The accumulation of carbon dioxide (CO₂) pollutants in the atmosphere begets global warming, forcing us to face tangible catastrophes worldwide. Environmental affability, affordability, and efficient CO₂ metamorphotic capacity are critical factors for photocatalysts; metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are one of the best candidates. MOFs, as hybrid organic ligand and inorganic nodal metal with tailorable morphological texture and adaptable electronic structure, are contemporary artificial photocatalysts. The semiconducting nature and porous topology of MOFs, respectively, assists with photogenerated multi-exciton injection and adsorption of substrate proximate to void cavities, thereby converting CO₂. The vitality of the employment of MOFs in CO₂ photolytic reaction has emerged from the fact that they are not only an inherently eco-friendly weapon for pollutant extermination, but also a potential tool for alleviating foreseeable fuel crises. The excellent synergistic interaction between the central metal and organic linker allows decisive implementation for the design, integration, and application of the catalytic bundle. In this review, we presented recent MOF headway focusing on reports of the last three years, exhaustively categorized based on central metal-type, and novel discussion, from material preparation to photocatalytic, simulated performance recordings of respective as-synthesized materials. The selective CO₂ reduction capacities into syngas or formate of standalone or composite MOFs with definite photocatalytic reaction conditions was considered and compared.

Metal–organic framework (MOF)-based nanozymes represent a groundbreaking frontier in advanced microbial biosensing, offering unparalleled catalytic precision and structural tunability to mimic natural enzymes with superior stability and specificity. By engineering the structural features and forming composites, MOFs are precisely tailored to amplify nanozymatic activity, enabling the highly sensitive, rapid, and cost-effective detection of a broad spectrum of microbial pathogens critical to biomedical diagnostics and environmental monitoring. These advanced biosensors surpass traditional enzyme systems in robustness and reusability, integrating seamlessly with smart diagnostic platforms for real-time, on-site microbial identification. This review highlights cutting-edge developments in MOF nanozyme design, composite engineering, and signal transduction integration while addressing pivotal challenges such as biocompatibility, complex matrix interference, and scalable manufacturing. Looking ahead, the convergence of multifunctional MOF nanozymes with portable technologies and optimized in vivo performance will drive transformative breakthroughs in early disease detection, antimicrobial resistance surveillance, and environmental pathogen control, establishing a new paradigm in next-generation smart biosensing.

Electrochemical biosensors are critical in advancing biomedical and pharmaceutical therapies because of their adaptability and cost-effectiveness. Voltammetric and amperometric sensors are of particular interest. These sensors typically consist of a specialized tip or biorecognition element and a transducer that converts biological data into readable signals. Efficient biosensor materials are essential for addressing health emergencies, with coordination polymers (CPs) and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) showing promise. Functionalization strategies are necessary to enhance the usability of pristine MOFs, owing to issues such as low conductivity. The integration of conductive polymers with MOFs has resulted in the development of highly efficient biosensors. Both enzymatic and nonenzymatic biosensors are used for analyte detection; nonenzymatic approaches are gaining popularity owing to their durability and accuracy. MOFs and CPs have been applied in sensitive electrochemical biosensors to detect fatal brain tumors such as glioblastomas (GBM). These biosensors demonstrate enhanced selectivity and sensitivity, highlighting the potential of MOFs and CPs in advancing electrochemical biosensor technology for both in vivo and in vitro applications.

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as highly versatile materials for the development of next-generation optical biosensors owing to their tunable porosity, large surface area, and customizable chemical functionality. Recently, MOF-based platforms have shown substantial potential in various optical transduction modalities, including fluorescence, luminescence, and colorimetric sensing, enabling the highly sensitive and selective detection of biological analytes. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in MOF-based optical biosensors, focusing on their applications in pathogen detection and environmental monitoring. We highlight key design strategies, including MOF functionalization, hybridization with nanoparticles or dyes, and integration into microfluidic and wearable devices. Emerging methods, such as point-of-care diagnostics, label-free detection, and real-time monitoring, are also discussed. Finally, the current challenges and future directions for the practical deployment of MOF-based optical biosensors in clinical and field environments are discussed.

Environmental pollution is a global issue presenting risks to ecosystems and human health through release of toxic gases, existence of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the environment, and heavy metal contamination of waters and soils. To effectively address this issue, reliable and real-time monitoring technology is imperative. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are a disruptive set of materials with high surface area, tunable porosity, and abundant chemistry to design extremely sensitive and selective pollutant detection. This review article gives an account of recent advances towards sensor technology for MOFs with application specificity towards gas and environment monitoring. We critically examine optical, electrochemical, and resistive platforms and their interfacing with embedded electronics and edge artificial intelligence (edge-AI) to realize smart, compact, and energy-efficient monitoring tools. We also detail critical challenges such as scalability, reproducibility, long-term stability, and secure data management and underscore transforming MOF-based sensors from lab prototype to functional instruments to ensure safe coverage of human health and to bring about sustainable environmental management.

The integration of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with microfluidic technologies has opened new frontiers in biomedical diagnostics and therapeutics. Microfluidic chips offer precise fluid control, low reagent use, and high-throughput capabilities features further enhanced by MOFs’ ample surface area, adjustable porosity, and catalytic activity. Together, they form powerful lab-on-a-chip platforms for sensitive biosensing, drug delivery, tissue engineering, and microbial detection. This review highlights recent advances in MOF-based microfluidic systems, focusing on material innovations, fabrication methods, and diagnostic applications. Particular emphasis is placed on MOF nanozymes, which enhance biochemical reactions for multiplexed testing and rapid pathogen identification. Challenges such as stability, biocompatibility, and manufacturing scalability are addressed, along with emerging trends like responsive MOFs, AI-assisted design, and clinical translation strategies. By bridging MOF chemistry and microfluidic engineering, these systems hold great promise for next-generation biomedical technologies.