Deterioration of mineralogical and physical characteristics of mineral raw materials results in the formation of the primary task for the comminution processes—reduction in the size of ore to obtain a material with a certain granulometric composition, which in turn is achieved by overgrinding of raw materials and, consequently, an increase in energy costs. The work aimed to justify the possibility of selective disintegration of mineral assemblages of polymetallic ores of various genesis at the stage of crushing based on in-depth investigation and revealing of interrelation and mutual influence of mineralogical-geochemical features, textural-structural and technological properties. Structural and textural features have been studied by the methods of computed X-ray microtomography. Experimental and theoretical investigations of mineralogical and technological parameters of raw materials, as well as research on crushing using different types of crushers, made it possible to substantiate the possibility of selective disintegration for polymetallic ores.

The possibility of extraction of metals from ores of different genesis, containing low-dimensional structures of rare and noble metals, increases their commodity value and, in a deficit for some types of metals, leads to the need to search and develop new nature-like technologies, which can be used to extract from ores of different genesis almost all valuable noble, rare earth and nonferrous metals regardless of their concentration. This article presents the results of studying the processes of comminution and flotation to extract low-dimensional structures of noble and rare metals from carbonaceous ores using low-temperature and energy impacts at successive stages of the ores’ transformation. With the use of modern mineralogical, physical and chemical methods of research of composition, structure and properties of ores, the initial samples, concentrates and tailings after enrichment were studied. During the study, it was established that the difficulty of extraction of strategic metals from carbonaceous hard-enriched ores consists in fine dissemination of valuable components in concentrator minerals, mutual penetration of ore mineralization into each other and into rock-forming minerals, and in proximity of physical, chemical and technological properties of minerals, which complicates selective extraction of valuable components in concentrates. Also, difficulties in enrichment are associated with high flotation activity of waste rock, which significantly reduces the quality of concentrates.

ОЦЕНКА УПОРНОСТИ ЗОЛОТОСОДЕРЖАЩИХ РУД НА ОСНОВЕ ИНТЕРПРЕТАЦИИ ДАННЫХ ТЕРМИЧЕСКОГО АНАЛИЗА

Переработка сульфидных золотосодержащих руд является комплексной задачей ввиду снижения качества рудного сырья, значительного количества в руде флотоактивных породообразующих минеральных фаз, тонкой дисперсной вкрапленности золота в минералы-концентраторы и тонкой вкрапленности самих минералов в пустую породу, что делает актуальным вопрос совершенствования существующих технологий. Объектом исследования в работе выбраны упорные тонкодисперсные сульфидные золотосодержащие руды, характеризующиеся также высоким содержанием породообразующих минералов, таких как кальцит и кварц. Анализ протекания процесса флотации позволил установить необходимость использования комбинации депрессоров ввиду высокого извлечения в концентрат породообразующих минералов, как силикатов, так и карбонатов, по причине их высокой флотационной активности. Исследование по подбору депрессора позволило установить, что использование жидкого стекла и КМК низкозамещенного приводит к снижению содержания и извлечения кальция и кремния в концентрат. На основании анализа полученных данных обосновано применение комбинации депрессоров для снижения извлечения породообразующих минералов в концентрат с обоснованными расходами жидкого стекла и КМК низкозамещенного 60 г/т и 55 г/т...

The mining industry is faced with the problem of depletion of reserves of easily beneficiated minerals containing valuable metals. The characteristic features of the ores involved in processing are fine dissemination; low content of valuable components; and similar physical, chemical, surface, and technological properties of minerals, among others. Under such conditions, increasing the efficiency of mineral processing becomes of primary importance. Creating highly efficient, environmentally safe technologies on the basis of deep study of the material, chemical, and mineralogical composition, as well as using and developing methods and techniques for testing mineral materials at successive stages of raw material transformation, enable to solve such problems. Criteria for assessing the flow of technological processes are presented in the article. A complex criterion is substantiated and proposed for quantitative assessment of the degree of physical and energy impact at the stages of ore preparation and flotation enrichment of mineral raw materials. The criterion is calculated on the basis of activation energy data calculated by differential and integral kinetic methods. In addition, an empirical indicator was introduced into the complex criterion, which allows increasing the accuracy of the calculated criterion. This criterion not only allows to estimate the degree of influence from the position of averaged estimation on the full interval of degrees of transformation from 0 to 1, but also gives the possibility to consider the required number of degrees of transformation; for example, if it is necessary to make estimations on narrow temperature intervals. The calculation of empirical parameters for the obtained criterion is carried out before and after the application of physical–energetic methods of influence using thermal analysis.

This article presents the results of research aimed at optimizing the process of recovery of valuable components from ash and slag waste from thermal power plants. In this work, both experimental and theoretical studies were carried out to substantiate the use of magnetic separation methods for ash and slag waste processing. Ash and slag wastes were chosen as an object of research due to the presence of valuable components such as iron, aluminum, etc., in them. The research results showed that the method of magnetic separation, including high-gradient magnetic separation, can be effectively used in ash and slag waste processing. As a result, the topology of a magnetic beneficiation technological scheme has been proposed to obtain high-value-added products such as high-magnetic iron minerals, low-magnetic iron minerals, and aluminosilicate microspheres. By using magnetic separation in a weak magnetic field, magnetic microspheres containing high-magnetic iron minerals associated with intermetallics, ranging in size from 20 to 80 µm, were recovered. In the second stage of magnetic separation (high-gradient magnetic separation), an iron ore product with an iron content of 50% with a recovery of 92.07% could be obtained. By using scanning electron microscopy, it was found that the main part of microspheres, which contain low-magnetic iron minerals and aluminosilicates, with sizes from 2 to 15 microns, was recovered in the magnetic fraction. This paper proposes a new approach to the enrichment of ash and slag materials using magnetic separation, which will increase the efficiency of their processing and make the process environmentally sustainable.