A new load frequency control (LFC) technique for a multiarea steam-hydropower system (MASHPS) with parameter uncertainty is proposed in this research. A second-order sliding mode control (SMC) via double integrated sliding surface is meant to improve MASHPS frequency regulation, tie-line power management, and dependability. This strategy not only increases asymptotic stability and dependability of MASHPS, but it also reduces the chattering problem that is inherent in first-order SMC. Furthermore, the new linear matrix inequality based on Lyapunov stability is used to analyze the entire MASHPS stabilization. For the LFC research, the efficient achievement of the proposed technique is investigated in a two-area steam-hydropower system. Under parameter uncertainties and various assumed load disturbances from households, commercial buildings, and industries, the proposed second-order SMC via double integral sliding surface proves to be highly robust and improves the MASHPS response in terms of frequency regulation, tie-line power management, and system reliability when compared to other existing proposed methods with less uncertainty consideration. Overall, the results indicate that the novel approach is feasible for MASHPS LFC and power system reliability.

In this research, we proposed and investigated the physical layer system called the full-duplex (FD) power beacon-assisted (PB) energy harvesting (EH) relaying cooperative network. The system model has one PB node, one destination (D), one source (S), and one relay (R) node. We investigated the system performance in terms of outage probability (OP) and system throughput (ST) with the power-splitting (PS) protocol in both delay-tolerant (DTT) and delay-limited (DLT) transmission modes. Moreover, the optimal power splitting (PS) factor in both DDT and DLT modes is proposed and derived. Finally, the mathematical closed-form expressions of the OP and ST are derived by using the Monte Carlo simulation with the help of MATLAB software. From the results, it can be observed that the analytical values and simulation values are the same in the effect of the main system parameters.

This paper presents a highly effective method of installing both capacitors and PV systems in distribution systems for the purpose of reducing total power loss in branches. Three study cases with the installation of one capacitor, two capacitors and three capacitors were implemented and then the optimal solutions were used to install one more photovoltaic (PV) system. One PV system with 20% active power of all loads and less than active power of all loads was tested for two different conditions: (1) with geography location constraint and (2) without geography location constraint for PV system placement. The results from two systems consisting of 33 and 69 nodes were obtained by using the Stochastic Fractal Search Optimization Algorithm (SFSOA). Simulation results show that this method can determine the appropriate location and size of capacitors to reduce the total power losses more effectively than other existing methods. Furthermore, the paper also demonstrates the real impact of using both capacitors and PV systems to reduce active power loss as well as improve the voltage profile of distribution systems. This paper also finds that if it is possible to place PV systems in all nodes in distribution systems, the benefit from reducing total loss is highly significant and the investment of PV system placement is highly encouraged. As a result, it is recommended that capacitors and PV systems be used in distribution networks, and we claim that two important factors of the installed components consisting of location and size can be determined effectively by using SFSOA.