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Theodore Hughes-Riley
Advanced Textiles Research Group, School of Art & Design, Nottingham Trent University, Bonington Building, Dryden Street, Nottingham NG1 4GG, UK

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Journal article
Published: 15 April 2021 in Sensors
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Overexposure to hand transmitted vibrations (HTVs) from prolonged use of vibrating power tools can result in severe injuries. By monitoring the exposure of a worker to HTVs, overexposure, and injury, can be mitigated. An ideal HTV-monitoring system would measure vibration were it enters the body, which for many power tools will be the palm and fingers, however this is difficult to achieve using conventional transducers as they will affect the comfort of the user and subsequently alter the way that the tool is held. By embedding a transducer within the core of a textile yarn, that can be used to produce a glove, vibration can be monitored close to where it enters the body without compromising the comfort of the user. This work presents a vibration-sensing electronic yarn that was created by embedding a commercially available accelerometer within the structure of a yarn. These yarns were subsequently used to produce a vibration-sensing glove. The purpose of this study is to characterize the response of the embedded accelerometer over a range of relevant frequencies and vibration amplitudes at each stage of the electronic yarn’s manufacture to understand how the yarn structure influences the sensors response. The vibration-sensing electronic yarn was subsequently incorporated into a fabric sample and characterized. Finally, four vibration-sensing electronic yarns were used to produce a vibration-sensing glove that is capable of monitoring vibration at the palm and index finger.

ACS Style

Zahra Rahemtulla; Theodore Hughes-Riley; Tilak Dias. Vibration-Sensing Electronic Yarns for the Monitoring of Hand Transmitted Vibrations. Sensors 2021, 21, 2780 .

AMA Style

Zahra Rahemtulla, Theodore Hughes-Riley, Tilak Dias. Vibration-Sensing Electronic Yarns for the Monitoring of Hand Transmitted Vibrations. Sensors. 2021; 21 (8):2780.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zahra Rahemtulla; Theodore Hughes-Riley; Tilak Dias. 2021. "Vibration-Sensing Electronic Yarns for the Monitoring of Hand Transmitted Vibrations." Sensors 21, no. 8: 2780.

Proceedings
Published: 04 January 2021 in Proceedings
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Knitted electrodes are a key component to many electronic textiles including sensing devices, such as pressure sensors and heart rate monitors; therefore, it is essential to assess the electrical performance of these knitted electrodes under different mechanical loads to understand their performance during use. The electrical properties of the electrodes could change while deforming, due to an applied load, which could occur in the uniaxial direction (while stretched) or multiaxial direction (while compressed). The properties and performance of the electrodes could also change over time when rubbed against another surface due to the frictional force and generated heat. This work investigates the behavior of a knitted electrode under different loading conditions and after multiple abrasion cycles.

ACS Style

Arash M. Shahidi; Theodore Hughes-Riley; Carlos Oliveira; Tilak Dias. An Investigation of the Physical and Electrical Properties of Knitted Electrodes When Subjected to Multi-Axial Compression and Abrasion. Proceedings 2021, 68, 2 .

AMA Style

Arash M. Shahidi, Theodore Hughes-Riley, Carlos Oliveira, Tilak Dias. An Investigation of the Physical and Electrical Properties of Knitted Electrodes When Subjected to Multi-Axial Compression and Abrasion. Proceedings. 2021; 68 (1):2.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Arash M. Shahidi; Theodore Hughes-Riley; Carlos Oliveira; Tilak Dias. 2021. "An Investigation of the Physical and Electrical Properties of Knitted Electrodes When Subjected to Multi-Axial Compression and Abrasion." Proceedings 68, no. 1: 2.

Review
Published: 21 October 2020 in Sensors
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An increased use in wearable, mobile, and electronic textile sensing devices has led to a desire to keep these devices continuously powered without the need for frequent recharging or bulky energy storage. To achieve this, many have proposed integrating energy harvesting capabilities into clothing: solar energy harvesting has been one of the most investigated avenues for this due to the abundance of solar energy and maturity of photovoltaic technologies. This review provides a comprehensive, contemporary, and accessible overview of electronic textiles that are capable of harvesting solar energy. The review focusses on the suitability of the textile-based energy harvesting devices for wearable applications. While multiple methods have been employed to integrate solar energy harvesting with textiles, there are only a few examples that have led to devices with textile properties.

ACS Style

Achala Satharasinghe; Theodore Hughes-Riley; Tilak Dias. A Review of Solar Energy Harvesting Electronic Textiles. Sensors 2020, 20, 5938 .

AMA Style

Achala Satharasinghe, Theodore Hughes-Riley, Tilak Dias. A Review of Solar Energy Harvesting Electronic Textiles. Sensors. 2020; 20 (20):5938.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Achala Satharasinghe; Theodore Hughes-Riley; Tilak Dias. 2020. "A Review of Solar Energy Harvesting Electronic Textiles." Sensors 20, no. 20: 5938.

Research article
Published: 08 July 2020 in Textile Research Journal
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Temperature-sensing textiles have been proposed for a variety of applications, including health monitoring and sports. Skin temperature ( Tsk) measurements are an important parameter in performance sports and can be used to better understand thermoregulation during exercise. Currently, most Ts k measurements are taken using skin-mounted thermistors, which can be uncomfortable to the wearer, or thermal imaging, which can be difficult to implement and analyze. This work investigates the feasibility of using textile temperature-sensing electronic yarns (E-yarns) to measure human skin temperature during sub-maximal cycling trials. E-yarns were attached to commercially available cycling suits and measurements were recorded using both the E-yarns and the skin-mounted thermistors at rest and during sub-maximal cycling. Temperature readings were compared between the two temperature-sensing methodologies to determine the viability of using the temperature-sensing E-yarns for this application. Differences in the Tsk measurements as high as 5.9℃ between the E-yarns and skin-mounted thermistors for participants at rest have been shown. This work has also identified that a build-up of sweat significantly altered the Tsk recorded by the E-yarns in some cases. Further experiments explored the effect of saline solutions (simulating sweat) on the response of the temperature-sensing E-yarns. This work has highlighted boundary conditions for taking point Tsk measurement using electronic textiles.

ACS Style

Theodore Hughes-Riley; Philippa Jobling; Tilak Dias; Steve H Faulkner. An investigation of temperature-sensing textiles for temperature monitoring during sub-maximal cycling trials. Textile Research Journal 2020, 91, 624 -645.

AMA Style

Theodore Hughes-Riley, Philippa Jobling, Tilak Dias, Steve H Faulkner. An investigation of temperature-sensing textiles for temperature monitoring during sub-maximal cycling trials. Textile Research Journal. 2020; 91 (5-6):624-645.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Theodore Hughes-Riley; Philippa Jobling; Tilak Dias; Steve H Faulkner. 2020. "An investigation of temperature-sensing textiles for temperature monitoring during sub-maximal cycling trials." Textile Research Journal 91, no. 5-6: 624-645.

Journal article
Published: 09 March 2020 in Materials
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Electronically active yarn (E-yarn) pioneered by the Advanced Textiles Research Group of Nottingham Trent University contains a fine conductive copper wire soldered onto a package die, micro-electro-mechanical systems device or flexible circuit. The die or circuit is then held within a protective polymer packaging (micro-pod) and the ensemble is inserted into a textile sheath, forming a flexible yarn with electronic functionality such as sensing or illumination. It is vital to be able to wash E-yarns, so that the textiles into which they are incorporated can be treated as normal consumer products. The wash durability of E-yarns is summarized in this publication. Wash tests followed a modified version of BS EN ISO 6330:2012 procedure 4N. It was observed that E-yarns containing only a fine multi-strand copper wire survived 25 cycles of machine washing and line drying; and between 5 and 15 cycles of machine washing followed by tumble-drying. Four out of five temperature sensing E-yarns (crafted with thermistors) and single pairs of LEDs within E-yarns functioned correctly after 25 cycles of machine washing and line drying. E-yarns that required larger micro-pods (i.e., 4 mm diameter or 9 mm length) were less resilient to washing. Only one out of five acoustic sensing E-yarns (4 mm diameter micro-pod) operated correctly after 20 cycles of washing with either line drying or tumble-drying. Creating an E-yarn with an embedded flexible circuit populated with components also required a relatively large micro-pod (diameter 0.93 mm, length 9.23 mm). Only one embedded circuit functioned after 25 cycles of washing and line drying. The tests showed that E-yarns are suitable for inclusion in textiles that require washing, with some limitations when larger micro-pods were used. Reduction in the circuit’s size and therefore the size of the micro-pod, may increase wash resilience.

ACS Style

Dorothy Anne Hardy; Zahra Rahemtulla; Achala Satharasinghe; Arash Shahidi; Carlos Oliveira; Ioannis Anastasopoulos; Mohamad Nour Nashed; Matholo Kgatuke; Abiodun Komolafe; Russel Torah; John Tudor; Theodore Hughes-Riley; Steve Beeby; Tilak Dias. Wash Testing of Electronic Yarn. Materials 2020, 13, 1228 .

AMA Style

Dorothy Anne Hardy, Zahra Rahemtulla, Achala Satharasinghe, Arash Shahidi, Carlos Oliveira, Ioannis Anastasopoulos, Mohamad Nour Nashed, Matholo Kgatuke, Abiodun Komolafe, Russel Torah, John Tudor, Theodore Hughes-Riley, Steve Beeby, Tilak Dias. Wash Testing of Electronic Yarn. Materials. 2020; 13 (5):1228.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dorothy Anne Hardy; Zahra Rahemtulla; Achala Satharasinghe; Arash Shahidi; Carlos Oliveira; Ioannis Anastasopoulos; Mohamad Nour Nashed; Matholo Kgatuke; Abiodun Komolafe; Russel Torah; John Tudor; Theodore Hughes-Riley; Steve Beeby; Tilak Dias. 2020. "Wash Testing of Electronic Yarn." Materials 13, no. 5: 1228.

Eu pvsec paper
Published: 27 December 2019 in Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications
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This work demonstrates a novel and sustainable energy solution in the form of a photovoltaic fabric that can deliver a reliable energy source for wearable and mobile devices. The solar fabric was woven using electronic yarns created by embedding miniature crystalline silicon solar cells connected with fine copper wires within the fibres of a textile yarn. This approach of integrating solar energy harvesting capability within the heart of the textile fabric allows it to retain the flexibility, three‐dimensional deformability, and moisture and heat transfer characteristics of the fabric. In this investigation, both the design and performance of the solar cell embedded yarns and solar energy harvesting fabrics were explored. These yarns and resultant fabrics were characterised under different light intensities and at different angles of incident light, a critical factor for a wearable device. The solar cell embedded yarns woven into fabrics can undergo domestic laundering and maintained ~90% of their original power output after 15 machine wash cycles. The solar fabric embedded with 200 solar cells demonstrated here (44.5 mm × 45.5 mm active area) was capable of continuously generating ~2.15 mW/cm2 under one sun illumination and was capable of powering a basic mobile phone. The power generation capability and durability of the solar energy harvesting fabric proved its viability to power wearable devices as an integral part of regular clothing.

ACS Style

Achala Satharasinghe; Theodore Hughes‐Riley; Tilak Dias. An investigation of a wash‐durable solar energy harvesting textile. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 2019, 28, 578 -592.

AMA Style

Achala Satharasinghe, Theodore Hughes‐Riley, Tilak Dias. An investigation of a wash‐durable solar energy harvesting textile. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications. 2019; 28 (6):578-592.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Achala Satharasinghe; Theodore Hughes‐Riley; Tilak Dias. 2019. "An investigation of a wash‐durable solar energy harvesting textile." Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 28, no. 6: 578-592.

Technical paper
Published: 04 March 2019 in Microsystem Technologies
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Wider adoption of electronic textiles requires integration of small electronic components into textile fabrics, without comprising the textile qualities. A solution is to create a flexible yarn that incorporates electronic components within the fibres of the yarn (E-yarn). The production of these novel E-yarns was initially a craft skill, with the inclusion of package dies within the fibres of the yarn taking about 90 min. The research described here demonstrated that it is possible to produce E-yarns on an industrial scale by automating the manufacturing process. This involved adapting printed circuit board manufacturing technology and textile yarn covering machinery. The production process started with re-flow soldering of package dies onto fine multi-strand copper wire. A carrier yarn was then placed in parallel with the copper wire to provide tensile strength. The package die and adjacent carrier yarn were then encapsulated in a polymer micro-pod to provide protection from moisture ingress and from mechanical strain on the die and solder joints. The process was then completed by surrounding the micro-pod and copper interconnects with additional fibres, held tightly together with a knitted fibre-sheath. This prototype, automated production process reduced the time for embedding one micro-device within a yarn to 6 min, thus increasing the production speed, demonstrating that automation of the E-yarn production process is feasible. Prototype garments have been created using E- yarns. Further developments can include automated transfer of the yarn components from one stage of production to the next, enabling greater increases in speed of manufacture of E yarns.

ACS Style

Dorothy Anne Hardy; Ioannis Anastasopoulos; Mohamad-Nour Nashed; Carlos Oliveira; Theodore Hughes-Riley; Abiodun Komolafe; John Tudor; Russel Torah; Steve Beeby; Tilak Dias. Automated insertion of package dies onto wire and into a textile yarn sheath. Microsystem Technologies 2019, 1 -13.

AMA Style

Dorothy Anne Hardy, Ioannis Anastasopoulos, Mohamad-Nour Nashed, Carlos Oliveira, Theodore Hughes-Riley, Abiodun Komolafe, John Tudor, Russel Torah, Steve Beeby, Tilak Dias. Automated insertion of package dies onto wire and into a textile yarn sheath. Microsystem Technologies. 2019; ():1-13.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dorothy Anne Hardy; Ioannis Anastasopoulos; Mohamad-Nour Nashed; Carlos Oliveira; Theodore Hughes-Riley; Abiodun Komolafe; John Tudor; Russel Torah; Steve Beeby; Tilak Dias. 2019. "Automated insertion of package dies onto wire and into a textile yarn sheath." Microsystem Technologies , no. : 1-13.

Journal article
Published: 26 January 2019 in Fibers
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Electronic yarns (E-yarns) contain electronics fully incorporated into the yarn’s structure prior to textile or garment production. They consist of a conductive core made from a flexible, multi-strand copper wire onto which semiconductor dies or MEMS (microelectromechanical systems) are soldered. The device and solder joints are then encapsulated within a resin micro-pod, which is subsequently surrounded by a textile sheath, which also covers the copper wires. The encapsulation of semiconductor dies or MEMS devices within the resin polymer micro-pod is a critical component of the fabrication process, as the micro-pod protects the dies from mechanical and chemical stresses, and hermetically seals the device, which makes the E-yarn washable. The process of manufacturing E-yarns requires automation to increase production speeds and to ensure consistency of the micro-pod structure. The design and development of a semi-automated encapsulation unit used to fabricate the micro-pods is presented here. The micro-pods were made from a ultra-violet (UV) curable polymer resin. This work details the choice of machinery and methods to create a semi-automated encapsulation system in which incoming dies were detected then covered in resin micro-pods. The system detected incoming 0402 metric package dies with an accuracy of 87 to 98%.

ACS Style

Mohamad-Nour Nashed; Dorothy Hardy; Theodore Hughes-Riley; Tilak Dias. A Novel Method for Embedding Semiconductor Dies within Textile Yarn to Create Electronic Textiles. Fibers 2019, 7, 12 .

AMA Style

Mohamad-Nour Nashed, Dorothy Hardy, Theodore Hughes-Riley, Tilak Dias. A Novel Method for Embedding Semiconductor Dies within Textile Yarn to Create Electronic Textiles. Fibers. 2019; 7 (2):12.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohamad-Nour Nashed; Dorothy Hardy; Theodore Hughes-Riley; Tilak Dias. 2019. "A Novel Method for Embedding Semiconductor Dies within Textile Yarn to Create Electronic Textiles." Fibers 7, no. 2: 12.

Proceedings
Published: 01 January 2019 in Proceedings
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Overexposure to hand-transmitted vibrations (HTVs) is a serious concern within industries that use vibrating power tools as HTVs can lead to severe and chronic injuries to the hand-arm system, which are preventable by limiting vibration exposure. This study presents a novel vibration-sensing electronic yarn (E-yarn) that can be used to monitor HTVs at the point-of-entry of the vibrations into the hand. The construction of the vibration-sensing E-yarn is described, with the vibration-sensing E-yarns being fully characterised at each stage of the manufacturing process to understand how the manufacturing stages affect the behaviour of the embedded sensor. The results show that there is no significant difference in the sensor response at each of the three stages in the E-yarn production over a range of frequencies and amplitudes relevant to HTVs.

ACS Style

Zahra Rahemtulla; Theodore Hughes-Riley; Tilak Dias. Developing a Vibration-Sensing Yarn for Monitoring Hand-Transmitted Vibrations. Proceedings 2019, 32, 6 .

AMA Style

Zahra Rahemtulla, Theodore Hughes-Riley, Tilak Dias. Developing a Vibration-Sensing Yarn for Monitoring Hand-Transmitted Vibrations. Proceedings. 2019; 32 (1):6.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zahra Rahemtulla; Theodore Hughes-Riley; Tilak Dias. 2019. "Developing a Vibration-Sensing Yarn for Monitoring Hand-Transmitted Vibrations." Proceedings 32, no. 1: 6.

Proceedings
Published: 01 January 2019 in Proceedings
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This work presents an innovative solar energy harvesting fabric and demonstrates its suitability for powering wearable and mobile devices. A large solar energy harvesting fabric containing 200 miniature solar cells has been shown to charge a 110 mF textile supercapacitor bank within 37 s. A series of solar energy harvesting fabrics with different design features, such as using red or black fibres, were tested and compared to a commercially available flexible solar panel outside under direct sunlight. The results showed that the solar energy harvesting fabrics had power densities that were favorable when compared to the commercially available solar cell.

ACS Style

Achala Satharasinghe; Theodore Hughes-Riley; Tilak Dias. Solar Energy-Harvesting E-Textiles to Power Wearable Devices. Proceedings 2019, 32, 1 .

AMA Style

Achala Satharasinghe, Theodore Hughes-Riley, Tilak Dias. Solar Energy-Harvesting E-Textiles to Power Wearable Devices. Proceedings. 2019; 32 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Achala Satharasinghe; Theodore Hughes-Riley; Tilak Dias. 2019. "Solar Energy-Harvesting E-Textiles to Power Wearable Devices." Proceedings 32, no. 1: 1.

Original article
Published: 01 January 2019 in Digital Medicine
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Background and Objectives: This study investigates a novel type of textile pressure sensor fabricated in a single production step. The work characterizes two designs of electronic textile pressure sensor creating new knowledge into the operation of these types of textile sensors. Interest in electronic flexible film and electronic textile pressure sensing has grown in recent years given their potential in medical applications, principally in developing monitoring solutions for wheelchair users and hospital patients to help prevent the formation of pressure ulcers. Materials and Methods: Two designs of textile pressure sensor were produced using computerized flat-bed knitting. One design was produced in a single step, where the conductive tracks were incorporated into the top and bottom surfaces of a knitted spacer structure (knitted spacer pressure sensor). The other sensor was comprised of separate knitted layers. The response of the sensors was tested by changing the applied pressure in two ways: By altering the applied force or changing the area of the applied force. Sensor hysteresis and how the sensor thickness affected its response were also examined. Results: The two sensor designs behaved differently under the tested conditions. The knitted spacer pressure sensor was pressure sensitive up to 25 kPa and showed no hysteretic effects over the pressure range of interest. Conclusions: This study presents a fully textile pressure sensor that was produced with a single production step and demonstrates its functionality over the pressure range of interest for monitoring wheelchair users.

ACS Style

Theodore Hughes-Riley; Carlos Oliveira; Roberth Morris; Tilak Dias. The characterization of a pressure sensor constructed from a knitted spacer structure. Digital Medicine 2019, 5, 22 .

AMA Style

Theodore Hughes-Riley, Carlos Oliveira, Roberth Morris, Tilak Dias. The characterization of a pressure sensor constructed from a knitted spacer structure. Digital Medicine. 2019; 5 (1):22.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Theodore Hughes-Riley; Carlos Oliveira; Roberth Morris; Tilak Dias. 2019. "The characterization of a pressure sensor constructed from a knitted spacer structure." Digital Medicine 5, no. 1: 22.

Proceedings
Published: 01 January 2019 in Proceedings
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The measurement of pressure at the skin is highly important for a number of human-based monitoring applications. This work presents a resistive knitted spacer pressure sensor for monitoring the pressure at the skin–clothing–seat interface for wheelchair users. The sensor has been characterized over a relevant range of pressures, and its hysteretic behavior has been analyzed. Preliminary work towards creating supporting hardware for recording pressure at multiple junctions across the sensor has been presented.

ACS Style

Theodore Hughes-Riley; Carlos Oliveira; Tilak Dias. A Knitted Multi-Junction Pressure Sensor That Uses Electrical Resistance to Determine the Applied Pressure: Development and Characterization. Proceedings 2019, 32, 3 .

AMA Style

Theodore Hughes-Riley, Carlos Oliveira, Tilak Dias. A Knitted Multi-Junction Pressure Sensor That Uses Electrical Resistance to Determine the Applied Pressure: Development and Characterization. Proceedings. 2019; 32 (1):3.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Theodore Hughes-Riley; Carlos Oliveira; Tilak Dias. 2019. "A Knitted Multi-Junction Pressure Sensor That Uses Electrical Resistance to Determine the Applied Pressure: Development and Characterization." Proceedings 32, no. 1: 3.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2018 in Scientific Reports
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A novel photodiode-embedded yarn has been presented and characterized for the first time, offering new possibilities for applications including monitoring body vital signs (including heart rate, blood oxygen and skin temperature) and environmental conditions (light, humidity and ultraviolet radiation). To create an E-Textile integrated with electronic devices that is comfortable, conformal, aesthetically pleasing and washable, electronic components are best integrated within the structure of a textile fabric in yarn form. The device is first encapsulated within a protective clear resin micro-pod before being covered in a fibrous sheath. The resin micro-pod and covering fibres have a significant effect on the nature of light received by the photoactive region of the device. This work characterised the effects of both encapsulating photodiodes within resin micro-pods and covering the micro-pod with a fibrous sheath on the opto-electronic parameters. A theoretical model is presented to provide an estimate for these effects and validated experimentally using two photodiode types and a range of different resin micro-pods. This knowledge may have wider applications to other devices with small-scale opto-electronic components. Wash tests confirmed that the yarns could survive multiple machine wash and drying cycles without deterioration in performance.

ACS Style

Achala Satharasinghe; Theodore Hughes-Riley; Tilak Dias. Photodiodes embedded within electronic textiles. Scientific Reports 2018, 8, 1 -13.

AMA Style

Achala Satharasinghe, Theodore Hughes-Riley, Tilak Dias. Photodiodes embedded within electronic textiles. Scientific Reports. 2018; 8 (1):1-13.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Achala Satharasinghe; Theodore Hughes-Riley; Tilak Dias. 2018. "Photodiodes embedded within electronic textiles." Scientific Reports 8, no. 1: 1-13.

Journal article
Published: 21 July 2018 in Sensors
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In medicine, temperature changes can indicate important underlying pathologies such as wound infection. While thermographs for the detection of wound infection exist, a textile substrate offers a preferable solution to the designs that exist in the literature, as a textile is very comfortable to wear. This work presents a fully textile, wearable, thermograph created using temperature-sensing yarns. As described in earlier work, temperature-sensing yarns are constructed by encapsulating an off-the-shelf thermistor into a polymer resin micro-pod and then embedding this within the fibres of a yarn. This process creates a temperature-sensing yarn that is conformal, drapeable, mechanically resilient, and washable. This work first explored a refined yarn design and characterised its accuracy to take absolute temperature measurements. The influence of contact errors with the refined yarns was explored seeing a 0.24 ± 0.03 measurement error when the yarn was held just 0.5 mm away from the surface being measured. Subsequently, yarns were used to create a thermograph. This work characterises the operation of the thermograph under a variety of simulated conditions to better understand the functionality of this type of textile temperature sensor. Ambient temperature, insulating material, humidity, moisture, bending, compression and stretch were all explored. This work is an expansion of an article published in The 4th International Conference on Sensor and Applications.

ACS Style

Pasindu Lugoda; Theodore Hughes-Riley; Rob Morris; Tilak Dias. A Wearable Textile Thermograph. Sensors 2018, 18, 2369 .

AMA Style

Pasindu Lugoda, Theodore Hughes-Riley, Rob Morris, Tilak Dias. A Wearable Textile Thermograph. Sensors. 2018; 18 (7):2369.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pasindu Lugoda; Theodore Hughes-Riley; Rob Morris; Tilak Dias. 2018. "A Wearable Textile Thermograph." Sensors 18, no. 7: 2369.

Journal article
Published: 10 July 2018 in Fibers
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Embedding temperature sensors within textiles provides an easy method for measuring skin temperature. Skin temperature measurements are an important parameter for a variety of health monitoring applications, where changes in temperature can indicate changes in health. This work uses a temperature sensing yarn, which was fully characterized in previous work, to create a series of temperature sensing garments: armbands, a glove, and a sock. The purpose of this work was to develop the design rules for creating temperature sensing garments and to understand the limitations of these devices. Detailed design considerations for all three devices are provided. Experiments were conducted to examine the effects of contact pressure on skin contact temperature measurements using textile-based temperature sensors. The temperature sensing sock was used for a short user trial where the foot skin temperature of five healthy volunteers was monitored under different conditions to identify the limitations of recording textile-based foot skin temperature measurements. The fit of the sock significantly affected the measurements. In some cases, wearing a shoe or walking also heavily influenced the temperature measurements. These variations show that textile-based foot skin temperature measurements may be problematic for applications where small temperature differences need to be measured.

ACS Style

Pasindu Lugoda; Theodore Hughes-Riley; Carlos Oliveira; Rob Morris; Tilak Dias. Developing Novel Temperature Sensing Garments for Health Monitoring Applications. Fibers 2018, 6, 46 .

AMA Style

Pasindu Lugoda, Theodore Hughes-Riley, Carlos Oliveira, Rob Morris, Tilak Dias. Developing Novel Temperature Sensing Garments for Health Monitoring Applications. Fibers. 2018; 6 (3):46.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pasindu Lugoda; Theodore Hughes-Riley; Carlos Oliveira; Rob Morris; Tilak Dias. 2018. "Developing Novel Temperature Sensing Garments for Health Monitoring Applications." Fibers 6, no. 3: 46.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2018 in Fibers
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A goal in the field of wearable technology is to blend electronics with textile fibers to create garments that drape and conform as normal, with additional functionality provided by the embedded electronics. This can be achieved with electronic yarns (E-yarns), in which electronics are integrated within the fibers of a yarn. A challenge is incorporating non-stretch E-yarns with stretch fabric that is desirable for some applications. To address this challenge, E-yarns containing LEDs were embroidered onto the stretch fabric of a unitard used as part of a carnival costume. A zig-zag pattern of attachment of E-yarns was developed. Tensile testing showed this pattern was successful in preventing breakages within the E-yarns. Use in performance demonstrated that a dancer was unimpeded by the presence of the E-yarns within the unitard, but also a weakness in the junctions between E-yarns was observed, requiring further design work and reinforcement. The level of visibility of the chosen red LEDs within black E-yarns was low. The project demonstrated the feasibility of using E-yarns with stretch fabrics. This will be particularly useful in applications where E-yarns containing sensors are required in close contact with skin to provide meaningful on-body readings, without impeding the wearer.

ACS Style

Dorothy Hardy; Andrea Moneta; Viktorija Sakalyte; Lauren Connolly; Arash Shahidi; Theodore Hughes-Riley. Engineering a Costume for Performance Using Illuminated LED-Yarns. Fibers 2018, 6, 35 .

AMA Style

Dorothy Hardy, Andrea Moneta, Viktorija Sakalyte, Lauren Connolly, Arash Shahidi, Theodore Hughes-Riley. Engineering a Costume for Performance Using Illuminated LED-Yarns. Fibers. 2018; 6 (2):35.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dorothy Hardy; Andrea Moneta; Viktorija Sakalyte; Lauren Connolly; Arash Shahidi; Theodore Hughes-Riley. 2018. "Engineering a Costume for Performance Using Illuminated LED-Yarns." Fibers 6, no. 2: 35.

Review
Published: 31 May 2018 in Fibers
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Textiles have been at the heart of human technological progress for thousands of years, with textile developments closely tied to key inventions that have shaped societies. The relatively recent invention of electronic textiles is set to push boundaries again and has already opened up the potential for garments relevant to defense, sports, medicine, and health monitoring. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the key innovative pathways in the development of electronic textiles to date using sources available in the public domain regarding electronic textiles (E-textiles); this includes academic literature, commercialized products, and published patents. The literature shows that electronics can be integrated into textiles, where integration is achieved by either attaching the electronics onto the surface of a textile, electronics are added at the textile manufacturing stage, or electronics are incorporated at the yarn stage. Methods of integration can have an influence on the textiles properties such as the drapability of the textile.

ACS Style

Theodore Hughes-Riley; Tilak Dias; Colin Cork. A Historical Review of the Development of Electronic Textiles. Fibers 2018, 6, 34 .

AMA Style

Theodore Hughes-Riley, Tilak Dias, Colin Cork. A Historical Review of the Development of Electronic Textiles. Fibers. 2018; 6 (2):34.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Theodore Hughes-Riley; Tilak Dias; Colin Cork. 2018. "A Historical Review of the Development of Electronic Textiles." Fibers 6, no. 2: 34.

Journal article
Published: 17 May 2018 in Sensors
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Overexposure to high levels of noise can cause permanent hearing disorders, which have a significant adverse effect on the quality of life of those affected. Injury due to noise can affect people in a variety of careers including construction workers, factory workers, and members of the armed forces. By monitoring the noise exposure of workers, overexposure can be avoided and suitable protective equipment can be provided. This work focused on the creation of a noise dosimeter suitable for use by members of the armed forces, where a discrete dosimeter was integrated into a textile helmet cover. In this way the sensing elements could be incorporated very close to the ears, providing a highly representative indication of the sound level entering the body, and also creating a device that would not interfere with military activities. This was achieved by utilising commercial microelectromechanical system microphones integrated within the fibres of yarn to create an acoustic sensing yarn. The acoustic sensing yarns were fully characterised over a range of relevant sound levels and frequencies at each stage in the yarn production process. The yarns were ultimately integrated into a knitted helmet cover to create a functional acoustic sensing helmet cover prototype.

ACS Style

Theodore Hughes-Riley; Tilak Dias. Developing an Acoustic Sensing Yarn for Health Surveillance in a Military Setting. Sensors 2018, 18, 1590 .

AMA Style

Theodore Hughes-Riley, Tilak Dias. Developing an Acoustic Sensing Yarn for Health Surveillance in a Military Setting. Sensors. 2018; 18 (5):1590.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Theodore Hughes-Riley; Tilak Dias. 2018. "Developing an Acoustic Sensing Yarn for Health Surveillance in a Military Setting." Sensors 18, no. 5: 1590.

Proceedings article
Published: 01 May 2018 in 2018 Symposium on Design, Test, Integration & Packaging of MEMS and MOEMS (DTIP)
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The integration of small electronic components into textile fabrics, without compromising the textile qualities such as flexibility and conformability, is necessary in ensuring wider adoption of electronic textiles. A solution is to use flexible, electronic yarns that incorporate electronic components within the fibers of the yarn. The production of these novel yarns was initially a craft skill, with inclusion of electronics within each section of yarn taking 60 - 90 minutes. A prototype, automated production process was developed to speed up the manufacturing process to 6 minutes. This paper describes the process, using machinery and methods from both electronics and textiles applications.

ACS Style

Dorothy Hardy; Ioannis Anastasopoulos; M-Nour Nashed; Carlos Oliveira; Theodore Hughes-Riley; Abiodun Komolafe; John Tudor; Russel Torah; Steve Beeby; Tilak Dias. An automated process for inclusion of package dies and circuitry within a textile yarn. 2018 Symposium on Design, Test, Integration & Packaging of MEMS and MOEMS (DTIP) 2018, 1 -5.

AMA Style

Dorothy Hardy, Ioannis Anastasopoulos, M-Nour Nashed, Carlos Oliveira, Theodore Hughes-Riley, Abiodun Komolafe, John Tudor, Russel Torah, Steve Beeby, Tilak Dias. An automated process for inclusion of package dies and circuitry within a textile yarn. 2018 Symposium on Design, Test, Integration & Packaging of MEMS and MOEMS (DTIP). 2018; ():1-5.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dorothy Hardy; Ioannis Anastasopoulos; M-Nour Nashed; Carlos Oliveira; Theodore Hughes-Riley; Abiodun Komolafe; John Tudor; Russel Torah; Steve Beeby; Tilak Dias. 2018. "An automated process for inclusion of package dies and circuitry within a textile yarn." 2018 Symposium on Design, Test, Integration & Packaging of MEMS and MOEMS (DTIP) , no. : 1-5.

Proceedings
Published: 14 November 2017 in Proceedings
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Body temperature is an important parameter to measure in a number of fields such as medicine and sport. In medicine temperature changes can indicate underlying pathologies such as wound infections, while in sport temperature can be associated to a change in performance. In both cases a wearable temperature monitoring solution is preferable. In earlier work a temperature sensing yarn has been developed and characterized. The yarns were constructed by embedding an off-the-shelf thermistor into a polymer resin micro-pod and then into the fibers of a yarn. This process created a temperature sensing yarn that was conformal, drapeable, mechanically resilient, and washable. This work builds on this early study with the purposes of identifying the steady state error bought about on the temperature measurements as a result of the polymer resin and yarn fibers. Here a wider range of temperatures than previously explored were investigated. Additionally two types of polymer resin with different thermal properties have been tested, with varying thicknesses, for the encapsulation of the thermistor. This provides useful additional information for optimizing the temperature sensing yarn design.

ACS Style

Pasindu Lugoda; Tilak Dias; Theodore Hughes-Riley; Rob Morris. Refinement of Temperature Sensing Yarns. Proceedings 2017, 2, 123 .

AMA Style

Pasindu Lugoda, Tilak Dias, Theodore Hughes-Riley, Rob Morris. Refinement of Temperature Sensing Yarns. Proceedings. 2017; 2 (3):123.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pasindu Lugoda; Tilak Dias; Theodore Hughes-Riley; Rob Morris. 2017. "Refinement of Temperature Sensing Yarns." Proceedings 2, no. 3: 123.