N-acyliminium ions are useful reactive synthetic intermediates in a variety of important carbon–carbon bond forming and cyclisation strategies in organic chemistry. The advent of an electrochemical anodic oxidation of unfunctionalised amides, more commonly known as the Shono oxidation, has provided a complementary route to the C–H activation of low reactivity intermediates. In this article, containing over 100 references, we highlight the development of the Shono-type oxidations from the original direct electrolysis methods, to the use of electroauxiliaries before arriving at indirect electrolysis methodologies. We also highlight new technologies and techniques applied to this area of electrosynthesis. We conclude with the use of this electrosynthetic approach to challenging syntheses of natural products and other complex structures for biological evaluation discussing recent technological developments in electroorganic techniques and future directions.

During subsequent perimaximal exercise. Methods Seven healthy males (mean ± SD 27 ± 3 yr; 78.4 ± 0.7 kg) completed square-wave transitions from unloaded cycling to work rates equivalent to 100, 110, and 120% of the work rate at V̇O2peak (W-V̇O2peak) after no prior exercise (control, C) and 10 min after a 6-min bout of heavy exercise at 50% Δ (HE; half-way between the gas exchange threshold (GET) and V̇O2peak), in a counterbalanced design. Results Blood [lactate] was significantly elevated before the onset of the perimaximal exercise bouts after prior HE (2.5 vs 1.1 mM; P < 0.05). Prior HE increased time to exhaustion at 100% (mean ± SEM. C: 386 ± 92 vs HE: 613 ± 161 s), 110% (C: 218 ± 26 vs HE: 284 ± 47 s), and 120% (C: 139 ± 18 vs HE: 180 ± 29 s) of W-V̇O2peak, (all P < 0.01). V̇O2 was significantly higher at 1 min into exercise after prior HE at 110% W-V̇O2peak (C: 3.11 ± 0.14 vs HE: 3.42 ± 0.16 L·min−1; P < 0.05), and at 1 min into exercise (C: 3.25 ± 0.12 vs HE: 3.67 ± 0.15; P < 0.01) and at exhaustion (C: 3.60 ± 0.08 vs HE: 3.95 ± 0.12 L·min−1; P < 0.01) at 120% of W-V̇O2peak. Conclusions This study demonstrate that prior HE, which caused a significant elevation of blood [lactate], resulted in an increased time to exhaustion during subsequent perimaximal exercise presumably by enabling a greater aerobic contribution to the energy requirement of exercise....