Propolis is a natural resinous mixture produced by honey bees from substances collected from parts of plants, buds, and exudates. Due to its waxy nature and mechanical properties, bees use propolis in the construction and repair of their hives for sealing openings and cracks and smoothing out the internal walls and as a protective barrier against external invaders like snakes, lizards, and so forth, or against weathering threats like wind and rain. Bees gather propolis from different plants, in the temperate climate zone mainly from poplar. Current antimicrobial applications of propolis include formulations for cold syndrome (upper respiratory tract infections, common cold, and flu-like infections), wound healing, treatment of burns, acne, herpes simplex and genitalis, and neurodermatitis. Worldwide propolis has a tremendous popularity, but in India the studies over propolis have just started, not extensively reported except few regions of India like Maharashtra, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Gujrat, and Madhya Pradesh.

Dry eye disease is a common disease of the tear film caused by decreased tear production or increased evaporation. The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate poly (dl-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles for CsA (CsA) ophthalmic delivery, for the treatment of dry eye disease. Topical CsA is currently the only and safe pharmacologic treatment of severe dry eye symptoms. Nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by W/O solvent evaporation technique followed by probe sonicator and characterized for various properties such as particle size, entrapment efficiency, zeta potential,in vitrodrug release,in vitropermeation studies by Franz diffusion cells, XRD, DSC, SEM, and stability studies. The developed nanosuspension showed a mean particle size in the range from 128 to 253.50 nm before freeze drying and after freeze drying 145.60 to 260.0 nm. The drug entrapment efficiency was from 58.35 to 95.69% and production yield was found between52.29±2.4and85.30±2.1% in all preparations. The zeta potential of the Eudragit RL containing nanoparticles was positive, that is, 20.3 mV to 34.5 mV. The NPs formulations exhibited a biphasic drug release with initial burst followed by a very slow drug release and total cumulative release up to 24 h ranged from 69.83 to 91.92%. Kinetically, the release profiles of CsA from NPs appeared to fit best with the Higuchi model. The change of surface characteristics of NPs represents a useful approach for improvement of ocular retention and drug availability.

Niosomes have potential applications in topical drug delivery system. The objective of the study was to formulate and evaluate the niosome of Itraconazole. Surfactant : cholesterol ratio and quantity of ethanol used were studied by applying factorial design. Formulated niosomes were evaluated for vesicle size, entrapment efficiency, drug release, skin permeation, and antimycotic activity. Vesicle size, entrapment efficiency, and drug release were markedly dependent on surfactant : cholesterol ratio and quantity of ethanol used. Permeation of the drug through the skin was affected by cholesterol content in formulation. Itraconazole niosome were having larger zone of inhibition than marketed formulation when activity was checked against C. albicans. Niosomes may be a promising carrier for topical delivery of Itraconazole especially due to their simple production.

Human body has several multi-layered organs, but skin is one of biggest and easiest to access. It serves as body's primary line of defense alongside various skin diseased conditions. Despite receiving sufficient and appropriate care, diabetes wounds heal slowly and may take a week to complete. A progression of connective tissue patch up is the body's natural defense against tissue damage. Fresh leaves of Ficus racemosa were utilized for the study. In this study, two distinct models were employed to compare how well different Ficus racemosa leaf extracts healed wounds. Excision wounds healed more quickly and to a greater extent after being treated with a flavonoid and tannin fraction of Ficus racemosa leaf extract, suggesting improved epithelization. The extract-treated groups also experienced an increase in breaking potency of incision wounds made; higher breaking strength indicates better wound healing. Complete closure of wound of flavonoid fraction and in fraction of Ficus racemosa extract occurred in 16 and 17 days respectively. Standard treatment increased tensile strength in the diabetic linear incision wound model, followed by treatment with the flavonoid fraction and tannin fraction of Ficus racemosa leaves extract. Ultimate finding and outcome of the present study experimentally demonstrates that extracts of the flavonoid and tannin fractions of Ficus racemosa have wound-healing properties and are effective in treating diabetic wounds. From this study, we state that Ficus racemosa flavonoid fraction and tannin fraction extract has a beneficial effect on blood glucose levels, which shows hypoglycaemic activity.

The discovery of novel counteractive pharmaceuticals, which have recently generated much interest, has played a significant role in the development of drugs derived from herbal medicines or botanical sources. Paederia foetida (P. foetida) is one such example of a role in both traditional and traditional medicine. Owing to its popularity in folk medicine, it has been the subject of intense pharmacological and chemical studies for the last 30 years. They are locally known as "Gandhavadulia" or "GandhaPrasarini" (English name "skunkvine") and belong to the family Rubiaceae. This plant has a broad range of applications in the treatment of several illnesses, including anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antitussive, thrombolytic, antidiabetic, antihyperlipidaemic, antioxidant, nephroprotective, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, anthelmintic, and antidiarrheal effects. Additionally, it contains a variety of phytochemicals, such as asperuloside, paederosidic acid, sitosterols, campesterol, lignans, alkaloids, volatile oils, iridoids, methylindooxy substances, stigmasterol, tannins, triterpenoids, ellagic acid, ursolic acid, epifriedelinol, and phenolic compounds. Recently, mounting data on numerous active ingredients have indicated that they may be beneficial for spermatogenesis, wound healing, inflammatory illnesses, and cancer. This review describes the phytochemistry and mechanisms of action of these pharmacological effects and provides insights into potential pharmacological targets. These results highlight the need for additional studies on this medicinal plant and the investigation of new counteractive medications to determine their mode of action before use in healthcare.

COVID-19 has reached pandemic proportions and is affecting people all across the world. Coronavirus 2 is responsible for causing severe acute respiratory syndrome. The Piper betle L. leaf, sometimes known as betel, has been used medicinally for centuries. The primary purpose of this docking study is to check the efficacy of the phytochemicals of Betel leaf (Piper betle) against COVID-19. Traditionally, it is used as a medicinal plant containing many bioactive constituents, which can be used to develop a drug for COVID-19. We have used molecular docking for the SARS-CoV2 receptor on a complex antibody protein with PDB ID-7BNV and PDB ID-7CM4. Betel leaf (Piper betle) contains various phytochemicals such as Eugenol, Alpha pinene, Alpha terpinene, Beta phellandrene, Terpinolene, Sabinene, Hydroxychavicol, Germacrene D, etc. All this data is collected from the PubChem database. All evaluations were carried out based on molecular docking of docking score of receptor interaction with the ligand. Using ligands, we were able to effectively molecular dock Betel leaf (Piper betle) phytochemicals on the SARS-CoV2 target (Eugenol, Alpha pinene, Alpha terpinene, Beta phellandrene, Terpinolene, Sabinene, Hydroxychavicol, Germacrene D). Based on molecular docking scores, we concluded that all the ligands showed significant activity for both the proteins of SARS-CoV2.