Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) is the main maize pest in America and was recently detected as an invasive pest in some countries in Asia and Africa. Among its natural enemies presented in Mexico, Trichogramma pretiosum Riley is the only egg parasitoid used in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs regardless of its effectiveness. A search for natural enemies of S. frugiperda was then carried out to determine whether this parasitoid has been established, and to detect native egg parasitoids or predators associated with this pest. The sentinel technique (egg masses) was used, and then placed in maize and sorghum fields in the state of Guanajuato, Mexico. Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman and Platner, an egg parasitoid, and Chelonus insularis Cresson egg-larva parasitoid were recovered from field surveys. Among the natural enemies that preyed on eggs of S. frugiperda, we found mites of the genus Balaustium, and Dermaptera of the genus Doru, both species in great abundance. Laboratory tests were performed to compare the potential parasitism of T. atopovirilia against T. pretiosum. T. atopovirilia obtained 70.14% parasitism while T. pretiosum, 29.23%. In field cages, three doses of the parasitoids were tested. Total parasitism did not exceed 8% in any of the two species, but T. atopovirilia parasitized a greater number of hosts using two and three parasitoids per pest egg. Then, the use of Trichogramma species needs to be reevaluated in biological control programs against S. frugiperda.

Bactericera cockerelli (Sulc) (Hemiptera: Triozidae) is one of the most economically important pests of potato, tomato, and peppers in Central America, Mexico, the United States, and New Zealand. Its control is based on the use of insecticides; however, recently, the potential of the eulophid parasitoid Tamarixia triozae (Burks) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) for population regulation has been studied. Because T. triozae is likely to be exposed to insecticides on crops, the objective of this study was to explore the compatibility of eight insecticides with this parasitoid. The toxicity and residual activity (persistence) of spirotetramat, spiromesifen, beta-cyfluthrin, pymetrozine, azadirachtin, imidacloprid, abamectin, and spinosad against T. triozae adults were assessed using a method based on the residual contact activity of each insecticide on tomato leaf discs collected from treated plants growing under greenhouse conditions. All eight insecticides were toxic to T. triozae. Following the classification of the International Organization of Biological Control, the most toxic were abamectin and spinosad, which could be placed in toxicity categories 3 and 4, respectively. The least toxic were azadirachtin, pymetrozine, spirotetramat, spiromesifen, imidacloprid, and beta-cyfluthrin, which could be placed in toxicity category 2. In terms of persistence, by day 5, 6, 9, 11, 13, 24, and 41 after application, spirotetramat, azadirachtin, spiromesifen, pymetrozine, imidacloprid, beta-cyfluthrin, abamectin, and spinosad could be considered harmless, that is, placed in toxicity category 1 (<25% mortality of adults). The toxicity and residual activity of some of these insecticides allow them to be considered within integrated pest management programs that include T. triozae.

Horticulture crops are economically important in the state of Guerrero, México. However, fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) are the most important limiting factor due to the direct damage they cause to fruit crops such as mango (Mangifera indica Lour. [Anacardiaceae]), sweet citrus, guava (Psidium guajava L. [Myrtaceae]), and some Sapotaceae species. The aim of this study was to define fruit fly species diversity and population dynamics in the municipalities of Tetipac and Atoyac de Alvarez, Guerrero. Fruit flies were obtained from the official trapping system of the National Campaign against Fruit Flies (NCFF) of the National Directorate for the Protection Plan, SENASICA, SAGARPA, in the state of Guerrero. Eleven fruit fly species were detected: Anastrepha ludens (Loew), A. striata Schiner, A. obliqua (Macquart), A. serpentina (Wiedemann), A. spatulata Stone, A. bicolor (Stone), A. dentata (Stone), A. chiclayae Greene, Toxotrypana curvicauda Gerstaecker, Rhagoletis ramosae Hernandez-Ortiz, and Zonosemata cocoyoc Bush (all Diptera: Tephritidae). In Tetipac, we recorded the greatest abundance of fruit flies (S = 10) and also the highest values for the Shannon-Wiener (H′) diversity index and Simpson (λ) index (H′ = 1.30; λ = 0.68). Total fruit fly abundance was 1,546 individuals (Tetipac 1,085; Atoyac de Alvarez 461). The main peak populations of fruit flies were recorded from Feb to Oct, coinciding with the phenological stages of fruiting, ripening, and harvesting of fruits of each area. The host range of the most predominant fruit fly species was confirmed by recording flies emerging from fruit. Anastrepha obliqua was detected in mango and jobo (Anacardiaceae) collected in Tetipac and mango from Atoyac de Alvarez. The fruit fly parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was recorded only in Tetipac emerging from fruit flies infesting mango, guava and jobo.

Plutella xylostella is the main pest of cruciferous crops worldwide. To reduce P. xylostella populations, better integration of natural control and chemical control (dominant tactic used) is needed. This work analyzed the compatibility of nine insecticides with the parasitoid Diadegma insulare, outlining them as complementary tools in an integrated pest management strategy. The acute toxicity of spinosad, imidacloprid, indoxacarb, flonicamid, naled, pyridalyl, emamectin benzoate, and spinetoram against the parasitoid was assessed. Residual activity (persistence) was also evaluated over time; the mortality of the parasitoid in contact with leaf tissue of plants treated with insecticides was analyzed. According to the International Organization of Biological Control, all nine insecticides were toxic to D. insulare; the lowest mortality was recorded with spirotetramat (64%) and pyridalyl (48%), while the rest of the insecticides caused 100% mortality at 72 h after application. In terms of persistence, by days 14, 16, 16, 17, 17, 21, and 22 after application, flonicamid, naled, spirotetramat, spinosad, piridalyl, imidacloprid, and indoxacarb caused mortality of less than 25%, respectively, so they were considered harmless (Category 1). Nonetheless, some insecticide toxicity and residual activity must be regarded within integrated pest management programs for conserving the role of D. insulare field populations.

Megaselia scalaris (Diptera: Phoridae) se ha recuperado de Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), y se señaló como un posible agente de control biológico. Sin embargo, en pruebas de laboratorio M. scalaris prefirió desarrollarse como saprófago de una dieta merídica (84.3%), y en segundo lugar como necrófago en larvas muertas (12.7%). Su desarrollo como endoparasitoide sucedió en 2.2 y 0.7% en larvas de tercer y quinto ínstar, respectivamente. Esto sugiere que no tiene potencial como agente de control biológico de S. frugiperda.