In the summer of 2010, western Russia experienced extreme heat, which was noted for its exceptional spatial spread, long duration, high intensity and impacts. We use an anomaly‐based approach to decompose atmospheric variables into daily climatic components and anomalies from two reanalysis datasets. We show that a surface heat wave event results from a downward extension of an anomalously warm air column below a centre of positive geopotential height anomalies in the upper troposphere. Therefore, we use this approach to analyse all summer regional heat wave events with spatial scales larger than 2000 km and durations greater than 5 days over western Eurasia from 1980 to 2014. Our results demonstrate that the rapid increase in regional heat wave events over western Eurasia since 2010 is a direct response to the increasing frequency of large‐scale, quasi‐stationary positive centres of maximum height anomalies in the upper troposphere.

The Arctic and Polar cells act on the Arctic sea ice variation

Metal Er was deposited onto 〈100〉-oriented B-doped p-type crystalline silicon wafers, with or without plasma hydrogen treatment, to form Er/p-type Si Schottky barriers. The current-voltage and activation energy measurements reveal that hydrogen decreases the Schottky-barrier height (SBH) of Er/p-type Si by 0.10–0.12 eV, and, at the same time, the ideality factor is decreased from 1.17 to 1.08. The reason why hydrogen decreases the SBH and the ideality factor of Er/p-type Si and increases those of Al/p-type Si [Y. Q. Jia and G. G. Qin, Appl. Phys. Lett. 56, 641 (1991)] is that the main role of hydrogen is either passivating or generating the defects on the metal-semiconductor interface in Er/p-type Si and Al/p-type Si, respectively.

Accurate characterization of aircraft turbulence is vital for aviation safety and efficiency. This study leverages 2021 data from nationwide Pilot Reports (PIREPs) and China Eastern Airlines’ in situ Eddy Dissipation Rate (EDR) measurements to systematically compare these two primary turbulence monitoring sources. We quantify their consistencies and discrepancies in capturing turbulence intensity and spatiotemporal patterns to assess their respective value and limitations. The findings indicate that while the diurnal and monthly variation trends of turbulence distributions are generally consistent between the two datasets, significant differences exist in intensity distribution, vertical profiles, and spatial patterns. By examining 242 turbulence events concurrently recorded by both China Eastern Airlines’ EDR and pilot reports, the study identifies a spatial discrepancy within 40 km and an average reporting delay of approximately two minutes in PIREPs, with the delay becoming more pronounced as turbulence intensity increases. Furthermore, pilot-reported “severe” turbulence corresponds to EDR values notably lower than the ICAO standard, revealing a systematic overestimation bias.

The strengthening and broadening trends of the Hadley cell have been revealed, while the existence of the Arctic cell has also been confirmed in previous studies. This study extends previous strengthening trend analyses of the Hadley cell to the Polar and Arctic cells in the Northern Hemisphere and explores their climate influences. Results show that the Polar cell experienced an abrupt change from a slow to a rapid strengthening trend in 1989, while the Arctic cell showed an insignificant strengthening trend and a significant weakening trend successively. The strengthening subsidence flow associated with the Polar and Arctic cells can partly explain the warming surface air temperature and declining sea ice concentration through the increasing tropospheric height and temperature trends. These results provide new insights for understanding the interdecadal relationship between atmospheric circulation and climate change in the Arctic region.