This review examines the current state of knowledge regarding the effectiveness of different dietary ruminant enteric methane mitigation strategies and their modes of action together with the issues discussed regarding the potential harms/risks and applicability of such strategies. By investigating these strategies, we can enhance our understanding of the mechanisms by which they influence methane production and identify promising approaches for sustainable mitigation of methane emissions. Out of all nutritional strategies, the use of 3-nitrooxypropanol, red seaweed, tannins, saponins, essential oils, nitrates, and sulfates demonstrates the potential to reduce emissions and receives a lot of attention from the scientific community. The use of certain additives as pure compounds is challenging under certain conditions, such as pasture-based systems, so the potential use of forages with sufficient amounts of plant secondary metabolites is also explored. Additionally, improved forage quality (maturity and nutrient composition) might help to further reduce emissions. Red seaweed, although proven to be very effective in reducing emissions, raises some questions regarding the volatility of the main active compound, bromoform, and challenges regarding the cultivation of the seaweed. Other relatively new methods of mitigation, such as the use of cyanogenic glycosides, are also discussed in this article. Together with nitrates, cyanogenic glycosides pose serious risks to animal health, but research has proven their efficacy and safety when control measures are taken. Furthermore, the risks of nitrate use can be minimized by using probiotics. Some of the discussed strategies, namely monensin or halogenated hydrocarbons (as pure compounds), demonstrate efficacy but are unlikely to be implemented widely because of legal restrictions.

Camelina seed or seed processing derivatives, i.e., cake, are cheap alternative protein feed ingredients for meat type poultry. Camelina is an oilseed crop containing 36.8% oil in seeds, while in the cake the oil content accounts for 6.4–22.7%. If compared with other Brassicaceae family plants, camelina is distinguished by a unique fatty acid composition, because the content of α-linolenic fatty acid (C18:3n-3; ALA) varies from 25.9 to 36.7% of total fatty acids. The total tocopherol content in camelina oil and cake are, respectively, 751–900 and 687 mg/kg. Addition of camelina to poultry nutrition increases the amount of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in poultry meat and liver. The content of ALA in chicken muscles increases by 1.3–4.4, 2.4–2.9 and 2.3–7.2 times after supplementing chicken diets with, respectively, camelina cake (8–24%), seed (10%), and oil (2.5–6.9%) in comparison with the control group. Camelina cake (5–25%), seed (10%) and oil (2.5–4%) inclusion in chicken diets results in 1.5–3.9 times higher total n-3 PUFA content in muscles and liver. Meanwhile, supplementation of chicken diets with camelina oil (4–6.9%), seed (5–10%) and cake (5–25%) results in, respectively, a 1.8–8.4, 1.6–1.9 and 1.3–2.9 times lower n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio in muscles, and 3.29 times lower n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio in the liver. After inclusion of different amounts of camelina cake in chicken diets, a healthy for human nutrition n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio from 1.6 to 2.9 was found in chicken muscles.

Modern beef cattle reproductive management faces increasing challenges due to the growing global demand for beef. Reproductive efficiency is a critical factor determining the productivity and profitability of beef cattle operations. Optimal reproductive performance in a beef cattle herd is achieved when each cow produces one calf per year, maintaining a calving interval of 365 days. However, this goal is difficult to achieve, as the gestation period in beef cows lasts approximately 280 days, leaving only 80–85 days for successful conception. Traditional methods, such as visual estrus detection, are becoming increasingly unreliable due to expanding herd sizes and the subjectivity of visual observation. Additionally, silent estrus—where ovulation occurs without noticeable behavioral changes—further complicates the accurate estrous-based identification of the optimal insemination period. To enhance reproductive efficiency, advanced technologies are increasingly being integrated into cattle management. Sensor-based monitoring systems, including accelerometers, pedometers, and ruminoreticular boluses, enable the precise tracking of activity changes associated with the estrous cycle. Furthermore, infrared thermography offers a non-invasive method for detecting body temperature fluctuations, allowing for more accurate estrus identification and optimized timing of insemination. The use of these innovative technologies has the potential to significantly improve reproductive efficiency in beef cattle herds and contribute to overall farm productivity and sustainability. The objective of this review is to examine advancements in smart technologies applied to beef cattle reproductive management, presenting commercially available technologies and recent scientific studies on innovative systems. The focus is on sensor-based monitoring systems and infrared thermography for optimizing reproduction. Additionally, the challenges associated with these technologies and their potential to enhance reproductive efficiency and sustainability in the beef cattle industry are discussed. Despite the benefits of advanced technologies, their implementation in cattle farms is hindered by financial and technical challenges. High initial investment costs and the complexity of data analysis may limit their adoption, particularly in small and medium-sized farms. However, the continuous development of these technologies and their adaptation to farmers’ needs may significantly contribute to more efficient and sustainable reproductive management in beef cattle production.

The bovine uterus, once considered sterile, is now recognized as a dynamic microbial ecosystem that undergoes substantial changes during the postpartum period and plays a critical role in reproductive health. This study investigated the composition and temporal dynamics of the uterine bacterial and fungal microbiota in postpartum Angus cows and showed that dietary grape pomace bolus supplementation was associated with temporal shifts in microbial community composition, including changes in selected bacterial taxa and increased fungal community stability. A total of 19 cows were allocated to control (n = 10) or treatment groups (n = 9), with treated animals receiving slow-release grape pomace boluses administered every three weeks from 21 days prepartum until 60–70 days postpartum. Uterine lavage samples were collected during the first (days 4–12) and ninth (days 63–70) postpartum weeks and analyzed using amplicon-based sequencing targeting the bacterial 16S rRNA (V3–V4) region and the fungal ITS2 region. The uterine microbiota exhibited pronounced temporal changes, with Firmicutes predominating in the early postpartum period and an increased abundance of potentially pathogenic Fusobacteria and Bacteroidetes observed by week nine postpartum, particularly in control cows. Grape pomace supplementation was associated with a more favorable bacterial profile, including a reduced relative abundance of key uterine pathogens such as Fusobacterium necrophorum and Trueperella pyogenes. The uterine mycobiome was dominated by Ascomycota across all groups; however, supplemented cows showed greater fungal community stability and a lower prevalence of opportunistic genera, including Candida spp. In conclusion, dietary grape pomace supplementation may beneficially modulate both bacterial and fungal uterine microbiota during the postpartum period, suggesting its potential as a natural strategy to support uterine microbial homeostasis and reproductive health in beef cows.

The objective of the study was to determine the effects of dietary hempseed or camelina cakes rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on the fatty acid profile of liver lipids and carcass characteristics of ducks. A total of 108 one-day-old male ducks were allocated to 3 dietary treatments. The Control (C) group diet was supplemented with 15 and 20% rapeseed cake from days 1 to 23 and 24 to 49, respectively, whereas the rapeseed in Experimental 1 (HE) and Experimental 2 (CA) was replaced by hempseed cake and camelina cake in the same proportion, respectively. Inclusion of dietary hempseed cake resulted in higher carcass yield (P < 0.05) and growth performance (P < 0.05) but did not increase the proportion of liver n-3 PUFA (P > 0.05). Dietary enrichment with camelina cake reduced carcass yield (P < 0.05), feed intake (P < 0.01) but had no significant effect on the body weight and feed conversion ratio (P > 0.05) of ducks. The amount of n-3 PUFA and long-chain (LC) n-3 PUFA in the CA group was 2.47 and 2.35 times (P < 0.01) higher compared with that of the C group, respectively. The inclusion of dietary camelina has helped to produce a healthier human nutrition liver with an n-6/n-3n PUFA ratio of 3.38 .

A study was carried out to determine the efficiency of soybean oil meal replacement with increasing amount of peas (from 10% to 40%) in the diets for turkeys on anatomic carcass dissection and chemical indicators of breast, shoulder, thigh and shin muscles, physical indicators of breast muscles and the content of tryptophan and oxyprolin. The anatomic dissection of carcasses indicated that male turkeys fed peas had from 0.28% to 0.61% (P > 0.05–P < 0.05) less shoulder muscles, whereas female turkeys of the same groups had from 0.09 to 0.31% (P > 0.05–P < 0.05) more abdominal fat compared with the turkeys the diets of which did not contain any peas. The chemical analysis of meat showed that feeding the diets with the increasing amount of peas resulted in 0.69–0.82% lower amount of fat in female shoulder muscle (P > 0.05–P < 0.05). Soybean oil meal replacement with field peas in broiler turkey diets had no significant influence on the other anatomic indicators of the carcass and the other physicochemical indicators of meat as well as the content of trypthophan and oxyprolin in the muscles. Our study indicated that soybean oil meal replacement with peas up to 20% from 0 to 4 weeks, 25% from 5 to 8 weeks, 30% from 9 to 12 weeks and 40% from 13 to 16 weeks, and with 100% soybean oil meal replacement at the final stage had no negative influence on the carcass qualities of broiler turkeys.