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The generation of sewage sludge presents a problem for several manufacturing companies as it results from industrial processes or effluent treatment systems. The treatment of this type of waste requires high economic investment, for this reason, it is necessary to find alternatives to recover the valuable materials of the sludges. In this study, metal catalysts were synthesized using waste sludge from the steel, mining, and hydrocarbon industries. The waste sludge was subjected to thermal treatments for the removal of organic content and the reduction of metals with hydrogen current to activate their catalytic properties. The sludge and synthesized catalysts were analyzed to determine their physical, chemical, thermoenergetic, and catalytic properties. Catalytic activity was evaluated using CO chemisorption and by thermal–catalytic decomposition of crude oil. The best conditions for synthesizing the catalysts were a calcination temperature between 300 and 500 °C and a reduction temperature between 300 and 900 °C. The catalysts presented a specific surface between 2.33 and 16.78 m2/g. The catalytic material had a heat capacity between 0.7 and 1.2 kJ/kg∙K. The synthesized materials presented catalytic activity comparable to that of commercial catalysts. With this recovery technique, the industrial waste can be valorized, obtaining catalyst derived from the sludges and promoting the circular economy of manufacturing companies.
Gabriela Castro-León; Erik Baquero-Quinteros; Bryan Loor; Jhoselin Alvear; Diego Montesdeoca Espín; Andrés De La Rosa; Carolina Montero-Calderón. Waste to Catalyst: Synthesis of Catalysts from Sewage Sludge of the Mining, Steel, and Petroleum Industries. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9849 .
AMA StyleGabriela Castro-León, Erik Baquero-Quinteros, Bryan Loor, Jhoselin Alvear, Diego Montesdeoca Espín, Andrés De La Rosa, Carolina Montero-Calderón. Waste to Catalyst: Synthesis of Catalysts from Sewage Sludge of the Mining, Steel, and Petroleum Industries. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (23):9849.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGabriela Castro-León; Erik Baquero-Quinteros; Bryan Loor; Jhoselin Alvear; Diego Montesdeoca Espín; Andrés De La Rosa; Carolina Montero-Calderón. 2020. "Waste to Catalyst: Synthesis of Catalysts from Sewage Sludge of the Mining, Steel, and Petroleum Industries." Sustainability 12, no. 23: 9849.
Sludge from carwash wastewater treatment plants has been evaluated as substitute for lime paste, as well as its behavior in cement mortars. Dry sludge waste was used with (CSlud) and without (USlud) pretreatment and have been characterized. The pastes were prepared with weight replacement of 5, 10, 15, and 20% of sludge. The formation of calcium silicate hydrate was determined by TGA, both in lime and cement pastes. The compressive strength properties were evaluated in mortars. It was found the mixtures which present the best results were those of 5 and 10% for USlud, and 10 and 20% for CSlud.
María Rodríguez-Fernández; Juan Alonso; Carolina Montero; Juan Saldarriaga. Study of the Effects of the Addition of Fly Ash from Carwash Sludge in Lime and Cement Pastes. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6451 .
AMA StyleMaría Rodríguez-Fernández, Juan Alonso, Carolina Montero, Juan Saldarriaga. Study of the Effects of the Addition of Fly Ash from Carwash Sludge in Lime and Cement Pastes. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (16):6451.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaría Rodríguez-Fernández; Juan Alonso; Carolina Montero; Juan Saldarriaga. 2020. "Study of the Effects of the Addition of Fly Ash from Carwash Sludge in Lime and Cement Pastes." Sustainability 12, no. 16: 6451.
Sewage sludge from the galvanic industry represents a problem to the environment, due to its high metal content that makes it a hazardous waste and must be treated or disposed of properly. This study aimed to evaluate the sludge from three galvanic industries and determine its possible use as catalysts for the synthesis of materials. Catalyst was obtained from a thermal process based on dried between 100–120 °C and calcination of sludges between 400 to 700 °C. The physical–chemical properties of the catalyst were analyzed by several techniques as physisorption of N2 and chemisorption of CO of the material. Catalytic activity was analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis of a thermo-catalytic decomposition of crude oil. The best conditions for catalyst synthesis were calcination between 400 and 500 °C, the temperature of reduction between 750 and 850 °C for 15 min. The catalytic material had mainly Fe as active phase and the specific surface between 17.68–96.15 m2·g−1, the catalysts promote around 6% more weight-loss of crude oil in the thermal decomposition compared with assays without the catalyst. The results show that the residual sludge of galvanic industries after thermal treatment can be used as catalytic materials due to the easiness of synthesis procedures required, the low E-factor obtained and the recycling of industrial waste promoted.
Estefanía Villamarin-Barriga; Jéssica Canacuán; Pablo Londoño-Larrea; Hugo Solís; Andrés De La Rosa; Juan F. Saldarriaga; Carolina Montero. Catalytic Cracking of Heavy Crude Oil over Iron-Based Catalyst Obtained from Galvanic Industry Wastes. Catalysts 2020, 10, 736 .
AMA StyleEstefanía Villamarin-Barriga, Jéssica Canacuán, Pablo Londoño-Larrea, Hugo Solís, Andrés De La Rosa, Juan F. Saldarriaga, Carolina Montero. Catalytic Cracking of Heavy Crude Oil over Iron-Based Catalyst Obtained from Galvanic Industry Wastes. Catalysts. 2020; 10 (7):736.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEstefanía Villamarin-Barriga; Jéssica Canacuán; Pablo Londoño-Larrea; Hugo Solís; Andrés De La Rosa; Juan F. Saldarriaga; Carolina Montero. 2020. "Catalytic Cracking of Heavy Crude Oil over Iron-Based Catalyst Obtained from Galvanic Industry Wastes." Catalysts 10, no. 7: 736.
Carolina Montero; Aingeru Remiro; Beatriz Valle; Lide Oar-Arteta; Javier Bilbao; Ana G. Gayubo. Origin and Nature of Coke in Ethanol Steam Reforming and Its Role in Deactivation of Ni/La2O3–αAl2O3 Catalyst. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 2019, 58, 14736 -14751.
AMA StyleCarolina Montero, Aingeru Remiro, Beatriz Valle, Lide Oar-Arteta, Javier Bilbao, Ana G. Gayubo. Origin and Nature of Coke in Ethanol Steam Reforming and Its Role in Deactivation of Ni/La2O3–αAl2O3 Catalyst. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. 2019; 58 (32):14736-14751.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarolina Montero; Aingeru Remiro; Beatriz Valle; Lide Oar-Arteta; Javier Bilbao; Ana G. Gayubo. 2019. "Origin and Nature of Coke in Ethanol Steam Reforming and Its Role in Deactivation of Ni/La2O3–αAl2O3 Catalyst." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 58, no. 32: 14736-14751.
Ana G. Gayubo; Beatriz Valle; Borja Aramburu; Carolina Montero; Javier Bilbao. Kinetic model considering catalyst deactivation for the steam reforming of bio-oil over Ni/La2O3-αAl2O3. Chemical Engineering Journal 2018, 332, 192 -204.
AMA StyleAna G. Gayubo, Beatriz Valle, Borja Aramburu, Carolina Montero, Javier Bilbao. Kinetic model considering catalyst deactivation for the steam reforming of bio-oil over Ni/La2O3-αAl2O3. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2018; 332 ():192-204.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAna G. Gayubo; Beatriz Valle; Borja Aramburu; Carolina Montero; Javier Bilbao. 2018. "Kinetic model considering catalyst deactivation for the steam reforming of bio-oil over Ni/La2O3-αAl2O3." Chemical Engineering Journal 332, no. : 192-204.
Carolina Montero-Calderón; Aingeru Remiro; Pedro Luis Benito; Javier Bilbao; Ana G. Gayubo. Optimum operating conditions in ethanol steam reforming over a Ni/La2O3-αAl2O3 catalyst in a fluidized bed reactor. Fuel Processing Technology 2018, 169, 207 -216.
AMA StyleCarolina Montero-Calderón, Aingeru Remiro, Pedro Luis Benito, Javier Bilbao, Ana G. Gayubo. Optimum operating conditions in ethanol steam reforming over a Ni/La2O3-αAl2O3 catalyst in a fluidized bed reactor. Fuel Processing Technology. 2018; 169 ():207-216.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarolina Montero-Calderón; Aingeru Remiro; Pedro Luis Benito; Javier Bilbao; Ana G. Gayubo. 2018. "Optimum operating conditions in ethanol steam reforming over a Ni/La2O3-αAl2O3 catalyst in a fluidized bed reactor." Fuel Processing Technology 169, no. : 207-216.
Equilibration of a Ni/La2O3–αAl2O3 catalyst has been studied with the aim of using it in ethanol steam reforming (ESR) under reaction–regeneration cycles. The runs have been performed in a fluidized bed reactor, with the reaction steps being carried out at 500 °C and 700 °C, with a steam/ethanol (S/E) molar ratio of 6 and low values of space time (from 0.001 to 0.06 gcatalysth/gEtOH), for which there is fast deactivation by coke formation. The catalyst is regenerated between steps in the reactor itself by coke combustion with air at 550 °C for 2 h. Reproducible performance of the catalyst in the successive reaction–regeneration cycles requires a severe equilibration treatment consisting in a reaction–regeneration cycle, with the reaction step at 700 °C. Several analytical techniques (XRD, H2 chemisorption, TPR, and XPS) allowed proving that the catalyst undergoes partial Ni sintering in the equilibration treatment, which explains its lower activity compared to the non-equilibrated catalyst.
Carolina Montero; Aingeru Remiro; Aitor Arandia; Pedro Luis Benito; Javier Bilbao; Ana G. Gayubo. Reproducible performance of a Ni/La 2 O 3 –αAl 2 O 3 catalyst in ethanol steam reforming under reaction–regeneration cycles. Fuel Processing Technology 2016, 152, 215 -222.
AMA StyleCarolina Montero, Aingeru Remiro, Aitor Arandia, Pedro Luis Benito, Javier Bilbao, Ana G. Gayubo. Reproducible performance of a Ni/La 2 O 3 –αAl 2 O 3 catalyst in ethanol steam reforming under reaction–regeneration cycles. Fuel Processing Technology. 2016; 152 ():215-222.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarolina Montero; Aingeru Remiro; Aitor Arandia; Pedro Luis Benito; Javier Bilbao; Ana G. Gayubo. 2016. "Reproducible performance of a Ni/La 2 O 3 –αAl 2 O 3 catalyst in ethanol steam reforming under reaction–regeneration cycles." Fuel Processing Technology 152, no. : 215-222.
The thermodynamic analysis of the steam reforming (under catalytic steam reforming conditions) of a simulated bio-oil (composed of model compounds of components in a real bio-oil) and of ethanol is performed by minimization of Gibb's free energy method with Pro II-Simsci® 8.3 software, and their results are compared. At the equilibrium conditions both oxygenated feeds are completely converted, with H2, CO2, CO and CH4 being the only significant gaseous products. Coke formation is observed below 700 °C for low steam/carbon (S/C) molar ratios (below the stoichiometric value). H2 yield, which is very similar for both reforming processes (with small differences only for S/C < 2), increases with S/C ratio and goes through a maximum with temperature, being higher than 90% for S/C > 5 and in the 540–640 °C range. Above 600–650 °C (depending on the S/C molar ratio), the energy requirement for steam reforming of ethanol is slightly higher that for bio-oil steam reforming. These results evidence the viability of the joint valorisation of bio-oil and bio-ethanol by means of steam reforming.
Carolina Montero; Lide Oar-Arteta; Aingeru Remiro; Aitor Arandia; Javier Bilbao; Ana G. Gayubo. Thermodynamic comparison between bio-oil and ethanol steam reforming. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2015, 40, 15963 -15971.
AMA StyleCarolina Montero, Lide Oar-Arteta, Aingeru Remiro, Aitor Arandia, Javier Bilbao, Ana G. Gayubo. Thermodynamic comparison between bio-oil and ethanol steam reforming. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2015; 40 (46):15963-15971.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarolina Montero; Lide Oar-Arteta; Aingeru Remiro; Aitor Arandia; Javier Bilbao; Ana G. Gayubo. 2015. "Thermodynamic comparison between bio-oil and ethanol steam reforming." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 40, no. 46: 15963-15971.
This work studies the mechanism of coke deactivation of a Ni/La2O3–αAl2O3 catalyst in ethanol steam reforming conducted in a fluidized bed reactor under conditions of severe deactivation, at 500 °C. Deactivation takes place in three consecutive stages with time on stream, corresponding to increasing values of ethanol concentration in the reaction system and decreasing values for CH4 and CO byproducts. The analysis of the nature of coke by means of several techniques in the different deactivation stages shows that high conversion values (low ethanol concentrations in the medium) give way to filamentous coke (with CO and CH4 as precursor), which has little effect on deactivation. For a highly deactivated catalyst, ethanol concentration is high, and a nonfilamentous deactivating coke is formed (mainly due to the evolution of filamentous coke). X-ray diffraction analysis of Ni particles in different deactivation states shows that a fraction of Ni crystallites are dragged by filamentous coke and the fraction of Ni crystallites that remain supported are blocked by nonfilamentous coke. A scheme has been established to explain the evolution of Ni and coke, the interaction between both dynamics, and its effect on catalyst deactivation.
Carolina Montero; Aitor Ochoa; Pedro Castaño; Javier Bilbao; Ana G. Gayubo. Monitoring Ni 0 and coke evolution during the deactivation of a Ni/La 2 O 3 –αAl 2 O 3 catalyst in ethanol steam reforming in a fluidized bed. Journal of Catalysis 2015, 331, 181 -192.
AMA StyleCarolina Montero, Aitor Ochoa, Pedro Castaño, Javier Bilbao, Ana G. Gayubo. Monitoring Ni 0 and coke evolution during the deactivation of a Ni/La 2 O 3 –αAl 2 O 3 catalyst in ethanol steam reforming in a fluidized bed. Journal of Catalysis. 2015; 331 ():181-192.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarolina Montero; Aitor Ochoa; Pedro Castaño; Javier Bilbao; Ana G. Gayubo. 2015. "Monitoring Ni 0 and coke evolution during the deactivation of a Ni/La 2 O 3 –αAl 2 O 3 catalyst in ethanol steam reforming in a fluidized bed." Journal of Catalysis 331, no. : 181-192.
Jorge Vicente; Javier Ereña; Carolina Montero; Miren J. Azkoiti; Javier Bilbao; Ana G. Gayubo. Reaction pathway for ethanol steam reforming on a Ni/SiO 2 catalyst including coke formation. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2014, 39, 18820 -18834.
AMA StyleJorge Vicente, Javier Ereña, Carolina Montero, Miren J. Azkoiti, Javier Bilbao, Ana G. Gayubo. Reaction pathway for ethanol steam reforming on a Ni/SiO 2 catalyst including coke formation. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2014; 39 (33):18820-18834.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJorge Vicente; Javier Ereña; Carolina Montero; Miren J. Azkoiti; Javier Bilbao; Ana G. Gayubo. 2014. "Reaction pathway for ethanol steam reforming on a Ni/SiO 2 catalyst including coke formation." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 39, no. 33: 18820-18834.
The deactivation by coke deposition of Ni and Co catalysts in the steam reforming of ethanol has been studied in a fluidized bed reactor under the following conditions: 500 and 700 °C; steam/ethanol molar ratio, 6; space time, 0.14 gcatalyst h/gethanol, partial pressure of ethanol in the feed, 0.11 bar, and time on stream up to 20 h. The decrease in activity depends mainly on the nature of the coke deposited on the catalysts, as well as on the physical–chemical properties (BET surface area, pore volume, metal surface area) of the catalysts. At 500 °C (suitable temperature for enhancing the WGS reaction, decreasing energy requirements and avoiding Ni sintering), the main cause of deactivation is the encapsulating coke fraction (monoatomic and polymeric carbon) that blocks metallic sites, whereas the fibrous coke fraction (filamentous carbon) coats catalyst particles and increases their size with time on stream with a low effect on deactivation, especially for catalysts with high surface area. The catalyst with 10 wt% Ni supported on SiO2 strikes a suitable balance between reforming activity and stability, given that both the capability of Ni for dehydrogenation and C–C breakage and the porous structure of SiO2 support enhance the formation of filamentous coke with low deactivation. This catalyst is suitable for use at 500 °C in a fluidized bed, in which the collision among particles causes the removal of the external filamentous coke, thus minimizing the pore blockage of the SiO2. At 700 °C, the coke content in the catalyst is low, with the coke being of filamentous nature and with a highly graphitic structure.
Jorge Vicente; Carolina Montero-Calderón; Javier Ereña; Miren J. Azkoiti; Javier Bilbao; Ana G. Gayubo. Coke deactivation of Ni and Co catalysts in ethanol steam reforming at mild temperatures in a fluidized bed reactor. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2014, 39, 12586 -12596.
AMA StyleJorge Vicente, Carolina Montero-Calderón, Javier Ereña, Miren J. Azkoiti, Javier Bilbao, Ana G. Gayubo. Coke deactivation of Ni and Co catalysts in ethanol steam reforming at mild temperatures in a fluidized bed reactor. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2014; 39 (24):12586-12596.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJorge Vicente; Carolina Montero-Calderón; Javier Ereña; Miren J. Azkoiti; Javier Bilbao; Ana G. Gayubo. 2014. "Coke deactivation of Ni and Co catalysts in ethanol steam reforming at mild temperatures in a fluidized bed reactor." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 39, no. 24: 12586-12596.
A study has been conducted on the steam reforming of ethanol on different Ni and Co catalysts synthesized on several supports (SiO2, ZnO and α-Al2O3 undoped and doped with La2O3) in a fluidized bed reactor (to ensure bed isothermicity). The results allow analysing the effect of both temperature (in the 300–700 °C range) and the type of metal and support on the reaction indices [ethanol conversion and yields and selectivities of H2 and by-products (CO2, CO, CH4 and C2H4O)]. Catalyst stability has been specifically studied by comparing the evolution with time on stream of the reaction indices at 500 °C (minimum CO production) and at 700 °C (insignificant deactivation by coke). A slightly higher H2 yield is obtained on Co catalysts than on Ni ones in the 500–600 °C range. Nevertheless, the highest H2 yield at 700 °C is obtained with a highly stable performance on Ni catalysts over α-Al2O3 support.
Ana G. Gayubo; Jorge Vicente; Javier Ereña; Carolina Montero; Martin Olazar; Javier Bilbao. Comparison of Ni and Co Catalysts for Ethanol Steam Reforming in a Fluidized Bed Reactor. Catalysis Letters 2014, 144, 1134 -1143.
AMA StyleAna G. Gayubo, Jorge Vicente, Javier Ereña, Carolina Montero, Martin Olazar, Javier Bilbao. Comparison of Ni and Co Catalysts for Ethanol Steam Reforming in a Fluidized Bed Reactor. Catalysis Letters. 2014; 144 (7):1134-1143.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAna G. Gayubo; Jorge Vicente; Javier Ereña; Carolina Montero; Martin Olazar; Javier Bilbao. 2014. "Comparison of Ni and Co Catalysts for Ethanol Steam Reforming in a Fluidized Bed Reactor." Catalysis Letters 144, no. 7: 1134-1143.