Membrane fission is an essential process in membrane trafficking and other cellular functions. While many fissioning and trafficking steps are mediated by the large GTPase dynamin, some fission events are dynamin independent and involve C‐terminal‐binding protein‐1/brefeldinA‐ADP ribosylated substrate (CtBP1/BARS). To gain an insight into the molecular mechanisms of CtBP1/BARS in fission, we have studied the role of this protein in macropinocytosis, a dynamin‐independent endocytic pathway that can be synchronously activated by growth factors. Here, we show that upon activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor, CtBP1/BARS is (a) translocated to the macropinocytic cup and its surrounding membrane, (b) required for the fission of the macropinocytic cup and (c) phosphorylated on a specific serine that is a substrate for p21‐activated kinase, with this phosphorylation being essential for the fission of the macropinocytic cup. Importantly, we also show that CtBP1/BARS is required for macropinocytic internalization and infection of echovirus 1. These results provide an insight into the molecular mechanisms of CtBP1/BARS activation in membrane fissioning, and extend the relevance of CtBP1/BARS‐induced fission to human viral infection.

Background: Many surgical techniques have been proposed for the correction of dental root exposition. Among these, bilaminar techniques (BTs) have been reported as offering the best results in terms of root coverage (RC). However, BTs require a second surgical site to harvest the graft, with discomfort for the patient. The use of an acellular dermal matrix (ADM) avoids the need for a donor site. The aim of this study was to compare the clinical results of 2 BTs by autogenous connective tissue (CT) or ADM.Methods: In 30 systemically healthy, non‐smoking patients aged 34.5 ± 5.2 years, who showed no periodontal pockets >4 mm after a hygienic phase, a Miller's class I or II gingival recession was treated for root coverage. All patients underwent a BT: in 15 patients, an autogenous connective tissue graft was employed (CT group); in the other 15 subjects, ADM was used as a subepithelial graft (ADM group). Prior to and 1 year after surgical treatment, the following clinical parameters were recorded: gingival recession (GR), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), width of keratinized tissue (KT), and gingival thickness (GT); the percentage of RC (%RC) was also calculated, and the data were statistically analyzed. The number of weeks needed to obtain complete healing with mature tissue appearance was also recorded.Results: Both groups yielded significant improvements in terms of GR decrease, CAL and KT gain, and GT increase as compared to baseline values. The mean %RCs were 88.80 ± 11.65% and 83.33 ± 11.40% in the CT and ADM groups, respectively. Complete RC was observed in 46.6% of patients from the CT group, and 26.6% of the ADM group patients. No significant differences were observed between the two techniques for GR, CAL, and GT improvements; however, the CT group produced a significantly (P <0.01) greater increase in KT as compared to the ADM group. Complete healing of the surgical procedure was observed 6.20 ± 1.01 and 8.93 ± 1.33 weeks after suture removal in the CT and ADM groups, respectively (P <0.001).Conclusions: The CT and ADM subepithelial grafts were similarly able to successfully treat gingival recession defects; however, the CT group obtained a significantly greater increase in KT, and showed a quicker complete healing. J Periodontol 2002;73:1299‐1307.

Treatment effects of removable functional appliances in Class II malocclusion patients according to the pre-pubertal or pubertal growth phase has yet to be clarified. To assess and compare skeletal and dentoalveolar effects of removable functional appliances in Class II malocclusion treatment between pre-pubertal and pubertal patients. Literature survey using the Medline, SCOPUS, LILACS and SciELO databases, the Cochrane Library from inception to May 31, 2015. A manual search was also performed. Randomised (RCTs) or controlled clinical trials with a matched untreated control group. No restrictions were set regarding the type of removable appliance whenever used alone. For the meta-analysis, cephalometric parameters on the supplementary mandibular growth were the main outcomes, with other cephalometric parameters considered as secondary outcomes. Risk of bias in individual and across studies were evaluated along with sensitivity analysis for low quality studies. Mean differences and 95% confidence intervals for annualised changes were computed according to a random model. Differences between pre-pubertal and pubertal patients were assessed by subgroup analyses. GRADE assessment was performed for the main outcomes. Twelve articles (but only 3 RCTs) were included accounting for 8 pre-pubertal and 7 pubertal groups. Overall supplementary total mandibular length and mandibular ramus height were 0.95 mm (0.38, 1.51) and 0.00 mm (-0.52, 0.53) for pre-pubertal patients and 2.91 mm (2.04, 3.79) and 2.18 mm (1.51, 2.86) for pubertal patients, respectively. The subgroup difference was significant for both parameters (p<0.001). No maxillary growth restrain or increase in facial divergence was seen in either subgroup. The GRADE assessment was low for the pre-pubertal patients, and generally moderate for the pubertal patients. Taking into account the limited quality and heterogeneity of the included studies, functional treatment by removable appliances may be effective in treating Class II malocclusion with clinically relevant skeletal effects if performed during the pubertal growth phase.

Claudio Stacchi, DDS, MSc/Francesca Andolsek, DDS, MSc/Federico Berton, DDS, MSc/Giuseppe Perinetti, DDS, MSc, PhD/Chiara Ottavia Navarra, DDS, MSc/Roberto Di Lenarda, DDS, MSc: Purpose: To analyze the occurrence of intraoperative complications during sinus floor elevation with a lateral approach and their correlations with the technique adopted by surgeons. Materials and Methods: Electronic and manual searches resulted in 4,417 records on sinus floor elevation. Twenty-one randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and 11 prospective controlled clinical trials (CCTs) reporting occurrence of intraoperative complications were included. Risk of bias was assessed according to the Cochrane tool and a modified Downs and Black quality analysis for RCTs and CCTs, respectively. Results: Sinus membrane perforation and hemorrhagic events following vascular lesions were the only intraoperative complications reported by the selected studies with overall occurrences of 15.7% and 0.4%, respectively. Three different surgical devices (rotary instruments, piezoelectric osteotomes, and manual bone scrapers) were used to perform the lateral antrostomy. Ultrasonic devices and bone scrapers showed a lower incidence (10.9% and 6.0%, respectively) of membrane perforation compared with that of rotary instruments (20.1%). Among the different ultrasonic procedures, erosion of the lateral antral wall showed the lowest membrane perforations (4.7% incidence). Hemorrhagic complications seemed to be extremely infrequent with any surgical technique. Conclusion: Sinus membrane perforation was the most frequently described intraoperative complication during sinus floor elevation with a lateral approach. Thinning the lateral wall of the sinus before performing the antrostomy (either with ultrasonic devices or manual bone scrapers) seemed to be an important factor in preventing membrane perforation during sinus surgery. Further high-quality RCTs specifically investigating intraoperative complication occurrence are needed.