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António Mg Baptista
Centre of Physics, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal

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Journal article
Published: 22 October 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Background: Neurosensory deprivation associated with vision is a well-known fact in people with intellectual disability (ID). This work aims to report the visual status of a population with ID in Portugal. Methods: A vision screening protocol was conducted during two Special Olympics events. The vision protocol included personal medical history, ocular health evaluation, and clinical measures, such as visual acuity (VA), binocular vision, colour vision, refractive error, and intraocular pressure. This protocol was administered to 134 subjects. Results: Half of the subjects reported that they had never attended or they did not remember having attended a previous eye exam. Additionally, 10% of them had not attended an eye exam in the immediate past three years. Half the subjects failed the VA test and 13% presented moderate Visual Impairment (VI) (VA worse than 0.5 logMAR in the best eye). Manifest ocular deviation was found in 25% of the subjects and the most common ocular health dysfunction conditions were conjunctiva hyperaemia, meibomian gland dysfunction, and lens anomalies. Refractive error correction allowed a reduction in the level of moderate VI to 3.7%. Conclusions: The population analysed showed a poor eye care attendance rate and vision-related conditions are in agreement with previous reports. The development of national strategies to promote the awareness for routine eye care in people with ID and improving accessibility to eye care services may mitigate many of the most prevalent conditions encountered.

ACS Style

Pedro Serra; Regina Costa; Nuno Almeida; António Baptista. Visual Status in a Portuguese Population with Intellectual Disability. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 7715 .

AMA Style

Pedro Serra, Regina Costa, Nuno Almeida, António Baptista. Visual Status in a Portuguese Population with Intellectual Disability. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (21):7715.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pedro Serra; Regina Costa; Nuno Almeida; António Baptista. 2020. "Visual Status in a Portuguese Population with Intellectual Disability." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21: 7715.

Original research
Published: 01 October 2020 in Clinical Ophthalmology
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Purpose: The distance between an implantable collamer lens (ICL) and the crystalline lens, namely vault, is a space regulated by the interaction of the ICL and the anatomical structures of the eye. This study analysed the differences in vault size between fellow eyes with similar anterior segment biometry. Patients and Methods: A retrospective case series analysed 109 cases of patients bilaterally implanted with EVO-V4c. Patients were analysed pre- and postoperatively using anterior segment optical coherence tomography. The range of vault inter-eye differences was defined as the 95% confidence interval of the differences. Bivariate correlation was applied to seek for associations between vault inter-eye differences with biometric and lens parameters (angle-to-angle, anterior chamber depth, crystalline lens rise, central corneal thickness, central keratometry, ICL spherical equivalent, horizontal compression, postoperative pupil diameter and vault). Results: Mean vault inter-eye differences were similar between fellow eyes (26.0 ± 122.5 μm). The 95% confidence interval range of the differences was ± 240.1 μm, nearly 50% of the cases presented vault inter-eye differences higher than 100 μm. The vault of the first operated eye explained 81% of the variance in the second eye vault. Vault inter-eye differences were positively correlated with the level of horizontal compression and with vault magnitude. Conclusion: Vaults measured in fellow eyes may present considerable differences, which can reach 25% of the common vault range. This reflects some degree of baseline variability in the vault. Clinically, these differences assume special relevance in cases where low or high vaults are expected.

ACS Style

Santiago Cerpa Manito; Angel Sánchez Trancón; Oscar Torrado Sierra; António Mg Baptista; Pedro Miguel Serra. Inter-Eye Vault Differences of Implantable Collamer Lens Measured Using Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography. Clinical Ophthalmology 2020, ume 14, 3563 -3573.

AMA Style

Santiago Cerpa Manito, Angel Sánchez Trancón, Oscar Torrado Sierra, António Mg Baptista, Pedro Miguel Serra. Inter-Eye Vault Differences of Implantable Collamer Lens Measured Using Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography. Clinical Ophthalmology. 2020; ume 14 ():3563-3573.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Santiago Cerpa Manito; Angel Sánchez Trancón; Oscar Torrado Sierra; António Mg Baptista; Pedro Miguel Serra. 2020. "Inter-Eye Vault Differences of Implantable Collamer Lens Measured Using Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography." Clinical Ophthalmology ume 14, no. : 3563-3573.

Conference paper
Published: 20 August 2020 in EPJ Web of Conferences
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Binocular and accommodative dysfunctions affect the efficiency and coordination of the eyes, and this may impair reading performance. Reading can be evaluated using accuracy and speed measures. In this study, we searched for evidence that dysfunctions of accommodation (i.e. accommodation insufficiency, IA) and binocular vision (i.e. convergence insufficiency, CI) and also hyperopia have impact on reading ability. A sample of 292 children read a text following vision screening. The sample was composed of control children and children with the conditions: AI; CI and hyperopia. Multilinear regression analysis was used to evaluate the influence of variables sex, age and visual condition (control, AI, CI and hyperopia) on reading accuracy and speed. The results showed that ~7% of the variation in reading accuracy was explained by a model where age (p=0.001), and presence of AI (p

ACS Style

António M. G. Baptista; Pedro Serra; Carlos Silva; Sandra Franco; James Gilchrist; Brendan Barrett. The influence of age, sex and visual dysfunction on reading ability in school-children. EPJ Web of Conferences 2020, 238, 12016 .

AMA Style

António M. G. Baptista, Pedro Serra, Carlos Silva, Sandra Franco, James Gilchrist, Brendan Barrett. The influence of age, sex and visual dysfunction on reading ability in school-children. EPJ Web of Conferences. 2020; 238 ():12016.

Chicago/Turabian Style

António M. G. Baptista; Pedro Serra; Carlos Silva; Sandra Franco; James Gilchrist; Brendan Barrett. 2020. "The influence of age, sex and visual dysfunction on reading ability in school-children." EPJ Web of Conferences 238, no. : 12016.

Journal article
Published: 06 November 2019 in Photonics
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The pseudophakic eye lacks the ability to produce a refractive change in response to object proximity. Thus, individual anatomical features such as the pupil size play an important role in achieving functional vision levels. In this work, the range of pupil sizes at varying object distance was measured in pseudophakic participants. Furthermore, the impact of the measured values on eye optical quality was investigated using a computer simulation model. A binocular eye-tracker was used to measure the participants’ pupil sizes at six object distances, ranging from 0.33 m (i.e., vergence of 3.00 D) to 3.00 m (i.e., vergence of 0.33 D), while observing a Maltese cross with a constant angular size of 1 ∘ . In total, 58 pseudophakic participants were enrolled in this study (age mean ± standard deviation: 70.5 ± 11.3 years). The effects of object distance and age on pupil size variation were investigated using linear mixed effects regression models. Age was found to have a small contribution to individual variability. The mean infinite distance pupil size (intercept) was 4.45 ( 95 % CI: 2.74, 6.17) mm and the mean proximal miosis (slope) was − 0.23 ( 95 % CI: −0.53, 0.08) mm/D. The visual acuity (VA) estimation for a distant object ranged from − 0.1 logMAR (smallest pupil) to 0.04 logMAR (largest pupil) and the near VA ( 0.33 m) when mean proximal miosis was considered ranged from 0.28 logMAR (smallest pupil) to 0.42 logMAR (largest pupil). When mean distance pupil was considered, proximal miosis individual variability produced a variation of 0.04 logMAR for the near object and negligible variation for the distant object. These results support the importance of distance pupil size measurement for the prediction of visual performance in pseudophakia, while suggesting that proximal miosis has a negligible impact in VA variability.

ACS Style

Elsa Fonseca; Paulo Fiadeiro; Renato Gomes; Angel Sanchez Trancon; António Baptista; Pedro Serra. Pupil Function in Pseudophakia: Proximal Miosis Behavior and Optical Influence. Photonics 2019, 6, 114 .

AMA Style

Elsa Fonseca, Paulo Fiadeiro, Renato Gomes, Angel Sanchez Trancon, António Baptista, Pedro Serra. Pupil Function in Pseudophakia: Proximal Miosis Behavior and Optical Influence. Photonics. 2019; 6 (4):114.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elsa Fonseca; Paulo Fiadeiro; Renato Gomes; Angel Sanchez Trancon; António Baptista; Pedro Serra. 2019. "Pupil Function in Pseudophakia: Proximal Miosis Behavior and Optical Influence." Photonics 6, no. 4: 114.

Research article
Published: 21 November 2017 in PLoS ONE
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Officiating in football depends, at least to some extent, upon adequate visual function. However, there is no vision standard for football officiating and the nature of the relationship between officiating performance and level of vision is unknown. As a first step in characterising this relationship, we report on the clinically-measured vision and on the perceived level of vision in elite-level, Portuguese football officials. Seventy-one referees (R) and assistant referees (AR) participated in the study, representing 92% of the total population of elite level football officials in Portugal in the 2013/2014 season. Nine of the 22 Rs (40.9%) and ten of the 49 ARs (20.4%) were international-level. Information about visual history was also gathered. Perceived vision was assessed using the preference-values-assigned-to-global-visual-status (PVVS) and the Quality-of-Vision (QoV) questionnaire. Standard clinical vision measures (including visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and stereopsis) were gathered in a subset (n = 44, 62%) of the participants. Data were analysed according to the type (R/AR) and level (international/national) of official, and Bonferroni corrections were applied to reduce the risk of type I errors. Adopting criterion for statistical significance of p<0.01, PVVS scores did not differ between R and AR (p = 0.88), or between national- and international-level officials (p = 0.66). Similarly, QoV scores did not differ between R and AR in frequency (p = 0.50), severity (p = 0.71) or bothersomeness (p = 0.81) of symptoms, or between international-level vs national-level officials for frequency (p = 0.03) or bothersomeness (p = 0.07) of symptoms. However, international-level officials reported less severe symptoms than their national-level counterparts (p<0.01). Overall, 18.3% of officials had either never had an eye examination or if they had, it was more than 3 years previously. Regarding refractive correction, 4.2% had undergone refractive surgery and 23.9% wear contact lenses when officiating. Clinical vision measures in the football officials were similar to published normative values for young, adult populations and similar between R and AR. Clinically-measured vision did not differ according to officiating level. Visual acuity measured with and without a pinhole disc indicated that around one quarter of participants may be capable of better vision when officiating, as evidenced by better acuity (≥1 line of letters) using the pinhole. Amongst the clinical visual tests we used, we did not find evidence for above-average performance in elite-level football officials. Although the impact of uncorrected mild to moderate refractive error upon officiating performance is unknown, with a greater uptake of eye examinations, visual acuity may be improved in around a quarter of officials.

ACS Style

António Manuel Gonçalves Baptista; Pedro M. Serra; Colm McAlinden; Brendan T. Barrett. Vision in high-level football officials. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0188463 .

AMA Style

António Manuel Gonçalves Baptista, Pedro M. Serra, Colm McAlinden, Brendan T. Barrett. Vision in high-level football officials. PLoS ONE. 2017; 12 (11):e0188463.

Chicago/Turabian Style

António Manuel Gonçalves Baptista; Pedro M. Serra; Colm McAlinden; Brendan T. Barrett. 2017. "Vision in high-level football officials." PLoS ONE 12, no. 11: e0188463.

Journal article
Published: 21 January 2014 in Journal of the Optical Society of America A
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The purpose of the present work was to estimate the changes in spatial distribution and optical density of macular pigment (MP) with age. A fundus imaging system with high spatial and spectral resolution was adapted to form an indirect ophthalmoscope. The double optical density at 490 nm of the MP as a function of the location in the retina was obtained for 33 healthy subjects (ages: 21-60 years). There was an increase in spatial extent and decrease in double optical density with age. Furthermore, the spatial distribution of MP showed central areas with irregular shapes and a tendency toward asymmetry.

ACS Style

António M. G. Baptista; Sérgio M. C. Nascimento. Changes in spatial extent and peak double optical density of human macular pigment with age. Journal of the Optical Society of America A 2014, 31, A87 -A92.

AMA Style

António M. G. Baptista, Sérgio M. C. Nascimento. Changes in spatial extent and peak double optical density of human macular pigment with age. Journal of the Optical Society of America A. 2014; 31 (4):A87-A92.

Chicago/Turabian Style

António M. G. Baptista; Sérgio M. C. Nascimento. 2014. "Changes in spatial extent and peak double optical density of human macular pigment with age." Journal of the Optical Society of America A 31, no. 4: A87-A92.

Original articles
Published: 01 April 2013 in Journal of Psychoactive Drugs
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The topic of ophthalmic use of cocaine in clinical practice has a long history; nevertheless, the possible influence and pathways of action of inhaled cocaine in the human eye remain unknown. This study evaluates the effect of snorted cocaine in the eye tear of 22 occasional cocaine users using the Schirmer Test I (ST1). The tear amount without the subjects being under the effect of cocaine was (mean +/- standard deviation) 22.50 +/- 12.85 mm ranging from 5-55 mm. Under the effect of cocaine, 17 in 22 eyes had a decrease in the tear amount, averaging 16.52 +/- 10.13 mm ranging from 1-38 mm, representing a statistical significant decrease (paired t-test, one-tailed p = 0.0024) of about 27% between the previous conditions. The large majority of the subjects under the effect of cocaine present a decrease in ST1 determining a global statistical significant decrease in ST1. That suggests a relationship between snorted cocaine and a reduction in tear amount. The identification of the tear cocaine effect and the pathway of action cannot be overlooked in the research for a comprehensive characterization of inhaled cocaine action in the central and peripheral nervous system.

ACS Style

Carlos Manuel Lima Reis Da Silva; Raul Alberto Ribeiro Correia De Sousa; António Manuel Gonçalves Baptista. Assessment of tear amount in subjects under the effect of (inhaled) cocaine. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 2013, 45, 195 -198.

AMA Style

Carlos Manuel Lima Reis Da Silva, Raul Alberto Ribeiro Correia De Sousa, António Manuel Gonçalves Baptista. Assessment of tear amount in subjects under the effect of (inhaled) cocaine. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 2013; 45 (2):195-198.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carlos Manuel Lima Reis Da Silva; Raul Alberto Ribeiro Correia De Sousa; António Manuel Gonçalves Baptista. 2013. "Assessment of tear amount in subjects under the effect of (inhaled) cocaine." Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 45, no. 2: 195-198.

Comparative study
Published: 01 July 2011 in Optometry and Vision Science
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Purpose. This work aims to define contemporary scores for the Developmental Eye Movement Test (DEM) for native Portuguese-speaking children (PT) and to compare these scores with three other published scores: the original norms, published in 1987 for American English-speaking children (U.S.) and two other scores published in 1995 (SP1) and 2003 (SP2) for Spanish-speaking children. Methods. A standard DEM test was administered to 695 young students ranging in age from 6 to 13 years from the region of Braga, Portugal. The mean PT scores for vertical time and adjusted horizontal time as well as the corresponding errors and ratio were calculated according to age and grade, and these results were compared with those from other studies. In addition, the clinical response types (age and grade) were obtained based on mean PT scores. Results. For several ages/grades, the scores obtained in this study were significantly different from the scores reported in other studies. A global qualitative analysis showed that PT made fewer errors and had similar ratios when compared with U. S. and SP2. However, PT were generally slower in vertical time and adjusted horizontal time in the younger age groups. When comparing PT and SP1, a higher ratio for SP1 was determined in all ages. The clinical response types signified below-normal performance scores for ages 6 to 9 and grades 1 to 5. Conclusions. The unusually large number of oculomotor and/or automaticity problems found in this normal PT population using a test based on U.S. norms highlights the need for PT-specific guidelines. It appears that DEM scores may be affected by differences in language, educational systems, and/or cultural systems. Therefore, clinicians should be aware of these findings when using the DEM test on children in countries with differing languages and cultures

ACS Style

António Manuel Gonçalves Baptista; Raul Sousa; Carla Cristina De Morais Guerra Casal; Rui Jorge Ramoa Marques; Carlos Silva. Norms for the Developmental Eye Movement Test for Portuguese Children. Optometry and Vision Science 2011, 88, 864 -871.

AMA Style

António Manuel Gonçalves Baptista, Raul Sousa, Carla Cristina De Morais Guerra Casal, Rui Jorge Ramoa Marques, Carlos Silva. Norms for the Developmental Eye Movement Test for Portuguese Children. Optometry and Vision Science. 2011; 88 (7):864-871.

Chicago/Turabian Style

António Manuel Gonçalves Baptista; Raul Sousa; Carla Cristina De Morais Guerra Casal; Rui Jorge Ramoa Marques; Carlos Silva. 2011. "Norms for the Developmental Eye Movement Test for Portuguese Children." Optometry and Vision Science 88, no. 7: 864-871.

Conference paper
Published: 21 May 2011 in International Conference on Applications of Optics and Photonics
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A new experimental setup for any standard Video Display Unit (VDUET) with dichromatic glasses was developed for fixation disparity (FD) accessing. A computer software produce a dark field with white targets for central and peripheral fusion and two lines colors red and green for dissociated vision with the use of red and green filters. These lines can be moved right or left by the subject, until are seen apparently aligned. The real displacement between the lines is then recorded. The fixation curve (FC) is obtained by the interposition of prisms before one or both eyes, as in a regular commercial FD test. A comparison for FD and measurement time between this experimental setup and two commercially available methods, Wesson and Saladin cards, was performed in thirty-two university students. The means slope, x-intercept and y-intercept were 0.13, -0.22 and -5.63 for Saladin; 0.01, -2.29 and -1.88 for Wesson; and 0.61, -1.33 and -2.46 for VDUET. The mean measurement test time was 582.3 s, 501.3 s and 444.8 s for Saladin, Wesson and VDUET. The FC measured by these three methods was different but not statically significant (ANOVA one-way, Tukey post-hoc test) with the exception of the slope between Wesson test and VDUET (p<0.05). The average time measurement for the VDUET was the faster by about one minute, although statically significant differences (ANOVA one-way, Tukey posthoc test) were only found between Saladin and VDUET (p<0.01). The VDUET has some features that represent some improvement over the current commercial methods for DF measurement.© (2011) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

ACS Style

Raul A. R. C. Sousa; António M. G. Baptista. A VDU experimental setup for fixation disparity evaluation. International Conference on Applications of Optics and Photonics 2011, 8001, 800105 -800105.

AMA Style

Raul A. R. C. Sousa, António M. G. Baptista. A VDU experimental setup for fixation disparity evaluation. International Conference on Applications of Optics and Photonics. 2011; 8001 ():800105-800105.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Raul A. R. C. Sousa; António M. G. Baptista. 2011. "A VDU experimental setup for fixation disparity evaluation." International Conference on Applications of Optics and Photonics 8001, no. : 800105-800105.

Conference paper
Published: 21 May 2011 in International Conference on Applications of Optics and Photonics
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The aim of this method is to determine the thickness of a transparent medium, close to the corneal thickness, using the angle at the first and second Purkinje images are aligned for a specific optical slit width. An optical slit is projected in an oblique angle relatively to the transparent medium, producing two different reflections in each medium surface (first and second Purkinje images). The slit is then moved until the first and second Purkinje images of the slit are aligned in such a way, that look as if they were a continuous slit. The slit width, the angle between the illumination and observation, and the medium index are used, then, to calculate the medium thickness. This method was implemented in a slit lamp and the central thicknesses (CT) of nine gas-permeable contact lenses (CL) were measured, with this method and a mechanical gauge and the results were compared. The mean CT difference ± standard deviation, between the two methods was 0.004 ± 0.008 mm with minimum and maximum absolute values of 0.002 and 0.019 mm. This technique showed good precision to measure the CT of CL and should be tried in human corneas.© (2011) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

ACS Style

Raul A. R. C. Sousa; António Baptista. New method for measuring thickness in thin transparent medium. International Conference on Applications of Optics and Photonics 2011, 8001, 800137 -800137.

AMA Style

Raul A. R. C. Sousa, António Baptista. New method for measuring thickness in thin transparent medium. International Conference on Applications of Optics and Photonics. 2011; 8001 ():800137-800137.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Raul A. R. C. Sousa; António Baptista. 2011. "New method for measuring thickness in thin transparent medium." International Conference on Applications of Optics and Photonics 8001, no. : 800137-800137.

Conference paper
Published: 21 May 2011 in International Conference on Applications of Optics and Photonics
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The establishment and development of optometry in Portugal resulted from the committed work of many individuals and institutions. These efforts have had good results in terms of raising the public's awareness of the major role played by optometrists in primary eye care. Back in the late 80's higher education in optometry was started. Ten years ago the results of scientific research on the topic first became available and are now also contributing to the success of optometry in Portugal. In regard to the optometry profession, specific regulations are to be discussed in the national parliament. The Associação de Profissionais Licenciados de Optometria (APLO), as the professional organization representing optometrists in Portugal, has been critically important in this process. This article will present an overview of the history of optometry in Portugal, of change in the foreseeable future and of the APLO's experience and activities.

ACS Style

Eduardo Teixeira; António M. G. Baptista; Raul A. R. C. Sousa. Optometry in Portugal: a historical perspective. International Conference on Applications of Optics and Photonics 2011, 8001, 1 .

AMA Style

Eduardo Teixeira, António M. G. Baptista, Raul A. R. C. Sousa. Optometry in Portugal: a historical perspective. International Conference on Applications of Optics and Photonics. 2011; 8001 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eduardo Teixeira; António M. G. Baptista; Raul A. R. C. Sousa. 2011. "Optometry in Portugal: a historical perspective." International Conference on Applications of Optics and Photonics 8001, no. : 1.

Evaluation study
Published: 18 October 2010 in Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics
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Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT) is considered the gold standard technique for tonometry. It is a procedure involving administration of topical anaesthetic (a drug which could have several side effects). This prevents a large number of vision care practitioners from using GAT, due to legal restrictions regarding the use of these ophthalmic drugs. The purpose of this study was to establish whether the discomfort experienced during non-anaesthetic Goldmann Applanation Tonometry (NAGAT) would be acceptable to subjects. The intensity of pain inflicted by GAT, NAGAT, Non-Contact Tonometry (NCT) and Schirmer test was assessed on thirty-one subjects enrolled in the study using the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) to assess pain. The GAT was performed on one eye and the other three procedures were carried out in random order on the fellow eye. Initially, each subject was asked to score their Maximum Pain Without Complaint (MPWC). The MPWC and the Schirmer test were used as references to grade the pain levels. The scores for the five procedures were registered using the NRS (0-10) and compared using a non-parametric statistical analysis (Friedman test and a post-hoc analysis). In addition, IOP results for GAT and NAGAT were also compared using the t-test. The scores obtained on the NRS ranged from 0-4, 0-5, 0-8, 0-7 and 3-8 with a median of 1, 1, 2, 2, and 5, respectively for NCT, GAT, NAGAT, Schirmer and MPWC. A statistically significant difference (p = 0.01) was found between the MPWC and the four clinical tests but no difference was found between the clinical tests. There was no statistically significant difference (p = 0.71) between the IOP results for GAT and NAGAT, 14.0 +/- 2.0 mmHg and 13.8 +/- 2.0 mmHg (mean +/- 1S.D.) respectively. The Goldmann Applanation Tonometry without anaesthetic (NAGAT) can be performed with an acceptable level of discomfort for the majority of subjects and should be performed identically to a traditional GAT, informing the subjects about the possibility of feeling a small discomfort

ACS Style

António Manuel Gonçalves Baptista; Raul Alberto Ribeiro Correia De Sousa; Pedro Miguel Serra; Cristina Maria Da Silva Abreu; Carlos Manuel Lima Reis Da Silva. Evaluation of discomfort of Goldmann tonometry without anaesthetic. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 2010, 30, 854 -859.

AMA Style

António Manuel Gonçalves Baptista, Raul Alberto Ribeiro Correia De Sousa, Pedro Miguel Serra, Cristina Maria Da Silva Abreu, Carlos Manuel Lima Reis Da Silva. Evaluation of discomfort of Goldmann tonometry without anaesthetic. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics. 2010; 30 (6):854-859.

Chicago/Turabian Style

António Manuel Gonçalves Baptista; Raul Alberto Ribeiro Correia De Sousa; Pedro Miguel Serra; Cristina Maria Da Silva Abreu; Carlos Manuel Lima Reis Da Silva. 2010. "Evaluation of discomfort of Goldmann tonometry without anaesthetic." Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 30, no. 6: 854-859.