The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) operates in an environment characterized by asymmetric security threats, where centralized vulnerabilities create a critical imbalance that can be disproportionately exploited by attackers. This study addresses this imbalance by proposing a symmetrical security framework that integrates Blockchain and Federated Learning (FL) to restore equilibrium in the Vehicle–Road–Cloud ecosystem. The evolution toward sixth-generation (6G) technologies amplifies both the potential of vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications and its inherent security risks. The proposed framework achieves a delicate balance between robust security and operational efficiency. By leveraging blockchain’s symmetrical and decentralized distribution of trust, the framework ensures data and model integrity. Concurrently, the privacy-preserving approach of FL balances the need for collaborative intelligence with the imperative of safeguarding sensitive vehicle data. A novel Cloud Proxy Re-Encryption Offloading (CPRE-IoV) algorithm is introduced to facilitate efficient model updates. The architecture employs a partitioned blockchain and a smart contract-driven FL pipeline to symmetrically neutralize threats from malicious nodes. Finally, extensive simulations validate the framework’s effectiveness in establishing a resilient and symmetrically secure foundation for next-generation IoV networks.

Charged droplets driven by Coulomb force are an important part of a droplet-based micro reactor. In this study, we realized the rapid oscillatory motion of droplets both in oil and on superhydrophobic surface by injecting charges through corona discharge. Distinct from the oscillatory motion of water droplets under a DC electric field, charge injection can make the motion of water droplets more flexible. A droplet in the oil layer can move up and down regularly under the action of corona discharge, and the discharge voltage can control the movement period and height of the droplet. In addition, the left–right translation of droplets on a superhydrophobic surface can be achieved by injecting charges into the hydrophobic film surface through corona discharge. Two kinds of droplet motion behaviors are systematically analyzed, and the mechanism of droplet motion is explained. The present results could help establish new approaches to designing efficient machines in microfluidics and micromechanical equipment.

In this paper, a phenomenon of generation and transport of droplets is proposed, which is based on the dielectric liquid electroconvection induced by corona discharge. We placed the dielectric fluid on a conductive/nonconductive substrate, and then it broke apart to become many small droplets that move along the conductive microchannel. The behaviors of dielectric droplets were experimentally observed on different conductive microchannels in details. Spreading speeds and sizes of dielectric droplets were analyzed at different driving voltages and conductive microchannels. This work highlights a simple approach to produce and manipulate dielectric droplets along microchannels.

As one of the most important piezoelectric materials for piezoelectricity related devices, the performance of wurtzite-type aluminum nitride (w-AlN) is still inhibited by its low piezoelectric coefficients. Herein, we have proposed a new co-alloying w-AlN system by Li⁺ and Ti⁴⁺ (or Zr⁴⁺) in a ratio of 1:2 and systematically compared its piezoelectric properties with state-of-the-art Sc-alloyed w-AlN via the first-principle method. It is found that the co-alloyed w-AlN shows obvious advantages over Sc-alloyed w-AlN in nearly all aspects of piezoelectric performance. The piezoelectric strain coefficient (d₃₃) of (LiTi₂)_0.375Al_0.625N reaches 213.25 pC/N, about 8 times and 41 times that of Sc_0.375Al_0.625N and pure w-AlN, respectively. Additionally, the large enhancement of piezoelectricity of co-alloyed w-AlN was successfully related to the elastic softening, the increased Born effective charge $(Z^{\ast })$ , and the decreased internal strain sensitivity $\left(\frac{du}{d\delta }\right)$ . This work provides a new way to enhance the performance of incumbent piezoelectric materials by accessible elements instead of Sc.