In recent years, wearable sensors have enabled the unique mode of real-time and noninvasive monitoring to develop rapidly in medical care, sports, and other fields. Sweat contains a wide range of biomarkers such as metabolites, electrolytes, and various hormones. Combined with wearable technology, sweat can reflect human fatigue, disease, mental stress, dehydration, and so on. This paper comprehensively describes the analysis of sweat components such as glucose, lactic acid, electrolytes, pH, cortisol, vitamins, ethanol, and drugs by wearable sensing technology, and the application of sweat wearable devices in glasses, patches, fabrics, tattoos, and paper. The development trend of sweat wearable devices is prospected. It is believed that if the sweat collection, air permeability, biocompatibility, sensing array construction, continuous monitoring, self-healing technology, power consumption, real-time data transmission, specific recognition, and other problems of the wearable sweat sensor are solved, we can provide the wearer with important information about their health level in the true sense.

Surface micro-morphology of 304 SS before corrosion (a), after corrosion in molten NaNO₃–NaCl–NaF salt (b) and molten NaNO₃–NaCl–NaF vapor (c). (Local enlarged region of A1 (b-1), A2 (c-1) and A3 (c-2)).

Designing efficient bifunctional catalysts with multi-component composites is essential for the application of zinc-air batteries (ZABs). Herein, a bimetallic phosphides-oxides heterostructures coupled heteroatom-doped carbon (FeCoPFeCo₂O₄@PNPC) was designed by in-situ growth of phosphor-oxide heterostructures on heteroatom-doped carbon materials and employed as bifunctional electrocatalyst for ZABs. The heteroatom-doped carbon substrate with ORR active sites can effectively improve the conductivity and the double transition metal atoms can enhance the catalytic activity. The heterostructure adjusts the d-band center, making the material gain and loss of electrons are at a medium level, which is conducive to the material’s capture of raw materials and the release of products. is beneficial to electron transfer. The dense FeCo₂O₄ nanorods act as a protection layer to improve stability, and the oxide-phosphide heterostructure and synergistic coupling with the heteroatom-doped carbon substrate also contribute to the catalytic activity. The small ΔE of 0.765 V for catalyzing both OER and ORR, high power density of 121.6 mW·cm^–2 and the extraordinary long-term stability of more than 240 h for liquid state rechargeable ZAB can be realized. The flexible solid-state rechargeable ZAB with FeCoP-FeCo₂O₄@PNPC also exhibits superior mechanical flexibility and cycling stability.

Abnormal protein phosphorylation may relate to diseases such as Alzheimer’s, schizophrenia, and Parkinson’s. Therefore, the real-time detection of phosphoproteins in sweat was of great significance for the early knowledge, detection, and treatment of neurological diseases. In this work, anatase/rutile TiO₂ was in situ grown on the MXene surface to constructing the intercalation structure MXene@anatase/rutile TiO₂ ternary heterostructure as a sensing platform for detecting phosphoprotein in sweat. Here, the intercalation structure of MXene acted as electron and diffusion channels for phosphoproteins. The in situ grown anatase/rutile TiO₂ with n-n-type heterostructure provided specific adsorption sites for the phosphoproteins. The determination of phosphoprotein covered concentrations in sweat, with linear range from 0.01 to 1 mg/mL, along with a low LOD of 1.52 μM. It is worth noting that, since the macromolecular phosphoprotein was adsorbed on the surface of the material, the electrochemical signal gradually decreased with the increase of phosphoprotein concentration. In addition, the active sites in the MXene@anatase/rutile TiO₂ ternary heterojunction and synergistic effect of the heterojunction were verified by first-principle calculations to further realize the response to phosphoproteins. Additionally, the effective diffusion capacity and mobility of phosphoprotein molecules in the ternary heterojunction structure were studied by molecular dynamics simulation. Furthermore, the constructed sensing platform showed high selectivity, repeatability, reproducibility, and stability, and this newly developed sensor can detect for phosphoprotein in actual sweat samples. This satisfactory sensing strategy could be promoted to realize the noninvasive and continuous detection of sweat.

Triacetone triperoxide (TATP) is widely used in terrorist attacks because of its simple synthesis but hard to be directly detected. Herein, polyphenylene vinylene (PPV) derivative with the vinyl group on the side chain is cross‐linked by Au nanoclusters (Au NCs) to construct flexible Schottky sensors to arrange the uncontactless detection of TATP vapor. Experiments and simulations show that Au NCs generate a strong electromagnetic field with collective coupling which can effectively promote the photoinduced electron‐hole separation of the PPV and detection sensitivity to TATP. The simple fingerprint patterns can discriminate TATP from 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT), 2,4‐dinitrotoluene (DNT), p‐nitrotoluene (PNT), picric acid (PA), Hexogen (RDX), and tetryl by pattern to recognize inherent kinetics and thermodynamics of interaction between the sensors and specimen. The electron transfers from Au NCs to PPV after the adsorption of TATP molecules as the electronegativity of TATP is smaller than that of Au NCs and which is obvious in electron donating effect. Therefore, Au acts as a hole trap and reduces the hole concentration as well as restricting the carrier transport. However, the oscillator strength of the charge transferred from Au NCs to PPV simulation indicates that the role of Au NCs change from the hole trap to electron trap after adsorption of other explosives. Furthermore, the flexibility and stability of the sensor films are also demonstrated in this paper which is of great significance for the practical application of flexible electronic devices with high performance.