Finding a free parking lot contributes largely to a total traffic congestion and increases gas emissions in urban and overpopulated cities. Recent advances in smart parking systems adopt Internet of Things (IoT) concepts which tend to improve traffic bottlenecks by providing information about available parking lots. The detection of vehicle presence at the parking lot usually means adopting solutions comprised of power-hungry and battery-operated sensor devices. In this article a hardware-based approach is introduced which aims at building a self-powered and autonomous sensing node equipped with supercapacitors (battery less) to feel the vehicle presence. For purposes of detection, solar-based energy harvester and wake-up trigger prototype is considered along with a Bluetooth low-energy (BLE) radio. The joint use of such technologies is exploited to develop a power autonomous node capable of cost-effectively sensing the car presence and transmitting the parking lot status. The developed triggering system consumes only 150 nA making it suitable as a low-power solution. To initiate the trigger only 6.5 W/m ² in light level change is required comparing the two panels, which is more than adequate as the comparison of solar irradiance measured under the vehicle against diffuse horizontal irradiance shows a significant difference. The developed prototype uses a magnetometer to verify the vehicle presence upon trigger generation and BLE 5.0 technology for status change update, while supercapacitor discharge lifetime duration is estimated to be around 13 days in harsh conditions without charging from solar cells.

The growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) continues to be rapid, making it an essential part of information technology. As a result, IoT devices must be able to handle data collection, machine-to-machine (M2M) communication, and preprocessing of data, while also considering cost, processing power, and energy consumption. This paper introduces a system for device indoor localization that uses variations in the strength of the wireless signal. The proposed system addresses logistics use cases in which it is imperative to achieve reliable end-to-end delivery, such as pharmaceutic delivery, delivery of confidential documents and court exhibits, and even food, since the same is introduced into human organism and presents a potential risk of terrorist or other attack. This work proposes a concept based on low-power and low-cost LoRaWAN based system that utilizes a Machine Learning technique based on Neural Networks to achieve high accuracy in device indoor localization by measuring the signal strength of a beacon device. Furthermore, using signal strength measurements, that is, RSSI and SNR captured by LoRaWAN gateways, it is possible to estimate the location of the device point with an accuracy of up to 98.8%.

A number of protocols and mechanisms have been proposed to address the problem of initial secure key deployment in wireless networks. Most existing approaches work either with a small number of wireless devices (i.e., two) or otherwise rely on the presence of an auxiliary device (such as a programmable camera, computer, or Faraday cage). In this paper, we design a solution that allows a user unaided initialization (free from auxiliary devices) of a relatively large number of wireless devices. The proposed solution is based on a novel multichannel Group message Authentication Protocol (GAP), in which information is transmitted over both a radio and a visible light channel (VLC). A notable feature of GAP is that the information to be authenticated is independent of the short authentication string\o be verified by the user (an indirect binding protocol [28]). This, as we show, results in a lower communication cost compared to existing direct binding protocols. The advantage in terms of the communication cost of our GAP protocol is especially important for power-constrained devices, such as wireless sensor motes. Another appealing feature of GAP is that it is secure in the attacker model where the VLC is semiauthentic, whereas existing protocols consider VLC to be authentic. This is made possible by using joint Manchester-Berger unidirectional error-detection codes that are secure and easy to interpret by a nonspecialist and unaided end user. Our overall key deployment mechanism has minimal hardware requirements: one LED, one button and, of course, a radio transceiver, and is thus suitable for initializing devices with constrained interfaces, such as (multiple) wireless sensor motes. We demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method via a preliminary usability study. The study indicates that the method has reasonably low execution time, minimal error rate, and is user friendly.

The Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWA) has already started to gain a notorious adoption in the Internet of Things (IoT) landscape due to its enormous potential. It is already employed in a wide variety of scenarios involving parking lot occupancy, package delivery, smart irrigation, smart lightning, fire detection, etc. If messages from LPWA devices can be manipulated or blocked, this will violate the integrity of the collected information and lead to unobserved events (e.g., fire, leakage). This paper explores the possibility that violates message integrity by applying a reactive jamming technique that disrupts a Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) network. As shown in this paper, using low-cost commodity hardware based on Arduino platform, an attacker can easily mount such an attack that would result in completely shutting down the entire LoRaWAN network with high probability. Several countermeasures are introduced to reduce the possibility of jamming attacks.