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Luca Petrigna
Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90144 Palermo, Italy

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Review
Published: 16 August 2021 in International Journal of Molecular Sciences
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(1) Background: One mechanism through which physical activity (PA) provides benefits is by triggering activity at a molecular level, where neurotrophins (NTs) are known to play an important role. However, the expression of the circulating levels of neurotrophic factors, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-4 (NT-4/5), in response to exercise, is not fully understood. Therefore, the aim was to provide an updated overview on the neurotrophin (NT) variation levels of BDNF and NT-4/5 as a consequence of a long-term aerobic exercise intervention, and to understand and describe whether the upregulation of circulating NT levels is a result of neurotrophic factors produced and released from the brain, and/or from neurotrophic secreting peripheral organs. (2) Methods: The articles were collected from PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, MEDLINE, and Embase. Data were analyzed through a narrative synthesis. (3) Results: 30 articles studied humans who performed training protocols that ranged from 4 to 48 weeks; 22 articles studied rodents with an intervention period that ranged from 4 to 64 weeks. (4) Conclusions: There is no unanimity between the upregulation of BDNF in humans; conversely, concerning both BDNF and NT-4/5 in animal models, the results are heterogeneous. Whilst BDNF upregulation appears to be in relative agreement, NT-4/5 seems to display contradictory and inconsistent conclusions.

ACS Style

Daniel Ribeiro; Luca Petrigna; Frederico C. Pereira; Antonella Muscella; Antonino Bianco; Paula Tavares. The Impact of Physical Exercise on the Circulating Levels of BDNF and NT 4/5: A Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2021, 22, 8814 .

AMA Style

Daniel Ribeiro, Luca Petrigna, Frederico C. Pereira, Antonella Muscella, Antonino Bianco, Paula Tavares. The Impact of Physical Exercise on the Circulating Levels of BDNF and NT 4/5: A Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22 (16):8814.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daniel Ribeiro; Luca Petrigna; Frederico C. Pereira; Antonella Muscella; Antonino Bianco; Paula Tavares. 2021. "The Impact of Physical Exercise on the Circulating Levels of BDNF and NT 4/5: A Review." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 16: 8814.

Journal article
Published: 11 May 2021 in BMC Neuroscience
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Background The Grooved Pegboard Test (GPT) is widely adopted to evaluate manual dexterity, it presents normative data but the test is influenced by different factors. The influence of time spent on smartphones has not been considered before, for this reason, the objective of this study was to evaluate if smartphone use influences the time to complete the GPT. A total of 38 (21 women; 17 men) young adults 20.7 (1.5) years participated in the study. The time spent on the smartphones during the last seven days was recorded through the device itself and the GPT performance was measured. A correlation analysis between the time spent on the smartphone and GPT was performed while the t-test was adopted to evaluate gender differences. Results No statistically significant differences were detected between men and women in the time to complete the GPT (p = 0.20) and in the time spent on the smartphone (p = 0.87). The GPT and the time spent using the smartphone were not correlated (r = 0.044, p = 0.78). Conclusion The time spent on the smartphone by young adults does not influence the time to complete the GPT, indicating that smartphone use does not influence measures of manual dexterity.

ACS Style

Luca Petrigna; Milda Treigienė; Ewan Thomas; Diba Mani; Simona Pajaujiene; Patrik Drid; Gioacchino Lavanco; Antonio Palma; Antonino Bianco. Time spent on the smartphone does not relate to manual dexterity in young adults. BMC Neuroscience 2021, 22, 1 -5.

AMA Style

Luca Petrigna, Milda Treigienė, Ewan Thomas, Diba Mani, Simona Pajaujiene, Patrik Drid, Gioacchino Lavanco, Antonio Palma, Antonino Bianco. Time spent on the smartphone does not relate to manual dexterity in young adults. BMC Neuroscience. 2021; 22 (1):1-5.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luca Petrigna; Milda Treigienė; Ewan Thomas; Diba Mani; Simona Pajaujiene; Patrik Drid; Gioacchino Lavanco; Antonio Palma; Antonino Bianco. 2021. "Time spent on the smartphone does not relate to manual dexterity in young adults." BMC Neuroscience 22, no. 1: 1-5.

Journal article
Published: 11 March 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Background: The relationship between mothers and their children’s lifestyle is still unclear, especially in disadvantaged areas. Consequently, the study aims to identify a path explaining the extent to which maternal eating habits and physical activity (PA) level predict food-related aspects, PA practice and Quotient of Gross Motor Development (QGMD) in preschoolers from disadvantaged urban areas. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 79 dyads of mothers and children were recruited from kindergartens. Information related to family socio-demographic aspects, mothers’ and children’s dietary intake frequencies and PA/sedentariness, mothers’ weight and height, mothers’ perception on children’s food intake, and children’s food literacy (FL) was collected with a questionnaire and the Food Literacy Assessment Tool (preschool-FLAT), while gross-motor skills were measured with the Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD); weight and height of children were directly collected. Results: Associations were found between mothers’ and children’s food habits; mothers’ and children’s fruit/vegetables consumption, and intake of the other items; mothers’ education or PA level and children’s FL; mothers’ PA or sedentariness and children’s QGMD; mothers’ BMI and food habits and children’s BMI; education and food habits. Conclusions: These findings can be useful to plan effective interventions targeted both to preschoolers and their mothers of disadvantaged urban areas for promoting healthy lifestyles, which have become increasingly difficult to achieve during COVID-19 pandemic.

ACS Style

Garden Tabacchi; Luca Petrigna; Giuseppe Battaglia; Giovanni Navarra; Antonio Palma; Marianna Bellafiore. An Interaction Path of Mothers’ and Preschoolers’ Food- and Physical Activity-Related Aspects in Disadvantaged Sicilian Urban Areas. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 2875 .

AMA Style

Garden Tabacchi, Luca Petrigna, Giuseppe Battaglia, Giovanni Navarra, Antonio Palma, Marianna Bellafiore. An Interaction Path of Mothers’ and Preschoolers’ Food- and Physical Activity-Related Aspects in Disadvantaged Sicilian Urban Areas. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (6):2875.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Garden Tabacchi; Luca Petrigna; Giuseppe Battaglia; Giovanni Navarra; Antonio Palma; Marianna Bellafiore. 2021. "An Interaction Path of Mothers’ and Preschoolers’ Food- and Physical Activity-Related Aspects in Disadvantaged Sicilian Urban Areas." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6: 2875.

Review
Published: 08 March 2021 in Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
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Stretching is commonly used to increase range of motion and flexibility. Therefore, investigations are usually oriented towards the muscle-tendon unit. Limited evidence exists regarding potential effects of stretching on peripheral nerves which lie within muscles. The objective of this investigation will be to elucidate the responses of peripheral nerves to stretching. A literature search was performed using the following databases: Scopus, NLM Pubmed and ScienceDirect. Studies regarding the effects of stretching protocols on responses of peripheral nerves were retrieved for investigation. The NHLBI tool was used for quality assessment. Outcomes included nerve stiffness, nerve displacement, pain pressure thresholds and resistive torque. A total of 10 studies were considered eligible and were included in this investigation. The quality assessment of the studies revealed an overall “fair to good” methodological quality across the included studies. All studies except for one involved healthy participants. High heterogeneity of stretching protocols was retrieved. As a consequence of stretching, nerve stiffness (-15.6%) and pain pressure thresholds (-1.9kg) decreased. Nerve displacements on each movement plane for all the considered nerves and nerve deformation were also frequently observed. Peripheral nerve responses to muscle stretching include decreased nerve stiffness and decreased pain pressure thresholds. Nerve displacement also frequently occurs. It is still unclear if reduced nerve displacement may lead to clinical outcomes. There is a lack of longitudinal studies regarding peripheral nerve adaptations to stretching.

ACS Style

Ewan Thomas; Marianna Bellafiore; Luca Petrigna; Antonio Paoli; Antonio Palma; Antonino Bianco. Peripheral Nerve Responses to Muscle Stretching: A Systematic Review. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 2021, 20, 258 -267.

AMA Style

Ewan Thomas, Marianna Bellafiore, Luca Petrigna, Antonio Paoli, Antonio Palma, Antonino Bianco. Peripheral Nerve Responses to Muscle Stretching: A Systematic Review. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. 2021; 20 (2):258-267.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ewan Thomas; Marianna Bellafiore; Luca Petrigna; Antonio Paoli; Antonio Palma; Antonino Bianco. 2021. "Peripheral Nerve Responses to Muscle Stretching: A Systematic Review." Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 20, no. 2: 258-267.

Review
Published: 01 February 2021 in Journal of Aging and Physical Activity
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Dual-task (DT) consists of the performance of two tasks simultaneously. An index of DT difficulty has been linked to decreased postural control. Because a wide range of DT is employed, this study aimed to evaluate its effects in static balance in older adults. PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were screened, and the secondary tasks were grouped as manual, reaction time, discrimination and decision making, mental tracking, verbal fluency, working memory, or “other” tasks. A total of 66 studies have been included. The meta-analysis was conducted on 28 effects and showed a significant mean effect size of d = 0.24 (p = .02, SE = 0.10; confidence interval [0.04, 0.44]), indicating a worsening in stability during DT. In conclusion, postural control was worsened by the Stroop test and the arithmetic tasks improved it. The results do not underpin any conclusive statement on the impact of DT, and a standard operating procedure was created.

ACS Style

Luca Petrigna; Ambra Gentile; Diba Mani; Simona Pajaujiene; Tobia Zanotto; Ewan Thomas; Antonio Paoli; Antonio Palma; Antonino Bianco. Dual-Task Conditions on Static Postural Control in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 2021, 29, 162 -177.

AMA Style

Luca Petrigna, Ambra Gentile, Diba Mani, Simona Pajaujiene, Tobia Zanotto, Ewan Thomas, Antonio Paoli, Antonio Palma, Antonino Bianco. Dual-Task Conditions on Static Postural Control in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity. 2021; 29 (1):162-177.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luca Petrigna; Ambra Gentile; Diba Mani; Simona Pajaujiene; Tobia Zanotto; Ewan Thomas; Antonio Paoli; Antonio Palma; Antonino Bianco. 2021. "Dual-Task Conditions on Static Postural Control in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 29, no. 1: 162-177.

Journal article
Published: 12 August 2020 in Heliyon
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Background Manual dexterity is an important aspect in everyday life, which is widely studied through the Grooved Pegboard Test (GPT). Since Dual-Tasks (DT) activities are widely investigated and important to simulate everyday life situations, the objectives of the present pilot study were the evaluation of the effect of a cognitive task and a motor task during the performance of the GPT and the feasibility of the GPT in a DT contest. A secondary objective was to evaluate the training effect of the GPT. Methods A total of 31 young adults (20 man and 11 woman, age (SD): 27.7 (2.5)) performed the GPT eight times to understand the presence of a training effect before performing the GPT in DT. The additional tasks were a secondary cognitive task and a secondary motor task. Results All participants were able to complete the required conditions. The GPT performed in motor DT were significantly slower than those performed singularly (p < 0.01). The GPT performed with the cognitive task was slower than the secondary motor task (p < 0.05). A training effect was present up to the 4th consecutive trial. Conclusions The GPT can be executed with a cognitive or motor task to increase the difficulty of the trial to better evaluate manual dexterity and cognitive capacities.

ACS Style

Luca Petrigna; Simona Pajaujiene; Gaetano Marco Iacona; Ewan Thomas; Antonio Paoli; Antonino Bianco; Antonio Palma. The execution of the Grooved Pegboard test in a Dual-Task situation: A pilot study. Heliyon 2020, 6, e04678 .

AMA Style

Luca Petrigna, Simona Pajaujiene, Gaetano Marco Iacona, Ewan Thomas, Antonio Paoli, Antonino Bianco, Antonio Palma. The execution of the Grooved Pegboard test in a Dual-Task situation: A pilot study. Heliyon. 2020; 6 (8):e04678.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luca Petrigna; Simona Pajaujiene; Gaetano Marco Iacona; Ewan Thomas; Antonio Paoli; Antonino Bianco; Antonio Palma. 2020. "The execution of the Grooved Pegboard test in a Dual-Task situation: A pilot study." Heliyon 6, no. 8: e04678.

Review
Published: 18 July 2020 in Heliyon
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Background Goalball is a Paralympic sport for visually impaired athletes. Although it is widely practiced, a great variety of tests are adopted to evaluate athletes' physical fitness. Therefore, the objective was to identify the physical fitness tests adopted in this sport to find the common aspects between them and, eventually, to propose a standard operating procedure. Methods The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines were adopted. The studies were extracted from PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. A selection process by title, abstract, and full-text, according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, was performed. The results were discussed with narrative synthesis. Results A total of 7 papers and 222 participants were included. A wide variety of tests were adopted and the Brockport Physical Fitness Test (BPFT) was the only battery included to evaluate general athletes' well-being. Conclusions Although few literature exists on Goalball, the BPFT could be the battery for evaluating Goalball athletes though the test battery should be standardized to the characteristics of this sport.

ACS Style

Luca Petrigna; Valerio Giustino; Daniele Zangla; Samantha Aurea; Romilda Palma; Antonio Palma; Giuseppe Battaglia. Physical fitness assessment in Goalball: A scoping review of the literature. Heliyon 2020, 6, e04407 .

AMA Style

Luca Petrigna, Valerio Giustino, Daniele Zangla, Samantha Aurea, Romilda Palma, Antonio Palma, Giuseppe Battaglia. Physical fitness assessment in Goalball: A scoping review of the literature. Heliyon. 2020; 6 (7):e04407.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luca Petrigna; Valerio Giustino; Daniele Zangla; Samantha Aurea; Romilda Palma; Antonio Palma; Giuseppe Battaglia. 2020. "Physical fitness assessment in Goalball: A scoping review of the literature." Heliyon 6, no. 7: e04407.

Journal article
Published: 27 June 2020 in Science & Sports
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Postural stability is showed to decline with age and to be particularly challenging for older people during multitasking activities. However, the effect of different levels of physical fitness on postural stability performances during multitasking remains unclear. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the impact of dual-task (DT) and triple-task (TT) performances on postural stability among older adults with a different level of physical fitness (i.e., master cyclists and physically active), and to compare them with healthy untrained older and young adults. Seven master cyclists (mean age 70 ± 3 years), 7 physically active older adults (mean age 73 ± 1 year) 10 untrained older adults (mean age 73 ± 3 years) and 10 untrained young adults (mean age 25 ± 2 years) participated in the study. Data were recorded during: 1) a quiet upright stance task (single-task) and while performing an additional (dual-task), 2) manual, 3) cognitive task or 4) manual and cognitive task concurrently (triple-task). Area and Perimeter described by the center of pressure and mean velocity in anterior-posterior and medio-lateral directions were analyzed. Generally, a decrease in postural stability variables (area, perimeter, mean velocity in anterior-posterior and medio-lateral directions) was observed during dual and triple-task in all groups (all P values < 0.05). A general worse postural stability was observed in untrained older adults compared to young adults in manual and cognitive DT. Moreover, untrained older group showed worse values in area, perimeter, mean velocity in anterior-posterior and medio-lateral directions related to untrained young group (percentage differences: 243.3, 76.4, 107.7 and 51.1% respectively, all P values < 0.05) during triple-task performance. Additionally, the results showed a trend toward better postural stability of master cyclists and physically active older adults compared to untrained older adults in single-rather than in dual- and triple-task performance. The results underlined that to be a cyclist or to be physically active during aging are beneficial to maintain postural stability during multitasking activity and consequently to decrease the risk of falling observed in aging. Il a été montré que la stabilité posturale diminue avec l’âge et constitue un défi particulier pour les personnes âgées lors d’activités multitâches en raison d’une demande importante du système nerveux central et des ressources cognitives. Cependant, l’effet de différents niveaux d’aptitude physique sur la stabilité posturale lors de performances multitâches reste inconnu. Le but de cette étude transversale était d’évaluer l’impact des performances à double et à triple tâche sur la stabilité posturale chez les personnes âgées avec différents niveaux de condition physique (c’est-à-dire des cyclistes séniors et des personnes physiquement actives), et de les comparer à des personnes âgées physiquement inactives et de jeunes adultes. Sept cyclistes séniors (âge moyen : 70 ± 3 ans), 7 adultes plus âgés physiquement actifs (âge moyen : 73 ± 1 an), 10 adultes plus âgés physiquement inactifs (âge moyen : 73 ± 3 ans) et 10 jeunes adultes physiquement inactifs (âge moyen : 25 ± 2 ans) ont participé à l’étude. Les données ont été enregistrées lorsque : 1) le sujet se tient debout (tâche simple), 2) debout, il réalise une tâche manuelle qui est la prise d’un verre (double tâche), 3) debout, il réalise une tâche cognitive qui est celle d’un comptage, 4) debout, il réalise une tâche cognitive et manuelle (triple tâche). La zone et le périmètre décrits par le centre de pression et la vitesse moyenne dans les plans antéro-postérieurs et médio-latéraux ont été analysés. De manière générale, une diminution des variables de stabilité posturale (zone, périmètre, vitesse moyenne dans les plans antéro-postérieurs et médio-latéraux) a été observée lors de l’exécution de double et de triple tâche dans tous les groupes (toutes les valeurs de p < 0,05). De plus, un contrôle postural mineur a été observé chez les adultes âgés physiquement inactifs par rapport aux jeunes adultes physiquement inactifs tout en effectuant une tâche manuelle et cognitive supplémentaire. De surcroît, le groupe des personnes âgées physiquement inactives a montré des résultats moins performants pour ce qui est de la zone, du périmètre, de la vitesse moyenne dans les plans antéro-postérieurs et médio-latéraux par rapport au groupe de jeunes physiquement inactifs (différences en pourcentage : 243,3, 76,4, 107,7 et 51,1 %, toutes valeurs p < 0,05) au cours de l’exécution de la triple tâche. En outre, les résultats ont montré une tendance à une meilleure stabilité posturale chez les cyclistes séniors et les adultes plus âgés physiquement actifs par rapport aux adultes plus âgés physiquement inactifs, pour les tâches simples ainsi que lors des performances à double et triple tâche. Les résultats ont souligné que la pratique de sports et d’activités physiques au cours du vieillissement peut être bénéfique pour...

ACS Style

P.R. Brustio; A. Rainoldi; Luca Petrigna; E. Rabaglietti; L. Pizzigalli. Postural stability during dual- and triple-task conditions: The effect of different levels of physical fitness in older adults. Science & Sports 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

P.R. Brustio, A. Rainoldi, Luca Petrigna, E. Rabaglietti, L. Pizzigalli. Postural stability during dual- and triple-task conditions: The effect of different levels of physical fitness in older adults. Science & Sports. 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

P.R. Brustio; A. Rainoldi; Luca Petrigna; E. Rabaglietti; L. Pizzigalli. 2020. "Postural stability during dual- and triple-task conditions: The effect of different levels of physical fitness in older adults." Science & Sports , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 17 June 2020 in European Journal of Translational Myology
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The standing broad jump (SBJ) is a valid, reliable and feasible field-based test, which can evaluate explosive strength of the lower limbs and physical fitness. This study aimed to provide normative data for the SBJ for male and female children and adolescents and describe differences in performance between age groups and genders. A total number of 2140 children and adolescents, sampled in seven European nations have been included for analysis. The SBJ was performed to derive percentile values for gender and each age group. In general, males have greater jumping performance compared to females. Data demonstrate a linear increase in the jumping distance for both males and females until adolescence. However, such increase is evident in males up to 16-17 years old, whereas in females a plateau value is met at 12-13 years old, with a subsequent decrease in the jumping performance. No differences were present in jumping performance between male and female children, however differences between male and female adolescents were evinced. The study has provided percentile values useful to monitor the physical fitness status of children and adolescents.

ACS Style

Ewan Thomas; Luca Petrigna; Garden Tabacchi; Eduardo Teixeira; Simona Pajaujiene; David J Sturm; Fatma Nese Sahin; Manuel Gómez-López; Jelena Pausic; Antonio Paoli; Marianna Alesi; Antonino Bianco. Percentile values of the standing broad jump in children and adolescence aged 6-18 years old. European Journal of Translational Myology 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Ewan Thomas, Luca Petrigna, Garden Tabacchi, Eduardo Teixeira, Simona Pajaujiene, David J Sturm, Fatma Nese Sahin, Manuel Gómez-López, Jelena Pausic, Antonio Paoli, Marianna Alesi, Antonino Bianco. Percentile values of the standing broad jump in children and adolescence aged 6-18 years old. European Journal of Translational Myology. 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ewan Thomas; Luca Petrigna; Garden Tabacchi; Eduardo Teixeira; Simona Pajaujiene; David J Sturm; Fatma Nese Sahin; Manuel Gómez-López; Jelena Pausic; Antonio Paoli; Marianna Alesi; Antonino Bianco. 2020. "Percentile values of the standing broad jump in children and adolescence aged 6-18 years old." European Journal of Translational Myology , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 17 June 2020
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The standing broad jump (SBJ) is a valid, reliable and feasible field-based test, which can evaluate explosive strength of the lower limbs and physical fitness. This study aimed to provide normative data for the SBJ for male and female children and adolescents and describe differences in performance between age groups and genders. A total number of 2140 children and adolescents, sampled in seven European nations have been included for analysis. The SBJ was performed to derive percentile values for gender and each age group. In general, males have greater jumping performance compared to females. Data demonstrate a linear increase in the jumping distance for both males and females until adolescence. However, such increase is evident in males up to 16-17 years old, whereas in females a plateau value is met at 12-13 years old, with a subsequent decrease in the jumping performance. No differences were present in jumping performance between male and female children, however differences between male and female adolescents were evinced. The study has provided percentile values useful to monitor the physical fitness status of children and adolescents.

ACS Style

Ewan Thomas; Luca Petrigna; Garden Tabacchi; Eduardo Teixeira; Simona Pajaujiene; David J. Sturm; Fatma Nese Sahin; Manuel Gómez-López; Jelena Pausic; Antonio Paoli; Marianna Alesi; Antonino Bianco. Percentile values of the standing broad jump in children and adolescents aged 6-18 years old. 2020, 30, 9050 .

AMA Style

Ewan Thomas, Luca Petrigna, Garden Tabacchi, Eduardo Teixeira, Simona Pajaujiene, David J. Sturm, Fatma Nese Sahin, Manuel Gómez-López, Jelena Pausic, Antonio Paoli, Marianna Alesi, Antonino Bianco. Percentile values of the standing broad jump in children and adolescents aged 6-18 years old. . 2020; 30 (2):9050.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ewan Thomas; Luca Petrigna; Garden Tabacchi; Eduardo Teixeira; Simona Pajaujiene; David J. Sturm; Fatma Nese Sahin; Manuel Gómez-López; Jelena Pausic; Antonio Paoli; Marianna Alesi; Antonino Bianco. 2020. "Percentile values of the standing broad jump in children and adolescents aged 6-18 years old." 30, no. 2: 9050.

Review
Published: 15 December 2019 in Sustainability
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High levels of physical fitness (PF) can positively affect both health and cognitive function, thus monitoring its levels in youth can help increase health and quality of life in adult populations later on. This systematic review aims to identify PF field-based tests used in young European populations practicing sport to find tools that are adequate for the considered target involving a new battery within the Enriched Sport Activities (ESA) project. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement was followed. In the 83 identified articles, the main tests used were: vertical/horizontal jumps (for muscular strength/power); push-ups, running at maximum effort, sit-ups (for muscular strength/endurance); multistage non-intermittent and intermittent tests (for aerobic endurance); sit and reach (for flexibility); sprinting and agility T-tests (for speed and agility, respectively); 10 × 5 m shuttle run (SR) (for both speed and agility). Few studies assessed coordination, reaction time, power, and balance. Although the selected tests are widely used and validated, they do not determine all PF aspects and do not reflect sport-specific features. A final decision was made for the inclusion of the following tests: standing broad jump, seated medicine ball throw, 20 m SR test, 30 m sprint, Illinois test, and a new test, i.e., the crunning test, to assess different skill-related components at once. The use of this combination of tests allows for the assessment of all PF components and can help planning effective training programs and cultivate sporting talent.

ACS Style

Garden Tabacchi; Guillermo F. Lopez Sanchez; Fatma Nese Sahin; Meltem Kizilyalli; Rosario Genchi; Michele Basile; Musa Kirkar; Carlos Silva; Nuno Loureiro; Eduardo Teixeira; Yolanda Demetriou; David Joseph Sturm; Simona Pajaujene; Ilona J. Zuoziene; Manuel Gómez-López; Ante Rada; Jelena Pausic; Nemanja Lakicevic; Luca Petrigna; Kaltrina Feka; Ana Ribeiro; Marianna Alesi; Antonino Bianco. Field-Based Tests for the Assessment of Physical Fitness in Children and Adolescents Practicing Sport: A Systematic Review within the ESA Program. Sustainability 2019, 11, 7187 .

AMA Style

Garden Tabacchi, Guillermo F. Lopez Sanchez, Fatma Nese Sahin, Meltem Kizilyalli, Rosario Genchi, Michele Basile, Musa Kirkar, Carlos Silva, Nuno Loureiro, Eduardo Teixeira, Yolanda Demetriou, David Joseph Sturm, Simona Pajaujene, Ilona J. Zuoziene, Manuel Gómez-López, Ante Rada, Jelena Pausic, Nemanja Lakicevic, Luca Petrigna, Kaltrina Feka, Ana Ribeiro, Marianna Alesi, Antonino Bianco. Field-Based Tests for the Assessment of Physical Fitness in Children and Adolescents Practicing Sport: A Systematic Review within the ESA Program. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (24):7187.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Garden Tabacchi; Guillermo F. Lopez Sanchez; Fatma Nese Sahin; Meltem Kizilyalli; Rosario Genchi; Michele Basile; Musa Kirkar; Carlos Silva; Nuno Loureiro; Eduardo Teixeira; Yolanda Demetriou; David Joseph Sturm; Simona Pajaujene; Ilona J. Zuoziene; Manuel Gómez-López; Ante Rada; Jelena Pausic; Nemanja Lakicevic; Luca Petrigna; Kaltrina Feka; Ana Ribeiro; Marianna Alesi; Antonino Bianco. 2019. "Field-Based Tests for the Assessment of Physical Fitness in Children and Adolescents Practicing Sport: A Systematic Review within the ESA Program." Sustainability 11, no. 24: 7187.

Review
Published: 07 November 2019 in Frontiers in Physiology
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Background: In the context of a public health physical fitness (PF) examination in adolescence, a countermovement jump (CMJ) and a squat jump (SJ) are two vertical jump (VJ) tests widely used to evaluate lower limb muscle strength and power, respectively. The main criticism of both the CMJ and SJ test is the lack of test standardization. Therefore, the objectives of this review are: (a) to gather information about both jumps; (b) to investigate whether it is possible to identify common procedures referred to in the CMJ and SJ technical execution, and (c) to design standard operating procedures (SOPs) to promote CMJ and SJ standardization in an adolescent population aged 12–18 years. Methods: The review partially adopted the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Statement (PRISMA). Due to growing attention in monitoring physical health through field tests in recent years, articles were collected using the PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases from January 2009 to July 2019. Original articles in which CMJ or SJ were used to assess the muscular strength in adolescents were eligible for further analysis. Articles written in English was imposed as a limit. Results: A total of 117 studies met the inclusion criteria. The description of the CMJ and SJ test procedures was different within the literature, with discrepancies in the jump technique, number of jumps, and measurement devices used. Conclusions: A lack of method standardization for both the CMJ and the SJ test was identified. Based on the literature, SOPs for both VJs were proposed. These are useful in the context of public health PF examination in adolescents, as they facilitate an unbiased comparison of jump performance data between published studies.

ACS Style

Luca Petrigna; Bettina Karsten; Giuseppe Marcolin; Antonio Paoli; Giuseppe D’Antona; Antonio Palma; Antonino Bianco. A Review of Countermovement and Squat Jump Testing Methods in the Context of Public Health Examination in Adolescence: Reliability and Feasibility of Current Testing Procedures. Frontiers in Physiology 2019, 10, 1384 .

AMA Style

Luca Petrigna, Bettina Karsten, Giuseppe Marcolin, Antonio Paoli, Giuseppe D’Antona, Antonio Palma, Antonino Bianco. A Review of Countermovement and Squat Jump Testing Methods in the Context of Public Health Examination in Adolescence: Reliability and Feasibility of Current Testing Procedures. Frontiers in Physiology. 2019; 10 ():1384.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luca Petrigna; Bettina Karsten; Giuseppe Marcolin; Antonio Paoli; Giuseppe D’Antona; Antonio Palma; Antonino Bianco. 2019. "A Review of Countermovement and Squat Jump Testing Methods in the Context of Public Health Examination in Adolescence: Reliability and Feasibility of Current Testing Procedures." Frontiers in Physiology 10, no. : 1384.

Review
Published: 27 July 2019 in Systematic Reviews
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In postural stability evaluation, the dual-task concept is often adopted in order to create a more challenging situation. The dual-task consists of performing simultaneously two tasks, a primary static or dynamic motor task and an additional secondary cognitive task. Usually, a multitask condition leads to a reduction in the postural control performance, especially in older adults. Considering the wide spectrum of secondary task conditions existing in scientific literature, the present manuscript aims to write a peer-reviewed protocol that will be used in a systematic review and meta-analysis performed to identify the effects of different secondary tasks conditions in a population of older adults during static postural stability. The study will follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement and for this manuscript, the PRISMA Protocol. PICOS criteria (population, intervention, comparison, outcomes, study design) will be also followed. The population examined will be healthy older adults over 60 years of age and all quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods study design will be included. Original articles will be also included if written in English, while no restriction criteria will be applied to the country of origin. Instead, reviews, meta-analysis, abstracts, citations, scientific conferences, opinion pieces, books, books reviews, statements, letters, editorials, non-peer reviewed journals articles, and commentaries will be excluded. The research of literature will be performed using PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus with words related to the topic. From each included study, information previously agreed will be extracted and inserted into a spreadsheet and a narrative synthesis containing summary tables and graphs will describe the articles taken in examination. Furthermore, a meta-analysis will be performed to establish which DT condition has a greater effect following the Hedges and Olkin approach, extension of Glass’ method and Cohen’s d will be calculated. The present manuscript wants to provide the protocol that will be used in the systematic review and meta-analysis with the intent to inform the researchers and professionals about the dual-task condition effects. Such will lead future investigations in using the most appropriate dual-task condition. PROSPERO CRD42018116597.

ACS Style

Luca Petrigna; Ewan Thomas; Ambra Gentile; Antonio Paoli; Simona Pajaujiene; Antonio Palma; Antonino Bianco. The evaluation of dual-task conditions on static postural control in the older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol. Systematic Reviews 2019, 8, 1 -6.

AMA Style

Luca Petrigna, Ewan Thomas, Ambra Gentile, Antonio Paoli, Simona Pajaujiene, Antonio Palma, Antonino Bianco. The evaluation of dual-task conditions on static postural control in the older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol. Systematic Reviews. 2019; 8 (1):1-6.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luca Petrigna; Ewan Thomas; Ambra Gentile; Antonio Paoli; Simona Pajaujiene; Antonio Palma; Antonino Bianco. 2019. "The evaluation of dual-task conditions on static postural control in the older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol." Systematic Reviews 8, no. 1: 1-6.

Journal article
Published: 05 March 2019 in Italian Journal of Pediatrics
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The observed increase in body weight and cardiometabolic risk (CR) in youth from developed countries contributes to the global burden of chronic diseases in adult age. The aim of this work is to provide a patterning of the associations between different factors and the weight status and CR of the subjects involved in the Italian ministerial ASSO project. This study involved 919 students from high schools in Palermo. Weight, height and waist circumference were collected by trained teachers; weight status was estimated by the BMI cut-offs for adolescents and CR through the waist-to-height ratio. Questionnaires were administered through the web-based ASSO-NutFit software. Chi-square test investigated the variables significantly associated with the outcomes, which were then included in a Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA), to explore their dimensional relationship to weight status and CR. Poisson regressions were conducted separately for the two outcomes, reporting raw and adjusted prevalence ratios (PRs) and Bootstrap Method was used to determine confidence intervals (CIs), to assessing the degree of effect of the explanatory variables over the outcomes. Two main dimensions were evidenced, with the overweight/obese group and the group at CR characterized by the following strongly associated factors: male gender, overweight/obese parents, following a slimming regime, caesarean birth, sedentariness, being under/overweight at birth, presence of metabolic risk, going to school by car/scooter, not using supplements. This study contributed to identifying those adolescents that should be prioritized in interventions aiming at reducing overweight/obesity and CR in this age group.

ACS Style

Antonino Bianco; Anna Rita Filippi; João Breda; Vincenza Leonardi; Antonio Paoli; Luca Petrigna; Antonio Palma; Garden Tabacchi. Combined effect of different factors on weight status and cardiometabolic risk in Italian adolescents. Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2019, 45, 32 .

AMA Style

Antonino Bianco, Anna Rita Filippi, João Breda, Vincenza Leonardi, Antonio Paoli, Luca Petrigna, Antonio Palma, Garden Tabacchi. Combined effect of different factors on weight status and cardiometabolic risk in Italian adolescents. Italian Journal of Pediatrics. 2019; 45 (1):32.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Antonino Bianco; Anna Rita Filippi; João Breda; Vincenza Leonardi; Antonio Paoli; Luca Petrigna; Antonio Palma; Garden Tabacchi. 2019. "Combined effect of different factors on weight status and cardiometabolic risk in Italian adolescents." Italian Journal of Pediatrics 45, no. 1: 32.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2019 in Journal of Neurophysiology
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Goal-directed movements that involve greater motor variability are performed with an increased risk that the intended goal will not be achieved. The ability to estimate motor variability during such actions varies across individuals and influences how people decide to move about their environment. The purpose of our study was to identify the decision-making strategies used by middle-aged and older adults when performing two goal-directed motor tasks and to determine if these strategies were associated with the time to complete the grooved pegboard test. Twenty-one middle-aged (48 ± 6 yr; range 40–59 yr, 15 women) and 20 older adults (73 ± 4 yr; range 65–79 yr, 8 women) performed two targeted tasks, each with two normalized target options. Decision-making characteristics were not associated with time to complete the test of manual dexterity when the analysis included all participants, but slower pegboard times were associated with measures of greater movement variability during the target-directed actions. When the data were clustered on the basis of pegboard time rather than age, relatively longer times for the faster group were associated with greater motor variability during the prescribed tasks, whereas longer times for the slower group were associated with increased risk-seeking behavior (α) and greater variability in the targeted actions.

ACS Style

Landon Douglas Hamilton; Melissa Rose Mazzo; Luca Petrigna; Alaa A. Ahmed; Roger M. Enoka. Poor estimates of motor variability are associated with longer grooved pegboard times for middle-aged and older adults. Journal of Neurophysiology 2019, 121, 588 -601.

AMA Style

Landon Douglas Hamilton, Melissa Rose Mazzo, Luca Petrigna, Alaa A. Ahmed, Roger M. Enoka. Poor estimates of motor variability are associated with longer grooved pegboard times for middle-aged and older adults. Journal of Neurophysiology. 2019; 121 (2):588-601.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Landon Douglas Hamilton; Melissa Rose Mazzo; Luca Petrigna; Alaa A. Ahmed; Roger M. Enoka. 2019. "Poor estimates of motor variability are associated with longer grooved pegboard times for middle-aged and older adults." Journal of Neurophysiology 121, no. 2: 588-601.

Science in elite cycling
Published: 17 August 2016 in Journal of Sports Sciences
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Critical Power (CP) and W’ are often determined using multi-day testing protocols. To investigate this cumbersome testing method, the purpose of this study was to compare the differences between the conventional use of a 24-h inter-trial recovery time with those of 3 h and 30 min for the determination of CP and W’. Methods: 9 moderately trained cyclists performed an incremental test to exhaustion to establish the power output associated with the maximum oxygen uptake (pmax), and 3 protocols requiring time-to-exhaustion trials at a constant work-rate performed at 80%, 100% and 105% of pmax. Design: Protocol A utilised 24-h inter-trial recovery (CP24/W’24), protocol B utilised 3-h inter-trial recovery (CP3/W’3), and protocol C used 30-min inter-trial recovery period (CP0.5/W’0.5). CP and W’ were calculated using the inverse time (1/t) versus power (P) relation (P = W’(1/t) + CP). Results: 95% Limits of Agreement between protocol A and B were −9 to 15 W; −7.4 to 7.8 kJ (CP/W’) and between protocol A and protocol C they were −27 to 22 W; −7.2 to 15.1 kJ (CP/W’). Compared to criterion protocol A, the average prediction error of protocol B was 2.5% (CP) and 25.6% (W’), whilst for protocol C it was 3.7% (CP) and 32.9% (W’). Conclusion: 3-h and 30-min inter-trial recovery time protocols provide valid methods of determining CP but not W’ in cycling.

ACS Style

Bettina Karsten; James Hopker; Simon Jobson; Jonathan Baker; Luca Petrigna; Andreas Klose; Chris Beedie. Comparison of inter-trial recovery times for the determination of critical power and W’ in cycling. Journal of Sports Sciences 2016, 35, 1420 -1425.

AMA Style

Bettina Karsten, James Hopker, Simon Jobson, Jonathan Baker, Luca Petrigna, Andreas Klose, Chris Beedie. Comparison of inter-trial recovery times for the determination of critical power and W’ in cycling. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2016; 35 (14):1420-1425.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bettina Karsten; James Hopker; Simon Jobson; Jonathan Baker; Luca Petrigna; Andreas Klose; Chris Beedie. 2016. "Comparison of inter-trial recovery times for the determination of critical power and W’ in cycling." Journal of Sports Sciences 35, no. 14: 1420-1425.