Recent climate change has resulted in the reduction of several surface water bodies (SWBs) all around the globe. These SWBs, such as streams, rivers, lakes, wetlands, reservoirs, and creeks have a positive impact on the cooling of the surrounding climate and, therefore, reduction in SWBs can contribute to the rise of land surface temperature (LST). This study presents the impact of SWBs on the LST across Bangladesh to quantify their roles in the rapid temperature rise of Bangladesh. The moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) LST and water mask data of Bangladesh for the period 2000–2015 are used for this purpose. Influences of topography and geography on LST were first removed, and then regression analysis was conducted to quantify the impact of SWBs on the LST. The non-parametric Mann–Kendall (MK) test was used to assess the changes in LST and SWBs. The results revealed that SWBs were reduced from 11,379 km² in 2000 to 9657 km² in 2015. The trend analysis showed that changes in SWBs have reduced significantly at a 90% level of confidence, which contributed to the acceleration of LST rise in the country due to global warming. The spatial analysis during the specific years showed that an increase in LST can be seen with the reduction of SWBs. Furthermore, the reduction of 100 m² of SWBs can reduce the LST of the surrounding regions from −1.2 to −2.2 °C.

Expansion of arid lands due to climate change, particularly in water stressed regions of the world can have severe implications on the economy and people’s livelihoods. The spatiotemporal trends in aridity, the shift of land from lower to higher arid classes and the effect of this shift on different land uses in Syria have been evaluated in this study for the period 1951–2010 using high-resolution monthly climate data of the Terrestrial Hydrology Research Group of Princeton University. The trends in rainfall, temperature and potential evapotranspiration were also evaluated to understand the causes of aridity shifts. The results revealed an expansion of aridity in Syria during 1951–1980 compared to 1981–2010. About 6.21% of semi-arid land was observed to shift to arid class and 5.91% dry-subhumid land to semi-arid land between the two periods. Analysis of results revealed that the decrease in rainfall is the major cause of increasing aridity in Syria. About 28.3% of agriculture land located in the north and the northwest was found to shift from humid to dry-subhumid or dry-subhumid to semi-arid. Analysis of results revealed that the shifting of drylands mostly occurred in the northern agricultural areas of Syria. The land productivity and irrigation needs can be severely affected by increasing aridity which may affect food security and the economy of the country.

This paper proposes a frequency-integrated electromagnetic vulnerability index (FI-EVI), which is a reference-weighted susceptibility-screening metric for shielded electronic enclosures rather than a direct measure of functional failure. The frequency-resolved vulnerability is defined as the internal-to-reference RMS field ratio, V_E(f) = E_int,rms(f)/E_ref,rms(f), and FI-EVI is its log-frequency average from 10 MHz to 18 GHz. All cases use a swept-frequency incident plane wave of 1 V/m RMS and, as a common normalization benchmark, the MIL-STD-461G RS103 aircraft-internal limit (20 V/m up to 1 GHz and 60 V/m above). The internal field is obtained from an aperture-dominant reduced-order transfer function with parameters fixed in advance. A worst-case spectrum is derived under a fixed incident power-density budget and a peak power spectral density cap αS_flat; the amplification factor is bounded by $\sqrt{\alpha }$. For three UAV-scale apertures (15, 60, and 150 mm), FI-EVI is 0.0056, 0.0094, and 0.0159, and the amplification factor at α = 10 is 1.27, 1.58, and 2.23. For one similitude-scaled family of a controlled loaded enclosure simulated with openEMS, the band-limited reduced-order FI-EVI is 9.4–21.5% below the full-wave envelope and within −11.0% to +7.3% of the maximum among the prescribed probe locations and polarizations, although the enclosure resonances are not reproduced.