Although metallic nanocatalysts such as palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) are known to possess higher catalytic activity due to their large surface-to-volume ratio, however, in nanosize greatly reducing their activity due to aggregation. To overcome this challenge, superparamagnetic chitosan-coated manganese ferrite was successfully prepared and used as a support for the immobilization of palladium nanoparticles to overcome the above-mentioned challenge. The Pd-Chit@MnFe₂O₄ catalyst exhibited high catalytic activity in 4-nitrophenol and 4-nitroaniline reductions, with respective turnover frequencies of 357.1 min⁻¹ and 571.4 min⁻¹, respectively. The catalyst can also be recovered easily by magnetic separation after each reaction. Additionally, the Pd-Chit@MnFe₂O₄ catalyst performed well in the reductive deprotection of allyl carbamate. Coating the catalyst with chitosan reduced the Pd leaching and its cytotoxicity. Therefore, the catalytic activity of Pd-Chit@MnFe₂O₄ was proven to be unrestricted in biology conditions.

Metallic dental implants have been extensively used in clinical practice due to their superior mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and aesthetic outcomes. However, their integration with the surrounding soft tissue at the mucosal region remains challenging and can cause implant failure due to the peri-implant immune microenvironment. The soft tissue integration of dental implants can be ameliorated through different surface modifications. This review discussed and summarized the current knowledge of topography-mediated immune response and topography-mediated antibacterial activity in Ti dental implants which enhance soft tissue integration and their clinical performance. For example, nanopillar-like topographies such as spinules, and spikes showed effective antibacterial activity in human salivary biofilm which was due to the lethal stretching of bacterial membrane between the nanopillars. The key findings of this review were (I) cross-talk between surface nanotopography and soft tissue integration in which the surface nanotopography can guide the perpendicular orientation of collagen fibers into connective tissue which leads to the stability of soft tissue, (II) nanotubular array could shift the macrophage phenotype from pro-inflammatory (M1) to anti-inflammatory (M2) and manipulate the balance of osteogenesis/osteoclasia, and (III) surface nanotopography can provide specific sites for the loading of antibacterial agents and metallic nanoparticles of clinical interest functionalizing the implant surface. Silver-containing nanotubular topography significantly decreased the formation of fibrous encapsulation in per-implant soft tissue and showed synergistic antifungal and antibacterial properties. Although the Ti implants with surface nanotopography have shown promising in targeting soft tissue healing in vitro and in vivo through their immunomodulatory and antibacterial properties, however, long-term in vivo studies need to be conducted particularly in osteoporotic, and diabetic patients to ensure their desired performance with immunomodulatory and antibacterial properties. The optimization of product development is another challenging issue for its clinical translation, as the dental implant with surface nanotopography must endure implantation and operation inside the dental microenvironment. Finally, the sustainable release of metallic nanoparticles could be challenging to reduce cytotoxicity while augmenting the therapeutic effects.

The objective of the current study was to develop parameters for the separation of palmitic acid (PA) from a crude palm oil saturated fatty acid (SFAs) mixture by using the methanol crystallization method. The conditions of methanol crystallization were optimized by the response surface methodology (RSM) with the D-optimal design. The procedure of developing the solvent crystallization method was based on various different parameters. The fatty acid composition was carried out using a gas chromatography flame ionization detector (GC-FID) as fatty acid methyl esters. The highest percentage of SFAs was more than 96% with the percentage yield of 87.5% under the optimal conditions of fatty acids-to-methanol ratio of 1: 20 (w/v), the crystallization temperature of -15 °C, and the crystallization time of 24 hours, respectively. The composition of separated SFAs in the solid fraction contains 96.7% of palmitic acid (C_16:0) as a dominant component and 3.3% of stearic acid (C_18:0). The results showed that utilizing methanol as a crystallization solvent is recommended because of its high efficiency, low cost, stability, availability, comparative ease of recovery and its ability to form needle-like crystals which have good filtering and washing characteristics.

The performance of nickel oxide catalysts was investigated using temperature programmed reduction (TPR) with promoter doping consisting of main group and transi

This study investigates the influence of molecular structure on plasmonic sensing performance by comparing two thiophene-based small molecules, benzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde (BTCA) and tetrahydrothiophene (THT), as sensing interfaces for label-free creatinine detection. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) measurements, supported by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and atomic force microscopy (AFM), reveal distinct differences in analyte interaction and interfacial behavior. BTCA, featuring a conjugated aromatic aldehyde structure, enables stronger hydrogen bonding and dipole–dipole interactions with creatinine, evidenced by spectral changes, vibrational mode suppression, and uniform surface morphology. These interactions contribute to a more linear and consistent SPR response (R² = 0.97) compared to THT, which exhibits weaker molecular interactions, disordered surface features, and a segmented sensing profile. This comparative analysis highlights how the molecular structure of thiophene derivatives influences interfacial interaction and sensing behavior. The findings provide experimental evidence that structural differences between BTCA and THT result in distinct surface morphologies and optical responses, offering practical guidance for selecting suitable sensing layers in plasmonic creatinine detection.

Creatinine is a major biomarker commonly used to detect chronic kidney diseases (CKD) in human. Conventional detection methods can be time-consuming and limited in sensitivity and selectivity, motivating the development of improved sensing platforms. In this work, we present a localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) sensor based on a plasmonic AgNP/PVA/ZIF-8 hybrid framework for enhanced creatinine detection in aqueous media. Silver nanotriangles (AgNPs) generate strong electromagnetic hotspots that amplify the plasmonic response, while polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) enables uniform nanoparticle dispersion. ZIF-8 functions as a selective adsorption material through hydrogen bonding and Lewis acid-base interactions with creatinine. Surface morphology and film thickness were examined using FESEM and AFM, confirming uniform nanoparticle distribution and tunable roughness. The sensor exhibits a linear response to creatinine concentrations of 0–150 μM in aqueous solution, with a sensitivity of 0.0285 nm μM⁻¹, a limit of detection (LOD) of 68.5 μM, and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 207.6 μM. Selectivity tests against urea, albumin, and ammonia indicate a preferential response toward creatinine, consistent with the chemical affinity of ZIF-8. Overall, this study demonstrates that the AgNP/PVA/ZIF-8 hybrid provides a sensitive and selective platform for creatinine detection in solution and forms a basis for further optimisation of plasmonic sensing materials.