This study addresses the issues of Greenhouse Gas Emission and corporate social responsibility of firms in USA. This paper estimates various econometrics estimations varying from multivariate regression, static panel modes and dynamic panel models. Finally, to control the endogeneity problem dynamic panel model is preferred to capture the relationship of greenhouse gas emissions and corporate social responsibility. The result of the study shows a positive and significant relationship between greenhouse gas emission and corporate social responsibility. Further, it is also observed that firms with better corporate social responsibility performance can reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This is the first research that attempts to explore two-way relationships between greenhouse gas emission and corporate social responsibility by using various estimation techniques varying from multivariate, OLS to dynamic panel GMM. From a policy point of view, corporate social responsibility plays an important role in managing and reducing greenhouse gas emissions, ultimately creating a secure environment for all parties while improving business performance. Policymakers should create policies to control greenhouse gas emissions and enhance corporate social responsibility.

Environmental performance is a key aspect of business for both shareholders and stakeholders. However, it is necessary to examine whether current practices in corporate governance protect the key interests of shareholders and environmental stakeholders. This study examines how corporate governance affects a company’s sustainability and environmental performance. The study takes a novel approach by dividing businesses into three categories based on various business scenarios for environmental sustainability and evaluating the effect of corporate governance on each scenario in businesses. According to the study, corporate governance is a relative phenomenon whose effectiveness depends on assumptions about how long a company can continue operating under its current environmental conditions. Empirical results show that corporate governance is only effective in business-as-usual environmentally sustainable or highly environmentally sustainable scenarios.

Corporate philanthropy is significant because gifts are viewed as a means to enhance the image of a business organization in an era of intense competition. Taking into account the corporations listed on the Shenzhen stock exchanges, this research reveals that environmentally unfriendly enterprises have been exhibiting more altruistic behavior to counterbalance the negative image that has resulted from their massive emission of pollutants. In addition, a review of innovation, idle resources, and directors’ salaries indicated a substantial positive correlation. It is not required that a company be profitable for it to engage in philanthropy; rather, it should have an abundance of excess resources to donate. We also show that corporate philanthropy produces value for a company during a natural disaster and increases the company’s goodwill during times of humanitarian need.

This study aimed to develop and evaluate data driven models for prediction of forest yield under different climate change scenarios in the Gallies forest division of district Abbottabad, Pakistan. The Random Forest (RF) and Kernel Ridge Regression (KRR) models were developed and evaluated using yield data of two species (Blue pine and Silver fir) as an objective variable and climate data (temperature, humidity, rainfall and wind speed) as predictive variables. Prediction accuracy of both the models were assessed by means of root mean squared error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), correlation coefficient (r), relative root mean squared error (RRMSE), Legates-McCabe’s (LM), Willmott’s index (WI) and Nash-Sutcliffe (NS_E) metrics. Overall, the RF model outperformed the KRR model due to its higher accuracy in forecasting of forest yield. The study strongly recommends that RF model should be applied in other regions of the country for prediction of forest growth and yield, which may help in the management and future planning of forest productivity in Pakistan.

In developed markets, the connection between financial reporting quality (FRQ) and enhanced investment efficiency is well-documented. However, it remains uncertain whether this relationship holds true in emerging, frontier, and various other markets. This research probes into this relationship across 18,231 publicly listed firms spanning thirty six countries worldwide, encompassing various market categories. Comprehensive accounting data is gathered for publicly traded firms from 2009 to 2023, spanning 40 different industries in these markets. We used Stata and employed fixed-effects regression analysis, augmented by alternative proxies and robustness investigation, causal connections are explored. The endogeneity concerns are addressed using 2SLS regression analysis. The findings disclose a positive influence of FRQ on investment efficiency not only in developed markets but also across emerging, frontier, and other markets. Furthermore, our analysis of over- and under-investment scenarios highlights a significant relationship between FRQ and investment efficiency in both contexts. These findings expand the current body of knowledge, indicating that the relationship between FRQ and investment efficiency extends beyond developed markets to include emerging, frontier, and other markets with varied reporting standards and financial environments.

This study focused on the relationship of environment, energy used and foreign direct investment inflows on exports of selective SAARC countries including Pakistan , Bangladesh , India , Sri Lanka and Nepal from 1980-2018. The results revealed that environment has significant positive impact on exports. Energy has also positive impact on exports except Pakistan and Nepal where results showed negative relationship. The FDI inflow in India and Sri Lanka has not significant impact on exports while other three countries has significant impact on exports of those countries. Overall environment, energy used and foreign direct investment inflows have positive impact on export while controlling the impact of inflation, GDP growth, reserves and domestic credit to private sector in SAARC countries.