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Smart grids and smart microgrids (SMGs) require proper monitoring for their operation. To this end, measuring, data acquisition, and storage, as well as remote online visualization of real-time information, must be performed using suitable equipment. An experimental SMG is being deployed that combines photovoltaics and the energy carrier hydrogen through the interconnection of photovoltaic panels, electrolyser, fuel cell, and load around a voltage bus powered by a lithium battery. This paper presents a monitoring system based on open-source hardware and software for tracking the temperature of the photovoltaic generator in such an SMG. In fact, the increases in temperature in PV modules lead to a decrease in their efficiency, so this parameter needs to be measured in order to monitor and evaluate the operation. Specifically, the developed monitoring system consists of a network of digital temperature sensors connected to an Arduino microcontroller, which feeds the acquired data to a Raspberry Pi microcomputer. The latter is accessed by a cloud-enabled user/operator interface implemented in Grafana. The monitoring system is expounded and experimental results are reported to validate the proposal.
José Portalo; Isaías González; Antonio Calderón. Monitoring System for Tracking a PV Generator in an Experimental Smart Microgrid: An Open-Source Solution. Sustainability 2021, 13, 8182 .
AMA StyleJosé Portalo, Isaías González, Antonio Calderón. Monitoring System for Tracking a PV Generator in an Experimental Smart Microgrid: An Open-Source Solution. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (15):8182.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJosé Portalo; Isaías González; Antonio Calderón. 2021. "Monitoring System for Tracking a PV Generator in an Experimental Smart Microgrid: An Open-Source Solution." Sustainability 13, no. 15: 8182.
Intelligent energy facilities, e.g., smart grids and microgrids are the evolution of traditional energy grids through digital transformation. These modern paradigms are expected to foster the utilization of renewable energies, sustainable development, and resilience of the power grid. A barrier found when deploying experimental smart grids and microgrids consists of handling the heterogeneity of the required hardware and software components as well as the available commercial equipment. Despite the fact that there is various architecture proposed in previous literature, it commonly lacks experimental validation, specification of involved equipment concerning industrial/proprietary or open-source nature, and concretization of communication protocols. To overcome such drawbacks, this paper proposes an innovative multi-layered architecture to deploy heterogeneous automation and monitoring systems for microgrids. The architecture is structured into six functional layers to organize the hardware and software equipment in an integrated manner. The open protocol Modbus TCP is chosen to harmonize communications, enabling the interconnection of equipment from industrial and energy scopes, indeed of open-source nature. An experimental photovoltaic-based smart microgrid is reported as the application case to demonstrate the suitability and validity of the proposal.
Isaías González; Antonio Calderón; José Portalo. Innovative Multi-Layered Architecture for Heterogeneous Automation and Monitoring Systems: Application Case of a Photovoltaic Smart Microgrid. Sustainability 2021, 13, 2234 .
AMA StyleIsaías González, Antonio Calderón, José Portalo. Innovative Multi-Layered Architecture for Heterogeneous Automation and Monitoring Systems: Application Case of a Photovoltaic Smart Microgrid. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (4):2234.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIsaías González; Antonio Calderón; José Portalo. 2021. "Innovative Multi-Layered Architecture for Heterogeneous Automation and Monitoring Systems: Application Case of a Photovoltaic Smart Microgrid." Sustainability 13, no. 4: 2234.