requirements varied among pivots and wingers regarding high-intensity actions. These outcomes add new contributions to the understanding of futsal physical demands.
Carlos Serrano; Jose Luis Felipe; Jorge Garcia-Unanue; Enrique Ibañez; Enrique Hernando; Leonor Gallardo; Javier Sanchez-Sanchez. Local Positioning System Analysis of Physical Demands during Official Matches in the Spanish Futsal League. Sensors 2020, 20, 4860 .
AMA StyleCarlos Serrano, Jose Luis Felipe, Jorge Garcia-Unanue, Enrique Ibañez, Enrique Hernando, Leonor Gallardo, Javier Sanchez-Sanchez. Local Positioning System Analysis of Physical Demands during Official Matches in the Spanish Futsal League. Sensors. 2020; 20 (17):4860.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarlos Serrano; Jose Luis Felipe; Jorge Garcia-Unanue; Enrique Ibañez; Enrique Hernando; Leonor Gallardo; Javier Sanchez-Sanchez. 2020. "Local Positioning System Analysis of Physical Demands during Official Matches in the Spanish Futsal League." Sensors 20, no. 17: 4860.
Calderón Pellegrino, G, Paredes-Hernández, V, Sánchez-Sánchez, J, García-Unanue, J, and Gallardo, L. Effect of the fatigue on the physical performance in different small-sided games in elite football players. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2018-Football players need to be able to perform high-intensity efforts of short duration with brief recovery periods. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of the pitch dimension on high-intensity actions and the effect of a repeated sprint ability (RSA) test on the physical performance in different 4-against-4 (4v4) small-sided games (SSG) dimensions. Sixteen U-18 elite football players performed an RSA test between two 4v4 SSGs (pre and post) to induce fatigue and compare physical data. Speed, sprint number, accelerations, sprint distance, total distance covered, and total distance covered of the players at different intensities were evaluated in 3 different SSGs (125, 150, 250, and 300 m). Results revealed a significant detriment of physical performance in the 125-m SSG after RSA, mostly in number of sprints (-6.56; confidence interval [CI] 95%: -10.13 to -3.00; effect size [ES]: 1.13 p < 0.001), accelerations (-2.69; CI 95%: -5.13 to -0.24; ES: 0.68; p = 0.032), and sprint distance (-65.44 m; CI 95%: -103.73 to -27.16; ES: 1.20; p = 0.001). In bigger SSGs (250 and 300 m), higher distance at high intensity was covered and Vmax, Vmean, and sprint distance were greater. In summary, accelerations, sprint number, and fatigue were higher in smaller pitches, and higher velocities were reached in bigger SSGs. Football players should be aware that changes in pitch size can modify the physical performance on high-intensity actions in SSGs.
Gabriel Calderón Pellegrino; Víctor Paredes-Hernández; Javier Sánchez-Sánchez; Jorge García-Unanue; Leonor Gallardo. Effect of the Fatigue on the Physical Performance in Different Small-Sided Games in Elite Football Players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 2020, 34, 2338 -2346.
AMA StyleGabriel Calderón Pellegrino, Víctor Paredes-Hernández, Javier Sánchez-Sánchez, Jorge García-Unanue, Leonor Gallardo. Effect of the Fatigue on the Physical Performance in Different Small-Sided Games in Elite Football Players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2020; 34 (8):2338-2346.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGabriel Calderón Pellegrino; Víctor Paredes-Hernández; Javier Sánchez-Sánchez; Jorge García-Unanue; Leonor Gallardo. 2020. "Effect of the Fatigue on the Physical Performance in Different Small-Sided Games in Elite Football Players." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 34, no. 8: 2338-2346.
The aim of this study was to analyse different success models and split time on cut-off point values on physical demands to keep category in semi-professional football players. An ad hoc observational controlled study was carried out with a total of ten (840 match data) outfield main players (25.2 ± 6.3 years, 1.79 ± 0.75 m, 74.9 ± 5.8 kg and 16.5 ± 6 years of football experience) and monitored using 15 Hz GPS devices. During 14 official matches from the Spanish division B in the 2016/2017 season, match data were coded considering the situational variable (score) and classified by match results (winning, losing or drawing). The results show significant differences between high-intensity attributes criteria that considered split time in velocity zones of 0–15 min (p = 0.043, ηp2 = 0.065, medium), 30–45 min (p = 0.010, ηp2 = 0.094, medium) and 60–75 min (p = 0.015, ηp2 = 0.086, medium), as well as sprint 60–75 min (p = 0.042, ηp2 = 0.066, medium) and 75–90 min (p = 0.002, ηp2 = 0.129, medium). Decision tree induction was applied to reduce the disparity range of data according to six 15-min intervals and to determine the cut-off point values for every parameter combination. It was possible to establish multivariate models for the main high-intensity actions criteria, allowing the establishment of all rules with their attributes and enabling the detection and visualisation of relationships and the pattern sets of variables for determining success.
Jesus Vicente Gimenez; Luis Jimenez-Linares; Jorge Garcia-Unanue; Javier Sanchez-Sanchez; Leonor Gallardo; Jose Luis Felipe. Analyse Success Model of Split Time and Cut-Off Point Values of Physical Demands to Keep Category in Semi-Professional Football Players. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 5299 .
AMA StyleJesus Vicente Gimenez, Luis Jimenez-Linares, Jorge Garcia-Unanue, Javier Sanchez-Sanchez, Leonor Gallardo, Jose Luis Felipe. Analyse Success Model of Split Time and Cut-Off Point Values of Physical Demands to Keep Category in Semi-Professional Football Players. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (15):5299.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJesus Vicente Gimenez; Luis Jimenez-Linares; Jorge Garcia-Unanue; Javier Sanchez-Sanchez; Leonor Gallardo; Jose Luis Felipe. 2020. "Analyse Success Model of Split Time and Cut-Off Point Values of Physical Demands to Keep Category in Semi-Professional Football Players." Applied Sciences 10, no. 15: 5299.
The mechanical properties of the surfaces used for exercising can affect sports performance and injury risk. However, the mechanical properties of treadmill surfaces remain largely unknown. The aim of this study was, therefore, to assess the shock absorption (SA), vertical deformation (VD) and energy restitution (ER) of different treadmill models and to compare them with those of other sport surfaces. A total of 77 treadmills, 30 artificial turf pitches and 30 athletics tracks were assessed using an advanced artificial athlete device. Differences in the mechanical properties between the surfaces and treadmill models were evaluated using a repeated-measures ANOVA. The treadmills were found to exhibit the highest SA of all the surfaces (64.2 ± 2; p < 0.01; effect size (ES) = 0.96), while their VD (7.6 ± 1.3; p < 0.01; ES = 0.87) and ER (45 ± 11; p < 0.01; ES = 0.51) were between the VDs of the artificial turf and track. The SA (p < 0.01; ES = 0.69), VD (p < 0.01; ES = 0.90) and ER (p < 0.01; ES = 0.89) were also shown to differ between treadmill models. The differences between the treadmills commonly used in fitness centers were much lower than differences between the treadmills and track surfaces, but they were sometimes larger than the differences with artificial turf. The treadmills used in clinical practice and research were shown to exhibit widely varying mechanical properties. The results of this study demonstrate that the mechanical properties (SA, VD and ER) of treadmill surfaces differ significantly from those of overground sport surfaces such as artificial turf and athletics track surfaces but also asphalt or concrete. These different mechanical properties of treadmills may affect treadmill running performance, injury risk and the generalizability of research performed on treadmills to overground locomotion.
Enrique Colino; Jose Luis Felipe; Bas Van Hooren; Leonor Gallardo; Kenneth Meijer; Alejandro Lucia; Jorge Lopez-Fernandez; Jorge Garcia-Unanue. Mechanical Properties of Treadmill Surfaces Compared to Other Overground Sport Surfaces. Sensors 2020, 20, 3822 .
AMA StyleEnrique Colino, Jose Luis Felipe, Bas Van Hooren, Leonor Gallardo, Kenneth Meijer, Alejandro Lucia, Jorge Lopez-Fernandez, Jorge Garcia-Unanue. Mechanical Properties of Treadmill Surfaces Compared to Other Overground Sport Surfaces. Sensors. 2020; 20 (14):3822.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEnrique Colino; Jose Luis Felipe; Bas Van Hooren; Leonor Gallardo; Kenneth Meijer; Alejandro Lucia; Jorge Lopez-Fernandez; Jorge Garcia-Unanue. 2020. "Mechanical Properties of Treadmill Surfaces Compared to Other Overground Sport Surfaces." Sensors 20, no. 14: 3822.
Physical activity impacts positively on stress and anxiety. Working conditions affect the quality of life by increasing stress levels, which can affect job performance and work absence. The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Work Ability Index (WAI), Transtheoretical Model (TTM), as well as heart rate variability (HRV) have been applied to monitor the state of workers in their job. The aim of this study was to analyze PSS, WAI, and TTM classifications, and to find out how are they linked to physiological stress (HRV). One hundred and thirteen office workers responded to the three questionnaires and their HRV was monitored for at least two full days. Groups were set up according to TTM (Stage 1, Stage 2, Stage 3–4, Stage 5), WAI (weak WAI, medium WAI, good WAI), and PSS (low PSS, medium PSS, high PSS). Results obtained from the test were related to stress values measured by HRV with a Bodyguard2 device. The Stage 5 group from TTM had better HVR and stress levels than the other groups for both women and men (p < 0.05). Participants in the good WAI group and low PSS group had better results than weak WAI and high PSS, but the differences with respect to medium WAI and medium PSS were less clear. Finally, TTM seemed to be the best tool to discriminate physiological stress in office workers with regard to other questionnaires.
Maria Marin-Farrona; Manuel Leon-Jimenez; Jorge Garcia-Unanue; Leonor Gallardo; Carmen Crespo-Ruiz; Beatriz Crespo-Ruiz. Transtheoretical Model Is Better Predictor of Physiological Stress than Perceived Stress Scale and Work Ability Index among Office Workers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 4410 .
AMA StyleMaria Marin-Farrona, Manuel Leon-Jimenez, Jorge Garcia-Unanue, Leonor Gallardo, Carmen Crespo-Ruiz, Beatriz Crespo-Ruiz. Transtheoretical Model Is Better Predictor of Physiological Stress than Perceived Stress Scale and Work Ability Index among Office Workers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (12):4410.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaria Marin-Farrona; Manuel Leon-Jimenez; Jorge Garcia-Unanue; Leonor Gallardo; Carmen Crespo-Ruiz; Beatriz Crespo-Ruiz. 2020. "Transtheoretical Model Is Better Predictor of Physiological Stress than Perceived Stress Scale and Work Ability Index among Office Workers." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12: 4410.
The aim of this study was to analyze the differences in body composition and physical fitness according to the weight status (normoweight, overweight and obese) and the level of adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD; low, medium or high), in physically active children and adolescents. Furthermore, this study also analyzed the relationship between body composition and physical fitness with Body Mass Index (BMI), fat mass and the level of adherence to the MD. In total, 1676 participants aged 6–17 from different municipal sports schools participated in this cross-sectional study. Data on adherence to the MD (a KIDMED questionnaire), anthropometric measurements, body composition and physical fitness parameters (the 20-m shuttle run test and muscular strength) were collected. A total of 43.5% of the sample were presented as overweight and obese, and only 35.7% had high or optimal adherence to the MD. The results revealed that a normoweight status was associated with greater cardiorespiratory fitness (p < 0.05; ES: 0.50 to 0.67) and lower-body muscular strength (p < 0.05; ES: 0.58 to 1.10). The overweight group showed more significant results than the other groups in handgrip strength (p < 0.01). Greater adherence to the MD in this population indicated better physical fitness, but only in boys. It is concluded that normoweight status and optimal adherence to the MD in children and adolescents are associated with health benefits, which are significant in the body composition and the effect on physical fitness.
Samuel Manzano-Carrasco; Jose Luis Felipe; Javier Sanchez-Sanchez; Antonio Hernandez-Martin; Leonor Gallardo; Jorge Garcia-Unanue. Weight Status, Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet, and Physical Fitness in Spanish Children and Adolescents: The Active Health Study. Nutrients 2020, 12, 1680 .
AMA StyleSamuel Manzano-Carrasco, Jose Luis Felipe, Javier Sanchez-Sanchez, Antonio Hernandez-Martin, Leonor Gallardo, Jorge Garcia-Unanue. Weight Status, Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet, and Physical Fitness in Spanish Children and Adolescents: The Active Health Study. Nutrients. 2020; 12 (6):1680.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSamuel Manzano-Carrasco; Jose Luis Felipe; Javier Sanchez-Sanchez; Antonio Hernandez-Martin; Leonor Gallardo; Jorge Garcia-Unanue. 2020. "Weight Status, Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet, and Physical Fitness in Spanish Children and Adolescents: The Active Health Study." Nutrients 12, no. 6: 1680.
As most existing studies in youth academies are focused on top players, the objective of this research is to analyze the physical and physiological demands of various small-sided games (SSGs) on different age categories within a sub-elite soccer academy. We evaluated 63 young players from a Spanish sub-elite academy (under 14 = 21; under 16 = 21; under 18 = 21). Players performed four different small-side games focused on possession game (3-a-side; 4-a-side; 5-a-side; 6-a-side). The global indicators of performance and high-intensity actions were recorded through global positioning systems, whereas the heart rate responses were measured using heart rate monitors. Results: Under 16 ran a greater distance at high-intensity velocity than under 14 in the small side games 3v3 and 6v6. Furthermore, under 16 also ran a greater distance at high-intensity velocity than under 18 in the small side game 3v3 (p < 0.01). Under 14 showed greater acceleration at the highest intensity (> 2.75 m/s2) than the other age groups, under 16 and U18 (p < 0.01; ES (effect size) > 1). According to the physiological load, SSG 3v3 presented lower outcomes in Zone 6 (> 95% HRmax) than the small side game 4v4 and the small side game 5v5, in both under 14 and under 16. The workload of SSGs varies depending on the number of players, but also depending on the players’ ages. Therefore, when designing the SSGs it is important to consider both the players’ ages and the workload that want to be achieved.
Jorge López-Fernández; Javier Sánchez-Sánchez; Jorge García-Unanue; Enrique Hernando; Leonor Gallardo. Physical and Physiological Responses of U-14, U-16, and U-18 Soccer Players on Different Small-Sided Games. Sports 2020, 8, 66 .
AMA StyleJorge López-Fernández, Javier Sánchez-Sánchez, Jorge García-Unanue, Enrique Hernando, Leonor Gallardo. Physical and Physiological Responses of U-14, U-16, and U-18 Soccer Players on Different Small-Sided Games. Sports. 2020; 8 (5):66.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJorge López-Fernández; Javier Sánchez-Sánchez; Jorge García-Unanue; Enrique Hernando; Leonor Gallardo. 2020. "Physical and Physiological Responses of U-14, U-16, and U-18 Soccer Players on Different Small-Sided Games." Sports 8, no. 5: 66.
The current study aimed at analyzing the relationship between body composition, adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD), and physical fitness (PF) in a young active population. A total of 1198 athletes (boys = 875; girls = 323) enrolled in different municipal sports schools participated in this study. Data on adherence to the MD (KIDMED questionnaire), anthropometric measurements, and PF (20 m shuttle run test, handgrip strength, vertical jump and forced spirometry) were collected. Results show that the pubertal boys had a higher score in the KIDMED test than the prepubertal ones (+0.38, p = 0.28). Moreover, boys with better adherence to the MD had significantly higher results in handgrip strength (+12.20 regarding low MD group and +9.13 regarding medium MD group, p < 0.05), as well as in forced vital capacity (FVC) (+0.66 regarding low MD group and 0.29 regarding medium MD group, p < 0.05). No differences were found in the girls. Finally, the result of the KIDMED test is a variable with a positive and significant relationship with cardiorespiratory fitness, along with the FVC, percentage of fat mass, and performance in the vertical jump (p < 0.05). It is concluded that adherence to the MD could show a relationship with various PF variables in boys and could be a predictor of cardiorespiratory fitness in both cases.
Samuel Manzano-Carrasco; Jose Luis Felipe; Javier Sanchez-Sanchez; Antonio Hernandez-Martin; Ivan Clavel; Leonor Gallardo; Jorge Garcia-Unanue. Relationship between Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet and Body Composition with Physical Fitness Parameters in a Young Active Population. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 3337 .
AMA StyleSamuel Manzano-Carrasco, Jose Luis Felipe, Javier Sanchez-Sanchez, Antonio Hernandez-Martin, Ivan Clavel, Leonor Gallardo, Jorge Garcia-Unanue. Relationship between Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet and Body Composition with Physical Fitness Parameters in a Young Active Population. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (9):3337.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSamuel Manzano-Carrasco; Jose Luis Felipe; Javier Sanchez-Sanchez; Antonio Hernandez-Martin; Ivan Clavel; Leonor Gallardo; Jorge Garcia-Unanue. 2020. "Relationship between Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet and Body Composition with Physical Fitness Parameters in a Young Active Population." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 9: 3337.
The aim of this study was to define a reliable and sensitive test method for assessing Shock Absorption (SA), Vertical Deformation (VD), and Energy Restitution (ER) in treadmill surfaces. A total of 42 treadmills belonging to four different models were included in the study: (a) Technogym Jog700 Excite (n = 10), (b) Technogym Artis Run (n = 12), (c) LifeFitness Integrity Series 97T (n = 11), and (d) LifeFitness Integrity Series DX (n = 9). An advanced artificial athlete (AAA) device was used to assess SA, VD, and ER at three different locations along the longitudinal axis of each treadmill and in the support area of the athletes’ feet. For each location, our results show that the error assumed when performing one impact with the AAA instead of three (SA ≤ |0.1|%, VD ≤ |0.0| mm, and ER ≤ |0.2|%) is lower than the smallest changes that can be detected by the measuring device (SA = 0.4%, VD = 0.2 mm, and ER = 0.9%). Also, our results show the ability of the test method to detect meaningful differences between locations once the one-impact criterium is adopted, since absolute minimum differences between zones (SA: |0.6|%, VD: |0.3| mm, and ER: |1.2|%) were above the uncertainty of the measuring device. Therefore, performing a single impact with the AAA in each of the three locations described in this study can be considered a representative and reliable method for assessing SA, VD, and ER in treadmill surfaces.
Enrique Colino; Jorge Garcia-Unanue; Bas Van Hooren; Leonor Gallardo; Kenneth Meijer; Alejandro Lucia; Jose Luis Felipe. A Proposed Method to Assess the Mechanical Properties of Treadmill Surfaces. Sensors 2020, 20, 2724 .
AMA StyleEnrique Colino, Jorge Garcia-Unanue, Bas Van Hooren, Leonor Gallardo, Kenneth Meijer, Alejandro Lucia, Jose Luis Felipe. A Proposed Method to Assess the Mechanical Properties of Treadmill Surfaces. Sensors. 2020; 20 (9):2724.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEnrique Colino; Jorge Garcia-Unanue; Bas Van Hooren; Leonor Gallardo; Kenneth Meijer; Alejandro Lucia; Jose Luis Felipe. 2020. "A Proposed Method to Assess the Mechanical Properties of Treadmill Surfaces." Sensors 20, no. 9: 2724.
This study aimed to analyze the differences in physical fitness variables, body composition, and adherence to the Mediterranean diet according to the cardiorespiratory fitness and the maturational stage in young football players. A total of 194 male football players (aged 8–16) from three football sport schools participated in this study. Data on cardiorespiratory fitness (the 20-m shuttle run test), anthropometric measurements, handgrip strength, respiratory capacity (forced spirometry), and adherence to the Mediterranean diet (KIDMED questionnaire) were collected. Players were divided into two groups depending on their maturational stage (prepubertal n = 127 and pubertal n = 67). The results show a direct relationship between low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness and body mass index, as well as body fat and leg fat. Similarly, players with lower cardiorespiratory fitness presented higher values of handgrip strength in the prepubertal state. On the other hand, improvements in respiratory values were observed in the pubertal state with the rest of the parameters when the cardiorespiratory fitness was increased. Therefore, the promotion of recreational football that encourage and develop cardiorespiratory fitness is a key factor and can be used as an effective sport activity to promote physical fitness and healthy habits in children and adolescents as well as within the population that is already physically active.
Samuel Manzano-Carrasco; Jose Luis Felipe; Javier Sanchez-Sanchez; Antonio Hernandez-Martin; Leonor Gallardo; Jorge Garcia-Unanue. Physical Fitness, Body Composition, and Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in Young Football Players: Influence of the 20 mSRT Score and Maturational Stage. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 3257 .
AMA StyleSamuel Manzano-Carrasco, Jose Luis Felipe, Javier Sanchez-Sanchez, Antonio Hernandez-Martin, Leonor Gallardo, Jorge Garcia-Unanue. Physical Fitness, Body Composition, and Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in Young Football Players: Influence of the 20 mSRT Score and Maturational Stage. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (9):3257.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSamuel Manzano-Carrasco; Jose Luis Felipe; Javier Sanchez-Sanchez; Antonio Hernandez-Martin; Leonor Gallardo; Jorge Garcia-Unanue. 2020. "Physical Fitness, Body Composition, and Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in Young Football Players: Influence of the 20 mSRT Score and Maturational Stage." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 9: 3257.
This study aimed to investigate morphological, functional, and neuromuscular asymmetries on futsal players’ lower limbs at different competitive levels. Sixteen male elite futsal players from the Spanish National Futsal League and thirteen male sub-elite futsal players from the third division participated in this study. Morphological asymmetry was assessed through bioelectrical impedance (fat-mass (g and %) and lean-mass (g)). Functional asymmetry was assessed by means of a 20-s static unipedal balance test. Finally, neuromuscular asymmetry was assessed using tensiomiography tests on both the rectus femoris (RF) and biceps femoris (BF) of each participant. The three tests conducted did not reveal significant bilateral asymmetries in elite players. On the other hand, sub-elite players showed significant bilateral asymmetry in fat-mass percentage between dominant and non-dominant limbs (+6%; CI95%: 1 to 11; ES: 0.88; p = 0.019). They also showed higher bilateral asymmetry in the delay time of the RF (+13%; CI95%: 7 to 21; ES: 1.3; p < 0.05). However, the static unipedal balance test (p > 0.05) did not evidence asymmetries regardless of the level of the participants. Elite futsal players do not develop bilateral asymmetries in lower limbs in the studied parameters. On the contrary, sub-elite players are likely to develop morphological and neuromuscular asymmetries between their dominant leg and non-dominant leg.
Jorge López-Fernández; Jorge García-Unanue; Javier Sánchez-Sánchez; Enrique Colino; Enrique Hernando; Leonor Gallardo. Bilateral Asymmetries Assessment in Elite and Sub-Elite Male Futsal Players. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 3169 .
AMA StyleJorge López-Fernández, Jorge García-Unanue, Javier Sánchez-Sánchez, Enrique Colino, Enrique Hernando, Leonor Gallardo. Bilateral Asymmetries Assessment in Elite and Sub-Elite Male Futsal Players. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (9):3169.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJorge López-Fernández; Jorge García-Unanue; Javier Sánchez-Sánchez; Enrique Colino; Enrique Hernando; Leonor Gallardo. 2020. "Bilateral Asymmetries Assessment in Elite and Sub-Elite Male Futsal Players." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 9: 3169.
The Municipal entities, including its sports services, are engaged in a necessary process of modernization. The objective of this work is to design a costing model specific for the municipal sports services, to facilitate this process. For this purpose, we opted for an interventionist approach, designing and implanting the model in two case studies, working with both entities. The proposed model has been implemented correctly and has adapted to entities characteristics and needs. The managers of sports services highlight the usefulness of model results, immediately and in medium and long term planning.
Jorge García-Unanue; Leonor Gallardo; José Luis Felipe. La factura deportiva. Diseño e implantación de un modelo de cálculo de costes para los servicios deportivos municipales. Studies of Applied Economics 2020, 30, 599 -618.
AMA StyleJorge García-Unanue, Leonor Gallardo, José Luis Felipe. La factura deportiva. Diseño e implantación de un modelo de cálculo de costes para los servicios deportivos municipales. Studies of Applied Economics. 2020; 30 (2):599-618.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJorge García-Unanue; Leonor Gallardo; José Luis Felipe. 2020. "La factura deportiva. Diseño e implantación de un modelo de cálculo de costes para los servicios deportivos municipales." Studies of Applied Economics 30, no. 2: 599-618.
Assessing and keeping control of the mechanical properties of sport surfaces is a relevant task in sports since it enables athletes to train and compete safely and under equal conditions. Currently, different tests are used for assessing athlete- and ball-surface interactions in artificial turf pitches. In order to make these evaluations more agile and accessible for every facility, it is important to develop new apparatus that enable to perform the tests in an easier and quicker way. The existing equipment for determining the vertical ball behavior requires a complex and non-easily transportable device in which the ball must be fixed to the upper part of the frame in a very precise position by means of a magnet. The rebound height is determined by capturing the acoustic signal produced when the ball bounces on the turf. When extended tests are conducted, the time required to evaluate a single field is too high due to the non-valid trials. This work proposes a novel methodology which allows to notoriously decrease the time of testing fields maintaining the repeatability and accuracy of the test method together with a compact device for improving its mobility and transport. Simulations and experiments demonstrates the repeatability and accuracy of the results obtained by the proposed device, which decreases the non-valid trials and notoriously reduces the time for field evaluation.
Enrique Colino; Lis Corral-Gómez; David Rodríguez-Rosa; Sergio Juárez-Pérez; Jorge García-Unanue; Antonio González-Rodríguez; Javier Sánchez-Sánchez; Jose Luis Felipe; Leonor Gallardo; Fernando Jose Castillo-García. Novel Methodology for Football Rebound Test Method. Sensors 2020, 20, 1688 .
AMA StyleEnrique Colino, Lis Corral-Gómez, David Rodríguez-Rosa, Sergio Juárez-Pérez, Jorge García-Unanue, Antonio González-Rodríguez, Javier Sánchez-Sánchez, Jose Luis Felipe, Leonor Gallardo, Fernando Jose Castillo-García. Novel Methodology for Football Rebound Test Method. Sensors. 2020; 20 (6):1688.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEnrique Colino; Lis Corral-Gómez; David Rodríguez-Rosa; Sergio Juárez-Pérez; Jorge García-Unanue; Antonio González-Rodríguez; Javier Sánchez-Sánchez; Jose Luis Felipe; Leonor Gallardo; Fernando Jose Castillo-García. 2020. "Novel Methodology for Football Rebound Test Method." Sensors 20, no. 6: 1688.
Background: The aim of this study was to compare the validity of two different GPS device models used for time–motion analyses in ecological testing of football. Methods: Ten healthy male players from a Spanish university football team participated in this study. The team sport simulation circuit (TSCC) used was based on previous research examining the validity and interunit reliability of different GPS systems. Participants were required to complete eight laps of the TSSC, resulting in a total distance of 1320 m. The GPS units used for the current study were the 18 Hz StatsSport Apex Pro and 18 Hz RealTrack WIMU Pro. Participants were required to wear either of the two GPS units during the test. To establish the construct validity of GPS as a measure of Vmax, timing lights were used as a gold standard. Results: The results clearly suggest that it is not possible to use the same 18 Hz GPS model or interchange it. The measurement can be considered precise when the noise is at least equal to or lower than the smallest worthwhile change. In this case, all standard deviation in measurement error was higher than the smallest worthwhile change. This is due to an inconsistency in the data processing of each trademark. Conclusions: It is important to prevent a club using different GPS trademarks at the same time, since it is not possible to compare in any case any type of result obtained between different trademarks.
Jesus Vicente Gimenez; Jorge Garcia-Unanue; Archit Navandar; David Viejo-Romero; Javier Sanchez-Sanchez; Leonor Gallardo; Antonio Hernandez-Martin; Jose Luis Felipe. Comparison between Two Different Device Models 18 Hz GPS Used for Time–Motion Analyses in Ecological Testing of Football. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 1912 .
AMA StyleJesus Vicente Gimenez, Jorge Garcia-Unanue, Archit Navandar, David Viejo-Romero, Javier Sanchez-Sanchez, Leonor Gallardo, Antonio Hernandez-Martin, Jose Luis Felipe. Comparison between Two Different Device Models 18 Hz GPS Used for Time–Motion Analyses in Ecological Testing of Football. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (6):1912.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJesus Vicente Gimenez; Jorge Garcia-Unanue; Archit Navandar; David Viejo-Romero; Javier Sanchez-Sanchez; Leonor Gallardo; Antonio Hernandez-Martin; Jose Luis Felipe. 2020. "Comparison between Two Different Device Models 18 Hz GPS Used for Time–Motion Analyses in Ecological Testing of Football." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 6: 1912.
Research Question: Fitness equipment is a worldwide ever-growing phenomenon and its usage is nowadays popular both in human routines and academic investigations. Research Methods: This paper is a literature review aiming fitness equipment in relation to all the available findings connected to the complete product life-cycle phases. Results and Findings: Manufacturing industries, which are active realities of the sector, have not been a major concern for sport researchers within the production applicability sub-field. Past root hypotheses, the current state of the art and future guideline applications are addressed. Selected articles were categorised chronologically, by journal, by geographic area and, extensively, by content. Five thematic areas were included: (1) historical background, (2) creation stages, (3) product features, (4) innovation paths and (5) sectoral environments and marketing processes. Implications: By means of the provided findings, there is an opportunity to widen approaches to study fitness equipment that could be extended to the sector’s enterprise applications and methods of work.
Silvio Addolorato; Jerónimo García-Fernández; Leonor Gallardo; Jorge García-Unanue. An Overview of the Origins and Effectiveness of Commercial Fitness Equipment and Sectoral Corporate Settings: A Critical Review of Literature. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 1534 .
AMA StyleSilvio Addolorato, Jerónimo García-Fernández, Leonor Gallardo, Jorge García-Unanue. An Overview of the Origins and Effectiveness of Commercial Fitness Equipment and Sectoral Corporate Settings: A Critical Review of Literature. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (4):1534.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSilvio Addolorato; Jerónimo García-Fernández; Leonor Gallardo; Jorge García-Unanue. 2020. "An Overview of the Origins and Effectiveness of Commercial Fitness Equipment and Sectoral Corporate Settings: A Critical Review of Literature." Applied Sciences 10, no. 4: 1534.