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Cecilia E. Müller
Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7024, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden

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Journal article
Published: 30 August 2021 in Animals
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Free faecal liquid (FFL) in horses is characterised by the excretion of faeces in two phases (one solid and one liquid), which may cause dermatitis on the hindlegs. The causes of FFL are not known. Results from previous studies have indicated that feed ration composition and management factors may play important roles in the occurrence of FFL. A case–control study was therefore performed in which data on feed rations, feeding practices and management factors were compared between horses with (case) and without (control) FFL on 50 private farms in Sweden and Norway. The comparisons show that case and control horses were reported to be fed similar average amounts of wrapped forage (p = 0.97) and to be subject to similar management practices, but case horses were fed higher proportions of concentrates in their diet (p< 0.001) and lower average amounts of straw and lucerne (p< 0.05) compared to control horses. Case horses were reported to be fed twice as much concentrate per 100 kg BW and day as control horses and a higher daily intake of starch and water-soluble carbohydrates (p< 0.05). Case horses also had a lower daily intake of digestible crude protein and neutral detergent fibre compared to control horses (p< 0.05). These differences were small but are of interest for further studies of factors causing FFL.

ACS Style

Katrin M. Lindroth; Jan-Erik Lindberg; Astrid Johansen; Cecilia E. Müller. Feeding and Management of Horses with and without Free Faecal Liquid: A Case–Control Study. Animals 2021, 11, 2552 .

AMA Style

Katrin M. Lindroth, Jan-Erik Lindberg, Astrid Johansen, Cecilia E. Müller. Feeding and Management of Horses with and without Free Faecal Liquid: A Case–Control Study. Animals. 2021; 11 (9):2552.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Katrin M. Lindroth; Jan-Erik Lindberg; Astrid Johansen; Cecilia E. Müller. 2021. "Feeding and Management of Horses with and without Free Faecal Liquid: A Case–Control Study." Animals 11, no. 9: 2552.

Original article
Published: 22 April 2020 in Grass and Forage Science
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Use of big bale silage and haylage can be difficult on farms where daily forage consumption is comparatively low as speed of deterioration of forage after bale opening may be faster than feed‐out rate. Production of smaller bales at harvest is possible, but expensive and work‐intensive. Therefore, a pilot study of rebaling forage stored in big bales to smaller bales was conducted. Three separate experiments were included, where microbial and chemical composition of silage and haylage was studied before and after rebaling. In Experiment III, residual big bale forage stored and opened together with rebaled forage was included. Results showed that rebaled haylage and silage had higher yeast counts compared to initial forage; however, residual bales in Experiment III had yeast counts similar to rebaled forage, indicating an effect of storage time rather than of rebaling. In Experiment II, mould counts were higher in rebaled compared to initial silage, but not in haylage. Chemical composition was similar in initial and rebaled forage except for ammonia‐N. In Experiment III, ammonia‐N was higher in rebaled compared to initial and residual forage and was the only chemical variable affected by rebaling. Bale temperature during aerobic storage followed ambient temperature until day 6–8 in Experiment I and until day 14 in Experiment III where ambient temperature was lower. In conclusion, rebaling can be done without large changes in chemical composition of the forage, but yeast and mould counts may be higher in rebaled forage, and this risk should be considered when using this procedure.

ACS Style

Cecilia E. Müller; Astrid Johansen. Rebaling of silage and haylage and its effects on forage microbial and chemical composition—A pilot study. Grass and Forage Science 2020, 75, 216 -226.

AMA Style

Cecilia E. Müller, Astrid Johansen. Rebaling of silage and haylage and its effects on forage microbial and chemical composition—A pilot study. Grass and Forage Science. 2020; 75 (2):216-226.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cecilia E. Müller; Astrid Johansen. 2020. "Rebaling of silage and haylage and its effects on forage microbial and chemical composition—A pilot study." Grass and Forage Science 75, no. 2: 216-226.

Journal article
Published: 29 January 2020 in Livestock Science
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The proportion of aged horses (≥ 20 years old) is increasing in several horse populations, but knowledge of if any nutritional requirements change with age is scarce. An internet-based survey directed towards owners of horses ≥20 years of age was conducted, in order to collect data on demographics, body condition scores (BCS) and feeding practices of aged horses. Total complete responses included were 1443. Approximately 70% of the horses were 20–25 years old, 24% was 26–30 years old and the remaining proportion 31–42 years old. Approximately 40 different breeds were represented. Geldings comprised 57%, mares 42% and stallions 1% of the study population. A majority of the respondents reported moderate to ideal BCS in their horse. Validation of respondent assessment of BCS was performed for 21 horses, where kappa coefficient for agreement was 0.35. Respondents generally underestimated the BCS of their horse. Average age was higher in the lowest BCS compared to higher BCS. Average amount of forage fed daily was 1.5 kg DM per 100 kg BW (sd 0.48 kg per 100 kg BW), and average amount of concentrates fed daily was 0.11 kg per 100 kg BW (sd 0.160 kg per100 kg BW). Commonly used feeds were haylage and commercial concentrates. Horses with BCS 1 (n = 1), 2 (n = 19), 3 (n = 48) and 4 (n = 14) were calculated to be fed 64, 99, 108 and 127% of their estimated theoretical requirement of metabolisable energy (ME), indicating that aged horses may require about 1.1 the theoretical ME requirement to keep a desired BCS. However, controlled studies are required for further insights of if, and how, energy requirements change with increasing age in horses.

ACS Style

Cecilia Elisabeth Müller; Jan Erik Lindberg. Demographics, body condition scores and feeding of aged horses (≥20 years of age) - a Swedish survey. Livestock Science 2020, 233, 103949 .

AMA Style

Cecilia Elisabeth Müller, Jan Erik Lindberg. Demographics, body condition scores and feeding of aged horses (≥20 years of age) - a Swedish survey. Livestock Science. 2020; 233 ():103949.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cecilia Elisabeth Müller; Jan Erik Lindberg. 2020. "Demographics, body condition scores and feeding of aged horses (≥20 years of age) - a Swedish survey." Livestock Science 233, no. : 103949.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2020 in Animals
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Free faecal liquid (FFL) is a condition in horses where faeces are voided in one solid and one liquid phase. The liquid phase contaminates the tail, hindlegs and area around the anus of the horse, resulting in management problems and potentially contributing to impaired equine welfare. The underlying causes are not known, but anecdotal suggestions include feeding wrapped forages or other feed- or management-related factors. Individual horse factors may also be associated with the presence of FFL. This study, therefore, aimed to characterize horses showing FFL particularly when fed wrapped forages, and to map the management and feeding strategies of these horses. Data were retrieved by a web-based survey, including 339 horses with FFL. A large variety of different breeds, ages, disciplines, coat colours, housing systems and feeding strategies were represented among the horses in the study, meaning that any type of horse could be affected. Respondents were asked to indicate if their horse had diminished signs of FFL with different changes in forage feeding. Fifty-eight percent (n = 197) of the horse owners reported diminished signs of FFL in their horses when changing from wrapped forages to hay; 46 (n = 156) of the horse owners reported diminished signs of FFL in their horses when changing from wrapped forages to pasture; 17% (n = 58) reported diminished signs of FFL when changing from any type of forage batch to any other forage. This indicated that feeding strategy may be of importance, but cannot solely explain the presence of FFL. The results also showed that the horses in this study had a comparably high incidence of previous colic (23%, n = 78) compared to published data from other horse populations. In conclusion, the results showed that FFL may affect a large variety of horse types and that further studies should include detailed data on individual horse factors including gastrointestinal diseases as well as feeding strategies, in order to increase the chance of finding causes of FFL.

ACS Style

Katrin M. Lindroth; Astrid Johansen; Viveca Båverud; Johan Dicksved; Jan Erik Lindberg; Cecilia E. Müller. Differential Defecation of Solid and Liquid Phases in Horses—A Descriptive Survey. Animals 2020, 10, 76 .

AMA Style

Katrin M. Lindroth, Astrid Johansen, Viveca Båverud, Johan Dicksved, Jan Erik Lindberg, Cecilia E. Müller. Differential Defecation of Solid and Liquid Phases in Horses—A Descriptive Survey. Animals. 2020; 10 (1):76.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Katrin M. Lindroth; Astrid Johansen; Viveca Båverud; Johan Dicksved; Jan Erik Lindberg; Cecilia E. Müller. 2020. "Differential Defecation of Solid and Liquid Phases in Horses—A Descriptive Survey." Animals 10, no. 1: 76.

Journal article
Published: 08 November 2019 in Grass and Forage Science
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ACS Style

Jessica Schenck; Cecilia Müller; Annika Djurle; Dan Funck Jensen; Martin O'Brien; Astrid Johansen; Peter Have Rasmussen; Rolf Spörndly. Occurrence of filamentous fungi and mycotoxins in wrapped forages in Sweden and Norway and their relation to chemical composition and management. Grass and Forage Science 2019, 74, 613 -625.

AMA Style

Jessica Schenck, Cecilia Müller, Annika Djurle, Dan Funck Jensen, Martin O'Brien, Astrid Johansen, Peter Have Rasmussen, Rolf Spörndly. Occurrence of filamentous fungi and mycotoxins in wrapped forages in Sweden and Norway and their relation to chemical composition and management. Grass and Forage Science. 2019; 74 (4):613-625.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jessica Schenck; Cecilia Müller; Annika Djurle; Dan Funck Jensen; Martin O'Brien; Astrid Johansen; Peter Have Rasmussen; Rolf Spörndly. 2019. "Occurrence of filamentous fungi and mycotoxins in wrapped forages in Sweden and Norway and their relation to chemical composition and management." Grass and Forage Science 74, no. 4: 613-625.

Original article
Published: 13 December 2018 in Grass and Forage Science
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The use of wrapped forage bales with high dry‐matter (DM) content implies risk of fungal growth inside the wrapping, and impaired feed quality. Since fungi may be unevenly distributed in bales, the method of sampling can influence the outcome of the analysis. Three common sampling methods for detection of fungi in wrapped forage were compared: direct plating of visible mouldy patches on bale surfaces (Method I), direct plating of pieces of foliage from drilled core samples (Method II) and quantitative analysis dilution series of drilled core samples (Method III). All samples were cultured on two media at two temperatures. Samples were collected from 124 farms in Sweden and Norway. Using Methods I, II and III, fungi were detected on 52%, 77% and 56% of the farms respectively. Fifty‐two fungal species were identified using a combination of culturing and molecular methods. The most predominant species were Arthrinium spp., found on 55% of the farms, followed by Penicillium roqueforti at 48% of the farms. Incubation at 25°C resulted in higher numbers of all genera, except Aspergillus, compared to incubation at 37°C. The different methods of sampling and culturing did not identify the same fungal species within the same bale. Analysing one bale per farm resulted in detection of less than half the number of species compared to analysing three bales. Of the sampling and culturing methods compared, direct plating of drilled core samples cultivated at malt extract agar at 25°C performed best in terms of qualitative analysis of fungi species.

ACS Style

Jessica Schenck; Annika Djurle; Dan Funck Jensen; Cecilia Müller; Martin O'Brien; Rolf Spörndly. Filamentous fungi in wrapped forages determined with different sampling and culturing methods. Grass and Forage Science 2018, 1 .

AMA Style

Jessica Schenck, Annika Djurle, Dan Funck Jensen, Cecilia Müller, Martin O'Brien, Rolf Spörndly. Filamentous fungi in wrapped forages determined with different sampling and culturing methods. Grass and Forage Science. 2018; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jessica Schenck; Annika Djurle; Dan Funck Jensen; Cecilia Müller; Martin O'Brien; Rolf Spörndly. 2018. "Filamentous fungi in wrapped forages determined with different sampling and culturing methods." Grass and Forage Science , no. : 1.

Review article
Published: 11 September 2018 in Grass and Forage Science
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This review covers current understanding on the use of wrapped forages such as silage and haylage as forage sources in equine nutrition. Silage (dry‐matter content 500–840 g per kg), as the lack of water in haylage restricts fermentation. The differences in biochemical and microbial composition in forage conserved as silage, haylage and hay have not been reported to influence digestion or hindgut function in horses differently. Studies on equine intake and preference of forages conserved as silage, haylage or hay are scarce and contradictory; both low voluntary intake and preference for silage have been reported. Studies on aerobic storage stability of opened bales are few, but are needed, as daily forage consumption is often low on horse farms, which may increase the risk of aerobic deterioration of forage in opened bales before they have been fed. A high hygienic quality of wrapped forages for horses is crucial: (a) as mould spores may cause chronic respiratory disorders; (b) as mycotoxins may cause intoxications, skin problems, gastrointestinal disorders and reproduction failures; (c) as presence of Clostridium botulinum and its toxin botulin may cause fatal disease; and (d) as other microbes (e.g., Listeria monocytogenes) may cause illness in the horse. Further research is needed especially for systems of assessment of hygienic quality of haylage, and how to prolong aerobic storage stability in opened bales.

ACS Style

Cecilia Elisabeth Müller. Silage and haylage for horses. Grass and Forage Science 2018, 73, 815 -827.

AMA Style

Cecilia Elisabeth Müller. Silage and haylage for horses. Grass and Forage Science. 2018; 73 (4):815-827.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cecilia Elisabeth Müller. 2018. "Silage and haylage for horses." Grass and Forage Science 73, no. 4: 815-827.

Journal article
Published: 03 July 2015 in Grass and Forage Science
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A study of macro- and micromineral contents in wrapped forages from farms in Sweden and Norway was conducted. Haylage samples were collected from 124 farms and analysed for contents of Ca, P, Mg, K, Na, Co, Cu, I, Fe, Mn, Se and Zn. Information on forage production was collected from each farm. Mean concentrations (standard deviations) of the samples were as follows: Ca, 5·3 (3·41); P, 2·7 (0·80); Mg, 1·8 (0·76); K, 21·8 (7·44); Na, 0·3 (0·61) g kg−1 dry matter (DM); and Co, 0·09 (0·150); Cu, 4·9 (1·61); I, 0·25 (0·461); Fe, 194 (288·9); Mn, 85 (49·3); Se, 0·03 (0·054); and Zn, 23 (9·5) mg kg−1 DM. Comparisons with mineral requirements of horses indicated that for Ca, Mg, K, Fe and Mn, the mean values were sufficient for maintenance requirements, but for P, Na, Co, Cu, Zn, I and Se, mean values were insufficient. For horses with requirements higher than maintenance, average contents of all minerals except Fe and Mn were insufficient. There were moderate to weak negative correlation coefficients between contents of neutral detergent fibre and Ca, P, Mg, Cu and Se. Forage harvested at late plant maturity may contain lower concentrations of these minerals.

ACS Style

Xue Zhao; C. E. Müller. Macro- and micromineral content of wrapped forages for horses. Grass and Forage Science 2015, 71, 195 -207.

AMA Style

Xue Zhao, C. E. Müller. Macro- and micromineral content of wrapped forages for horses. Grass and Forage Science. 2015; 71 (2):195-207.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xue Zhao; C. E. Müller. 2015. "Macro- and micromineral content of wrapped forages for horses." Grass and Forage Science 71, no. 2: 195-207.

Journal article
Published: 17 June 2015 in Livestock Science
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ACS Style

C.E. Müller; K. Nostell; J. Bröjer. Methods for reduction of water soluble carbohydrate content in grass forages for horses. Livestock Science 2015, 186, 46 -52.

AMA Style

C.E. Müller, K. Nostell, J. Bröjer. Methods for reduction of water soluble carbohydrate content in grass forages for horses. Livestock Science. 2015; 186 ():46-52.

Chicago/Turabian Style

C.E. Müller; K. Nostell; J. Bröjer. 2015. "Methods for reduction of water soluble carbohydrate content in grass forages for horses." Livestock Science 186, no. : 46-52.

Journal article
Published: 28 February 2013 in Grass and Forage Science
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ACS Style

C. E. Müller; M. Johansson; A.-C. Salomonsson; A. Albihn. Effect of anaerobic digestion residue vs. livestock manure and inorganic fertilizer on the hygienic quality of silage and haylage in bales. Grass and Forage Science 2013, 69, 74 -89.

AMA Style

C. E. Müller, M. Johansson, A.-C. Salomonsson, A. Albihn. Effect of anaerobic digestion residue vs. livestock manure and inorganic fertilizer on the hygienic quality of silage and haylage in bales. Grass and Forage Science. 2013; 69 (1):74-89.

Chicago/Turabian Style

C. E. Müller; M. Johansson; A.-C. Salomonsson; A. Albihn. 2013. "Effect of anaerobic digestion residue vs. livestock manure and inorganic fertilizer on the hygienic quality of silage and haylage in bales." Grass and Forage Science 69, no. 1: 74-89.

Book chapter
Published: 01 January 2012 in Cattle husbandry in Eastern Europe and China
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ACS Style

C. E. Müller. Impact of harvest, preservation and storage conditions on forage quality. Cattle husbandry in Eastern Europe and China 2012, 237 -253.

AMA Style

C. E. Müller. Impact of harvest, preservation and storage conditions on forage quality. Cattle husbandry in Eastern Europe and China. 2012; ():237-253.

Chicago/Turabian Style

C. E. Müller. 2012. "Impact of harvest, preservation and storage conditions on forage quality." Cattle husbandry in Eastern Europe and China , no. : 237-253.