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Dr. Elisabetta Pizzul
Life Science Department - University of Trieste (Italy)

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0 Freshwater Ecology
0 biomonitoring
0 fish ecology
0 Ecology and Conservation
0 Benthos

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Journal article
Published: 17 May 2021 in Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
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The parrotfish Sparisoma cretense, a marine species native to the eastern and southern coastal areas of the Mediterranean, has extended its distribution northward. Here, we provide an update on its distribution based on currently published data and two new records from the coastline of Sardinia, Italy (central-western Mediterranean). The survey methods were scuba diving and spearfishing: one specimen of S. cretense was caught along the Argentiera coastline (northwest Mediterranean) and the others were photographed in the Gulf of Orosei, Osalla Bay (central-eastern Mediterranean). A literature update, together with new records, documents the distribution of this species in the northernmost areas of the Mediterranean. Probably a result of global warming, the ongoing northward expansion of S. cretense highlights the need for sampling campaigns to obtain timely updates on population and distribution of this thermophilic species.

ACS Style

Giuseppe Esposito; Marino Prearo; Vasco Menconi; Davide Mugetti; Domenico Meloni; Mattia Tomasoni; Elisabetta Pizzul; Pierluigi Piras; Monia Renzi; Dario Gaspa; Paolo Pastorino. Northward Spread of the Parrotfish Sparisoma cretense (Teleostei: Scaridae) in the Mediterranean Sea: An Update on Current Distribution with Two New Records from Sardinia. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 2021, 9, 536 .

AMA Style

Giuseppe Esposito, Marino Prearo, Vasco Menconi, Davide Mugetti, Domenico Meloni, Mattia Tomasoni, Elisabetta Pizzul, Pierluigi Piras, Monia Renzi, Dario Gaspa, Paolo Pastorino. Northward Spread of the Parrotfish Sparisoma cretense (Teleostei: Scaridae) in the Mediterranean Sea: An Update on Current Distribution with Two New Records from Sardinia. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2021; 9 (5):536.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Giuseppe Esposito; Marino Prearo; Vasco Menconi; Davide Mugetti; Domenico Meloni; Mattia Tomasoni; Elisabetta Pizzul; Pierluigi Piras; Monia Renzi; Dario Gaspa; Paolo Pastorino. 2021. "Northward Spread of the Parrotfish Sparisoma cretense (Teleostei: Scaridae) in the Mediterranean Sea: An Update on Current Distribution with Two New Records from Sardinia." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 5: 536.

Journal article
Published: 21 March 2021 in Ecological Indicators
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We investigated modern-littoral and subfossil sediment-core diatoms in the shallow (max depth 6.4 m) high-mountain Lake Balma in the Orsiera Rocciavrè Nature Park (Italian Western Alps). Our study provided evidence that might be related to the response of diatom assemblages to fish introduction, in particular the decreasing of the nutrient-enrichment sensitive low-profile life-form/ecological guild and the increase in species known to react positively to the augmented nutrient availability due to fish excretions (e.g., Fragilaria nanana, Pseudostaurosira brevistriata, Staurosirella neopinnata). We are, however, aware that some of these effects could as well have been caused by pastures and cattle watering, and by increased temperatures due to global warming, and we acknowledge the typical complex-interaction pattern among different stressors. High-mountain lakes are ‘‘early warning systems’’ for the whole alpine system and can contribute valuable information also on the interactions between environmental global changes and anthropogenic impacts. Benthic diatoms, in particular, can provide useful indications on the deleterious effects of non-native fish introduction, cattle grazing, and global warming, and thus support an adaptive and sustainable management of high-mountain lakes for the sake of nature conservation.

ACS Style

Marco Cantonati; Raffaella Zorza; Marco Bertoli; Paolo Pastorino; Gianguido Salvi; Giulia Platania; Marino Prearo; Elisabetta Pizzul. Recent and subfossil diatom assemblages as indicators of environmental change (including fish introduction) in a high-mountain lake. Ecological Indicators 2021, 125, 107603 .

AMA Style

Marco Cantonati, Raffaella Zorza, Marco Bertoli, Paolo Pastorino, Gianguido Salvi, Giulia Platania, Marino Prearo, Elisabetta Pizzul. Recent and subfossil diatom assemblages as indicators of environmental change (including fish introduction) in a high-mountain lake. Ecological Indicators. 2021; 125 ():107603.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marco Cantonati; Raffaella Zorza; Marco Bertoli; Paolo Pastorino; Gianguido Salvi; Giulia Platania; Marino Prearo; Elisabetta Pizzul. 2021. "Recent and subfossil diatom assemblages as indicators of environmental change (including fish introduction) in a high-mountain lake." Ecological Indicators 125, no. : 107603.

Article
Published: 10 March 2021 in Aquatic Ecology
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The present study provides energy density (ED) data and models for four macrobenthic invertebrate genera inhabiting freshwater lotic environments (Baetis, Hydropsyche, Rhyacophila, and Onychogomphus). Samples were collected in the hydrological freshwater network of the Region Friuli Venezia Giulia within different watercourse types (creeks, streams, rivers channels, and ditches), and energy density was directly measured using an adiabatic bomb calorimeter. Measured ED expressed in Joule g−1 wet weight was strongly and positively correlated with percentage of dry weight (DW%) for all genera investigated (r2 > 0.9504), allowing to obtain genus-specific predictive models based on the relationship between ED and DW%. Models were validated and showed good predictive power, as 90th percentile of observed percentage errors ranged between 4.23% and 5.18% while medians ranged between 1.32% and 2.83%. ANCOVA disclosed significant differences between the models, as those for Rhyacophila and Onychogomphus differed significantly from the others. The empirical models were used to build a dataset of estimated energy density, to assess the relationship between energy density and ecological status of the monitored riverine systems, assessed in compliance with European and Italian law by the application of four different ecological indices (ICMi, RQE_IBMR, STAR_ICMi, and LIMeco). Information regarding ED levels for freshwater macrobenthic invertebrates is still neglected in biomonitoring programs, but it could be useful to interpret some ecological situations in the context of ecological status assessment, especially in relation to the trophic condition of the investigated riverine systems.

ACS Style

Marco Bertoli; Gabriele Piazza; Paolo Pastorino; Marino Prearo; Francesco Cozzoli; Fabio Vignes; Alberto Basset; Elisabetta Pizzul. Macrobenthic invertebrate energy densities and ecological status in freshwater watercourses (Friuli Venezia-Giulia, Northeast Italy). Aquatic Ecology 2021, 55, 501 -518.

AMA Style

Marco Bertoli, Gabriele Piazza, Paolo Pastorino, Marino Prearo, Francesco Cozzoli, Fabio Vignes, Alberto Basset, Elisabetta Pizzul. Macrobenthic invertebrate energy densities and ecological status in freshwater watercourses (Friuli Venezia-Giulia, Northeast Italy). Aquatic Ecology. 2021; 55 (2):501-518.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marco Bertoli; Gabriele Piazza; Paolo Pastorino; Marino Prearo; Francesco Cozzoli; Fabio Vignes; Alberto Basset; Elisabetta Pizzul. 2021. "Macrobenthic invertebrate energy densities and ecological status in freshwater watercourses (Friuli Venezia-Giulia, Northeast Italy)." Aquatic Ecology 55, no. 2: 501-518.

Journal article
Published: 07 February 2021 in Water
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The monitoring of microplastics pollution in freshwater environments trails behind its practice in marine ecosystems. We evaluated the use of the invasive zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) as a potential bioindicator of microplastic litter in freshwater lakes. Samples were collected from three sites (Lovere, Costa Volpino, Castro) at the northern end of Lake Iseo (one of the major subalpine lakes in north Italy) and compared for water physicochemical parameters, biometrical features of zebra mussels, and microplastics items/specimens (color, shape, size, and chemical composition). We hypothesized that since a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) on the Oglio River discharges into this area of the lake, the microplastics in D. polymorpha could be measured and compared in samples from the three sites at different distances from the WWTP. There was no difference in the physicochemical water parameters and biometric features between the samples from the three sites, whereas there was a significant difference in items/specimen between the sites in decreasing order (mean ± standard deviation): Costa Volpino (0.23 ± 0.43) > Lovere (0.07 ± 0.25) > Castro (0.03 ± 0.18). The chi-square test showed a significant difference in shape, color, and chemical composition frequency in the samples from the three sites. The chemical composition of the microplastics was polyethylene terephthalate (45%), nylon (20%), polypropylene (20%), polyamide resin (10%), and polyvinyl chloride (5%). Our data show that the amount of microplastics the zebra mussel accumulated was greater the closer the sampling site to the WWTP. Our findings suggest that the zebra mussel may provide a useful tool to monitor microplastics pollution in lakes.

ACS Style

Paolo Pastorino; Marino Prearo; Serena Anselmi; Vasco Menconi; Marco Bertoli; Alessandro Dondo; Elisabetta Pizzul; Monia Renzi. Use of the Zebra Mussel Dreissena polymorpha (Mollusca, Bivalvia) as a Bioindicator of Microplastics Pollution in Freshwater Ecosystems: A Case Study from Lake Iseo (North Italy). Water 2021, 13, 434 .

AMA Style

Paolo Pastorino, Marino Prearo, Serena Anselmi, Vasco Menconi, Marco Bertoli, Alessandro Dondo, Elisabetta Pizzul, Monia Renzi. Use of the Zebra Mussel Dreissena polymorpha (Mollusca, Bivalvia) as a Bioindicator of Microplastics Pollution in Freshwater Ecosystems: A Case Study from Lake Iseo (North Italy). Water. 2021; 13 (4):434.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paolo Pastorino; Marino Prearo; Serena Anselmi; Vasco Menconi; Marco Bertoli; Alessandro Dondo; Elisabetta Pizzul; Monia Renzi. 2021. "Use of the Zebra Mussel Dreissena polymorpha (Mollusca, Bivalvia) as a Bioindicator of Microplastics Pollution in Freshwater Ecosystems: A Case Study from Lake Iseo (North Italy)." Water 13, no. 4: 434.

Short communication
Published: 26 November 2020 in Chemosphere
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Plastic pollution has become a pervasive environmental problem on a global scale, from the ocean depths to the aquatic ecosystems of the Tibetan Plateau. To date, data on plastic and microplastic occurrence in pristine ecosystems like high-mountain lakes are lacking. In this study, plastic (>5000 μm) and microplastic (10–5000 μm) levels were measured in snow at the end of the winter season (April 2020), and in water, sediment, and biological samples collected monthly (June–October 2019) during the ice-free season from the Dimon Lake, a high-mountain lake in the Carnic Alps, northeast Italy. Biological samples consisted of chironomids (Diptera, Chironomidae; n = 150) and stomach contents of Cottus gobio (n = 40). Analysis of the water, sediment, and biological samples revealed the absence of plastic and microplastics larger than 10 μm, whereas the snow samples contained microplastics of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) albeit at very low levels (0.11 ± 0.19 L-1). These results show that while the lake ecosystem could be considered unpolluted by microplastics, abundant snow precipitation in winter can trap microplastic particles that deposit on the ground. The very low levels of PET microparticles recorded in the snow samples suggest the need for further research to better understand the source of microplastic pollution in this environmental matrix.

ACS Style

Paolo Pastorino; Elisabetta Pizzul; Marco Bertoli; Serena Anselmi; Manuel Kušće; Vasco Menconi; Marino Prearo; Monia Renzi. First insights into plastic and microplastic occurrence in biotic and abiotic compartments, and snow from a high-mountain lake (Carnic Alps). Chemosphere 2020, 265, 129121 .

AMA Style

Paolo Pastorino, Elisabetta Pizzul, Marco Bertoli, Serena Anselmi, Manuel Kušće, Vasco Menconi, Marino Prearo, Monia Renzi. First insights into plastic and microplastic occurrence in biotic and abiotic compartments, and snow from a high-mountain lake (Carnic Alps). Chemosphere. 2020; 265 ():129121.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paolo Pastorino; Elisabetta Pizzul; Marco Bertoli; Serena Anselmi; Manuel Kušće; Vasco Menconi; Marino Prearo; Monia Renzi. 2020. "First insights into plastic and microplastic occurrence in biotic and abiotic compartments, and snow from a high-mountain lake (Carnic Alps)." Chemosphere 265, no. : 129121.

Journal article
Published: 24 November 2020 in Diversity
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The hypothesis that liver lipid accumulation in fish is an adaptive strategy to survive the winter in the high-altitude environment was assessed in this study. During summer 2019, specimens of Cottus gobio were sampled in 15 watercourses of Friuli Venezia-Giulia Region (Italy) to verify if hepatic steatosis is or not normally present in the species. To do this, hepatic vacuolization was assessed by histology using a semiquantitative score. Furthermore, C. gobio were also captured during the ice-free season at Dimon Lake (1872 m a.s.l.) and But Stream (520 m a.s.l.) to compare the trend in lipid accumulation: water temperature, hepatosomatic index (HSI), gonadosomatic index (GSI), Fulton’s condition factor (K), and lipid area percentage (lipid %) were measured monthly. Findings revealed that liver steatosis is rather common in C. gobio. However, the trend in lipid accumulation of this species differed between Dimon Lake and But Stream. Based on the HSI and the GSI, the reproductive cycles differed in fish from the two environments (April–May in But Stream; May–June in Dimon Lake). While K values remained unchanged in the But Stream specimens, significant changes were recorded for Dimon specimens. The increase in lipid % from July to August in the Dimon Lake specimens coincided with greater food availability. With the rapid drop in lake water temperature in October, the lipid % decreased due to slower metabolic rate and lipid utilization from liver stores. There was a slight decrease in lipid % in the But Stream specimens, indicating that lipids were not being accumulated. Introduced years ago, the Dimon Lake bullhead population has since adapted to the winter conditions at high elevation.

ACS Style

Paolo Pastorino; Marco Bertoli; Manuel Kušće; Piero Giulio Giulianini; Vasco Menconi; Marino Prearo; Elisabetta Pizzul. Liver Lipid Accumulation in European Bullhead (Cottus cobio) from a High-Mountain Lake: An Adaptive Strategy to Survive the Adverse Winter Season. Diversity 2020, 12, 442 .

AMA Style

Paolo Pastorino, Marco Bertoli, Manuel Kušće, Piero Giulio Giulianini, Vasco Menconi, Marino Prearo, Elisabetta Pizzul. Liver Lipid Accumulation in European Bullhead (Cottus cobio) from a High-Mountain Lake: An Adaptive Strategy to Survive the Adverse Winter Season. Diversity. 2020; 12 (12):442.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paolo Pastorino; Marco Bertoli; Manuel Kušće; Piero Giulio Giulianini; Vasco Menconi; Marino Prearo; Elisabetta Pizzul. 2020. "Liver Lipid Accumulation in European Bullhead (Cottus cobio) from a High-Mountain Lake: An Adaptive Strategy to Survive the Adverse Winter Season." Diversity 12, no. 12: 442.

Communication
Published: 20 August 2020 in Animals
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Twelve biochemical parameters were measured in serum blood samples from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) maintained under controlled conditions. Forty-five samples were taken every 3 months (T1–T4) over the course of one year to define baseline values. The effect of fish total weight (TW) was also evaluated. Principal component analysis showed a clear separation between T4 and T1, and T2 and T3, indicating an increase in certain biochemical parameters with weight. Linear regression analysis showed how TW significantly explained 11–67% of the variability observed for nine parameters out of 12. Pearson’s correlation matrix showed a significant positive correlation (p < 0.05) between TW and albumin, alkaline phosphatase, alanine-aminotransferase, creatinine, gamma-glutamyl transferase, magnesium, phosphorus and total protein. Furthermore, significant correlations (p < 0.05) between the majority of the biochemical parameters were found, indicating that growth can influence several parameters at the same time. The present study provides several useful baseline values for assessing the health of O. mykiss, indicating that fish weight is an important factor for interpreting the blood biochemical profile.

ACS Style

Paolo Pastorino; Stefania Bergagna; Daniela Dezzutto; Raffaella Barbero; Marzia Righetti; Giulia Pagliasso; Laura Gasco; Maria Silvia Gennero; Elisabetta Pizzul; Alessandro Dondo; Marino Prearo. Long-Term Assessment of Baseline Blood Biochemistry Parameters in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Maintained under Controlled Conditions. Animals 2020, 10, 1466 .

AMA Style

Paolo Pastorino, Stefania Bergagna, Daniela Dezzutto, Raffaella Barbero, Marzia Righetti, Giulia Pagliasso, Laura Gasco, Maria Silvia Gennero, Elisabetta Pizzul, Alessandro Dondo, Marino Prearo. Long-Term Assessment of Baseline Blood Biochemistry Parameters in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Maintained under Controlled Conditions. Animals. 2020; 10 (9):1466.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paolo Pastorino; Stefania Bergagna; Daniela Dezzutto; Raffaella Barbero; Marzia Righetti; Giulia Pagliasso; Laura Gasco; Maria Silvia Gennero; Elisabetta Pizzul; Alessandro Dondo; Marino Prearo. 2020. "Long-Term Assessment of Baseline Blood Biochemistry Parameters in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Maintained under Controlled Conditions." Animals 10, no. 9: 1466.

Journal article
Published: 14 July 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Dibothriocephalus latus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidea; syn. Diphyllobothrium latum), is a fish-borne zoonotic parasite responsible for diphyllobothriasis in humans. Although D. latus has long been studied, many aspects of its epidemiology and distribution remain unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence, mean intensity of infestation, and mean abundance of plerocercoid larvae of D. latus in European perch (Perca fluviatilis) and its spatial distribution in three commercial fishing areas in Lake Iseo (Northern Italy). A total of 598 specimens of P. fluviatilis were caught in 2019. The total prevalence of D. latus was 6.5%. However, there were significant differences between areas (10.2% North; 7.3% Center; 1.5% South) (Chi-square test, p = 0.0018). The mean intensity of infestation ranged from 1 larva in southern area to 1.2 larvae in both the central and northern (Pisogne) areas. In addition, the mean abundance ranged from 0.02 in the southern area to 0.26 in the northern area (Pisogne). The total number of larvae (anterior dorsal—AD = 21; anterior ventral—AV = 1; posterior dorsal—PD = 15; posterior ventral—PV = 5) differed significantly between the four anatomical quadrants (Kruskal–Wallis test; p = 0.0001). The prevalence of D. latus plerocercoid larvae in European perch from Lake Iseo has long been investigated, but without an appropriate sampling design. With the present study, a broader analysis in spatial distribution has been added to the existing literature, revealing new information about D. latus distribution and occurrence in Lake Iseo, with new data that will be useful for health authorities and future studies.

ACS Style

Vasco Menconi; Paolo Pastorino; Ivana Momo; Davide Mugetti; Maria Bona; Sara Levetti; Mattia Tomasoni; Elisabetta Pizzul; Giuseppe Ru; Alessandro Dondo; Marino Prearo. Occurrence and Spatial Distribution of Dibothriocephalus Latus (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidea) in Lake Iseo (Northern Italy): An Update. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 5070 .

AMA Style

Vasco Menconi, Paolo Pastorino, Ivana Momo, Davide Mugetti, Maria Bona, Sara Levetti, Mattia Tomasoni, Elisabetta Pizzul, Giuseppe Ru, Alessandro Dondo, Marino Prearo. Occurrence and Spatial Distribution of Dibothriocephalus Latus (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidea) in Lake Iseo (Northern Italy): An Update. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (14):5070.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vasco Menconi; Paolo Pastorino; Ivana Momo; Davide Mugetti; Maria Bona; Sara Levetti; Mattia Tomasoni; Elisabetta Pizzul; Giuseppe Ru; Alessandro Dondo; Marino Prearo. 2020. "Occurrence and Spatial Distribution of Dibothriocephalus Latus (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidea) in Lake Iseo (Northern Italy): An Update." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 14: 5070.

Journal article
Published: 11 June 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The genus Eustrongylides includes nematodes that infect fish species and fish-eating birds inhabiting freshwater ecosystems. Nematodes belonging to the genus Eustrongylides are potentially pathogenic for humans; infection occurs after the consumption of raw or undercooked fish. In the two-year period 2019–2020, a total of 292 fish belonging to eight species were examined for the occurrence of Eustrongylides spp. from Lake San Michele, a small subalpine lake in northwest Italy. The prevalence of infestation was 18.3% in Lepomis gibbosus, 16.7% in Micropterus salmoides, and 10% in Perca fluviatilis. The other five fish species (Ameiurus melas, Ictalurus punctatus, Squalius cephalus, Carassius carassius, and Scardinius erythrophthalmus) were all negative for parasite presence. There were no significant differences in prevalence between the three fish species (Fisher’s exact test; p = 0.744). The mean intensity of infestation ranged from 1 (M. salmoides and P. fluviatilis) to 1.15 (L. gibbosus), and the mean abundance ranged from 0.1 (P. fluviatilis) to 0.28 (L. gibbosus). There were significant differences in the infestation site between the four muscle quadrants (anterior ventral, anterior dorsal, posterior ventral, and posterior dorsal) and the visceral cavity (Kruskal–Wallis test; p = 0.0008). The study findings advance our knowledge about the distribution and host range of this parasite in Italy.

ACS Style

Vasco Menconi; Maria Vittoria Riina; Paolo Pastorino; Davide Mugetti; Serena Canola; Elisabetta Pizzul; Maria Cristina Bona; Alessandro Dondo; Pier Luigi Acutis; Marino Prearo. First Occurrence of Eustrongylides spp. (Nematoda: Dioctophymatidae) in a Subalpine Lake in Northwest Italy: New Data on Distribution and Host Range. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 4171 .

AMA Style

Vasco Menconi, Maria Vittoria Riina, Paolo Pastorino, Davide Mugetti, Serena Canola, Elisabetta Pizzul, Maria Cristina Bona, Alessandro Dondo, Pier Luigi Acutis, Marino Prearo. First Occurrence of Eustrongylides spp. (Nematoda: Dioctophymatidae) in a Subalpine Lake in Northwest Italy: New Data on Distribution and Host Range. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (11):4171.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vasco Menconi; Maria Vittoria Riina; Paolo Pastorino; Davide Mugetti; Serena Canola; Elisabetta Pizzul; Maria Cristina Bona; Alessandro Dondo; Pier Luigi Acutis; Marino Prearo. 2020. "First Occurrence of Eustrongylides spp. (Nematoda: Dioctophymatidae) in a Subalpine Lake in Northwest Italy: New Data on Distribution and Host Range." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 11: 4171.

Correction
Published: 25 May 2020 in Hydrobiologia
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Due to an unfortunate turn of events, some given names and family names were transposed in the original publication. The proper representation of the authors’ names and their affiliations is published here.

ACS Style

Selene Perilli; Paolo Pastorino; Marco Bertoli; Gianguido Salvi; Filippo Franz; Marino Prearo; Elisabetta Pizzul. Correction to: Changes in midge assemblages (Diptera Chironomidae) in an alpine lake from the Italian Western Alps: the role and importance of fish introduction. Hydrobiologia 2020, 847, 2977 -2977.

AMA Style

Selene Perilli, Paolo Pastorino, Marco Bertoli, Gianguido Salvi, Filippo Franz, Marino Prearo, Elisabetta Pizzul. Correction to: Changes in midge assemblages (Diptera Chironomidae) in an alpine lake from the Italian Western Alps: the role and importance of fish introduction. Hydrobiologia. 2020; 847 (13):2977-2977.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Selene Perilli; Paolo Pastorino; Marco Bertoli; Gianguido Salvi; Filippo Franz; Marino Prearo; Elisabetta Pizzul. 2020. "Correction to: Changes in midge assemblages (Diptera Chironomidae) in an alpine lake from the Italian Western Alps: the role and importance of fish introduction." Hydrobiologia 847, no. 13: 2977-2977.

Primary research paper
Published: 21 April 2020 in Hydrobiologia
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Introduction of exotic species is one of the major human impacts for decline in autochthonous biodiversity. In freshwater lentic environments, alien fish introduction heavily shapes macrobenthic invertebrate structure, with special regard for Chironomidae (Diptera) community. These effects could be more evident in alpine lakes whose environments are considered as remote and undisturbed, but extremely susceptible and vulnerable to both natural and anthropogenic impacts. In this context, modern and subfossil chironomid assemblages were studied in a high-altitude lake (Balma Lake, Piedmont, Italy) which was not previously investigated and subject to brook trout introduction for recreational fishing at the end of the twentieth century (after 1970). Seasonal samplings (summer, autumn) were performed in five littoral and three deep sites, while a core sample was extracted from the deepest point of the lake. The analysis highlighted significant differences in subfossil chironomid communities before and after fish introduction and between subfossil and modern communities, with notable decrease in recent diversities. Dissimilarities were mainly related to Corynocera oliveri, Zavrelimyia, Micropsectra, Metriocnemus, and Heterotrissocladius marcidus type. Therefore, this study highlights the importance and effects of anthropic environmental events, such as fish introduction, in climate reconstructions and their interpretation, especially regarding the last 100/200-year period, when human environmental issues have become more significant.

ACS Style

Perilli Selene; Pastorino Paolo; Bertoli Marco; Gianguido Salvi; Filippo Franz; Prearo Marino; Elisabetta Pizzul. Changes in midge assemblages (Diptera Chironomidae) in an alpine lake from the Italian Western Alps: the role and importance of fish introduction. Hydrobiologia 2020, 847, 2393 -2415.

AMA Style

Perilli Selene, Pastorino Paolo, Bertoli Marco, Gianguido Salvi, Filippo Franz, Prearo Marino, Elisabetta Pizzul. Changes in midge assemblages (Diptera Chironomidae) in an alpine lake from the Italian Western Alps: the role and importance of fish introduction. Hydrobiologia. 2020; 847 (11):2393-2415.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Perilli Selene; Pastorino Paolo; Bertoli Marco; Gianguido Salvi; Filippo Franz; Prearo Marino; Elisabetta Pizzul. 2020. "Changes in midge assemblages (Diptera Chironomidae) in an alpine lake from the Italian Western Alps: the role and importance of fish introduction." Hydrobiologia 847, no. 11: 2393-2415.

Primary research paper
Published: 13 April 2020 in Hydrobiologia
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We investigated the main seasonal drivers of Phragmites australis decomposition dynamics in a freshwater karst lake subject to water level fluctuations. Physical and chemical parameters were monitored every two weeks for one year and P. australis decomposition rates were measured using the leaf bag technique during two seasons (autumn and spring). Decomposition dynamics were analyzed for the contribution of macrobenthic invertebrate colonizers and the influence of intermittent water level variations. Seasonal trends for changes in physical and chemical parameters were observed in relation to the underground origin of the water supply, which also affected the macrobenthic invertebrate communities. Decomposition rates k differed significantly between seasons (k = 0.0131 in autumn and k = 0.0115 in spring) but remained within a narrow range, reflecting the trend for changes in water temperature. Our findings show that the variability in decomposition rates was largely due to water level fluctuations (46.7% relative importance), rainfall (12.4% relative importance) and macrobenthic invertebrate communities dominated by shredders (23.9% relative importance; 40.9–93.7% of the collected samples). The influence of physical and chemical changes, particularly water temperature, was less important (relative importance 1.82%).

ACS Style

Marco Bertoli; Filippo Franz; Paolo Pastorino; Marino Prearo; Elisabetta Pizzul. Seasonal patterns of Phragmites australis breakdown in a karstic freshwater system (Doberdò Lake, Northeast Italy) in relation to water level fluctuations, environmental features, and macrobenthic invertebrate communities. Hydrobiologia 2020, 847, 2123 -2140.

AMA Style

Marco Bertoli, Filippo Franz, Paolo Pastorino, Marino Prearo, Elisabetta Pizzul. Seasonal patterns of Phragmites australis breakdown in a karstic freshwater system (Doberdò Lake, Northeast Italy) in relation to water level fluctuations, environmental features, and macrobenthic invertebrate communities. Hydrobiologia. 2020; 847 (9):2123-2140.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marco Bertoli; Filippo Franz; Paolo Pastorino; Marino Prearo; Elisabetta Pizzul. 2020. "Seasonal patterns of Phragmites australis breakdown in a karstic freshwater system (Doberdò Lake, Northeast Italy) in relation to water level fluctuations, environmental features, and macrobenthic invertebrate communities." Hydrobiologia 847, no. 9: 2123-2140.

Communication
Published: 21 February 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Clinostomum complanatum, a digenean trematode of the Clinostomidae family, is a fish-borne zoonotic parasite responsible for Halzoun syndrome in humans and is transmitted through the consumption of raw or undercooked freshwater fish. Of the total of 112 specimens of European perch (Perca fluviatilis) sampled from a subalpine lake (Lake Endine) in North Italy in 2019, 21 (18.75%) tested positive for encysted metacercariae in the fillet. This study reports the first isolation of C. complanatum in P. fluviatilis and highlights the possible zoonotic risk for consumers, since P. fluviatilis is a food fish used in the traditional local cuisine.

ACS Style

Vasco Menconi; Chiara Manfrin; Paolo Pastorino; Davide Mugetti; Luana Cortinovis; Elisabetta Pizzul; Alberto Pallavicini; Marino Prearo. First Report of Clinostomum complanatum (Trematoda: Digenea) in European Perch (Perca fluviatilis) from an Italian Subalpine Lake: A Risk for Public Health? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 1389 .

AMA Style

Vasco Menconi, Chiara Manfrin, Paolo Pastorino, Davide Mugetti, Luana Cortinovis, Elisabetta Pizzul, Alberto Pallavicini, Marino Prearo. First Report of Clinostomum complanatum (Trematoda: Digenea) in European Perch (Perca fluviatilis) from an Italian Subalpine Lake: A Risk for Public Health? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (4):1389.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vasco Menconi; Chiara Manfrin; Paolo Pastorino; Davide Mugetti; Luana Cortinovis; Elisabetta Pizzul; Alberto Pallavicini; Marino Prearo. 2020. "First Report of Clinostomum complanatum (Trematoda: Digenea) in European Perch (Perca fluviatilis) from an Italian Subalpine Lake: A Risk for Public Health?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 4: 1389.

Journal article
Published: 18 February 2020 in Water
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This study aimed to assess the biological and sanitary conditions of alien fish in a high-mountain lake (Balma Lake) located in the Cottian Alps. A single fish sampling session (August 2018) using gillnets collected 90 specimens of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). Sex and age were determined (59 females and 31 males, age class 0+ to 4+). Regression analysis showed no difference in total weight and total length between males and females (ANCOVA: F = 0.453; p = 0.954). The mean condition factor (Kmean) decreased with increasing age for males and females. Terrestrial insects were the main prey found in the fish stomachs. The parasitological exam was negative, and the bacteriological exam was positive for Carnobacterium maltaromaticum and C. divergens in 33% of specimens. The total mercury, cadmium, and lead concentration in muscle tissue was within the maximum limit established by the European Commission for human consumption. The brook trout population was found to be well structured; these findings may help local administrations in the implementation of eradication measures.

ACS Style

Paolo Pastorino; Marino Prearo; Marco Bertoli; Vasco Menconi; Giuseppe Esposito; Marzia Righetti; Davide Mugetti; Sabina Pederiva; Maria Cesarina Abete; Elisabetta Pizzul. Assessment of Biological and Sanitary Condition of Alien Fish from a High-Mountain Lake (Cottian Alps). Water 2020, 12, 559 .

AMA Style

Paolo Pastorino, Marino Prearo, Marco Bertoli, Vasco Menconi, Giuseppe Esposito, Marzia Righetti, Davide Mugetti, Sabina Pederiva, Maria Cesarina Abete, Elisabetta Pizzul. Assessment of Biological and Sanitary Condition of Alien Fish from a High-Mountain Lake (Cottian Alps). Water. 2020; 12 (2):559.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paolo Pastorino; Marino Prearo; Marco Bertoli; Vasco Menconi; Giuseppe Esposito; Marzia Righetti; Davide Mugetti; Sabina Pederiva; Maria Cesarina Abete; Elisabetta Pizzul. 2020. "Assessment of Biological and Sanitary Condition of Alien Fish from a High-Mountain Lake (Cottian Alps)." Water 12, no. 2: 559.

Journal article
Published: 25 January 2020 in Science of The Total Environment
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High-mountain lakes are pristine ecosystems characterized by extreme environmental conditions. The atmospheric transport of pollutants from lowlands may add further stress to organisms inhabiting these environments. We investigated the environmental stress pressure on brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) from a high-mountain lake in the Cottian Alps (Piedmont, northwest Italy). To do this, males and females of brook trout were sampled from Balma Lake in summer (August) and autumn (October) 2017 in order to assess the influence of trace elements accumulation and environmental parameters (physicochemical parameters and nutrient characteristics of water) on oxidative stress biomarkers. Bioaccumulation of Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Pb, Ni, Se, and Zn and metallothionein levels were measured in muscle tissue of males and females. Liver, gills, kidney, and spleen tissue samples were analyzed for superoxide dismutase, catalase, total glutathione peroxidase, selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione S-transferase activity. Analysis of environmental parameters showed changes in biomarker levels with seasonal variations. Water temperature was significantly higher in summer than autumn (Wilcoxon test; p = .0078), while pH was significantly higher in autumn than in summer (Wilcoxon test; p = .0078). Sex-related differences in oxidative stress biomarkers in tissues were unremarkable, whereas seasonal variability of oxidative stress biomarkers was observed, with major differences occurred for liver in summer and for gills, kidney, spleen and muscle in autumn. Positive correlations between environmental parameters and biomarkers were noted. Major fluctuations in water temperature, pH, Cu, Pb and Hg produced changes in biomarker levels; however, increased food intake during the ice-free season was probably the main factor that influenced changes in oxidative stress biomarker levels in brook trout in this extreme ecosystem.

ACS Style

Paolo Pastorino; Antonia Concetta Elia; Barbara Caldaroni; Vasco Menconi; Maria Cesarina Abete; Paola Brizio; Marco Bertoli; Annalisa Zaccaroni; Magara Gabriele; Ambrosius Josef Martin Dörr; Elisabetta Pizzul; Marino Prearo. Oxidative stress ecology in brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) from a high-mountain lake (Cottian Alps). Science of The Total Environment 2020, 715, 136946 .

AMA Style

Paolo Pastorino, Antonia Concetta Elia, Barbara Caldaroni, Vasco Menconi, Maria Cesarina Abete, Paola Brizio, Marco Bertoli, Annalisa Zaccaroni, Magara Gabriele, Ambrosius Josef Martin Dörr, Elisabetta Pizzul, Marino Prearo. Oxidative stress ecology in brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) from a high-mountain lake (Cottian Alps). Science of The Total Environment. 2020; 715 ():136946.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paolo Pastorino; Antonia Concetta Elia; Barbara Caldaroni; Vasco Menconi; Maria Cesarina Abete; Paola Brizio; Marco Bertoli; Annalisa Zaccaroni; Magara Gabriele; Ambrosius Josef Martin Dörr; Elisabetta Pizzul; Marino Prearo. 2020. "Oxidative stress ecology in brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) from a high-mountain lake (Cottian Alps)." Science of The Total Environment 715, no. : 136946.

Article
Published: 13 January 2020 in Estuaries and Coasts
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Salinity is a limiting factor for many invertebrates, especially for Odonata which are typically associated with freshwater ecosystems. In Europe, 15 Odonata species inhabit brackish wetlands and only few detailed data on their tolerance towards salinity are available. We investigated Odonata fauna in 11 sampling stations situated in three estuarine areas (northern Adriatic coastline) which differed in salinity conditions (freshwater- polyhaline habitats) in order to assess affinity of Odonata species to brackish habitats and to describe their distribution pattern in coastal wetlands. Adults, exuviae (the remains of the exoskeleton after the last larval instar), and the main chemical and physical water parameters were sampled every 2 weeks for 1 year in each station. In total, 25 species were detected and 56% of them were able to complete their life cycle in brackish water environments. Our results showed that freshwater and oligohaline ponds were the most favorable for dragonflies, with an overall higher species richness. There was a high species turnover along the salinity gradient, with a strong differentiation among the communities along the gradient. Considering the exuviae, we observed a high specificity with respect to the habitat conditions (seven species exclusive of freshwater sites and six of oligohaline ones, respectively). Among the adults, four species were found exclusively in freshwater habitats and no species seemed to be strictly connected with oligohaline habitats. Coastal wetlands are composed by a mosaic of different habitats especially when freshwater and seawater are close together, supporting many Odonata species with different tolerance toward salinity conditions. They also provide useful insights for conservation and management actions.

ACS Style

Costanza Uboni; Jure Jugovic; Enrico Tordoni; Elisabetta Pizzul; Elisa Riservato; Giovanni Bacaro. Dragonfly (Odonata) Diversity Patterns in Mixohaline Coastal Wetlands. Estuaries and Coasts 2020, 43, 375 -386.

AMA Style

Costanza Uboni, Jure Jugovic, Enrico Tordoni, Elisabetta Pizzul, Elisa Riservato, Giovanni Bacaro. Dragonfly (Odonata) Diversity Patterns in Mixohaline Coastal Wetlands. Estuaries and Coasts. 2020; 43 (2):375-386.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Costanza Uboni; Jure Jugovic; Enrico Tordoni; Elisabetta Pizzul; Elisa Riservato; Giovanni Bacaro. 2020. "Dragonfly (Odonata) Diversity Patterns in Mixohaline Coastal Wetlands." Estuaries and Coasts 43, no. 2: 375-386.

Research article
Published: 20 December 2019 in Environmental Science and Pollution Research
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Alpine lakes are extreme ecosystems located in remote areas and populated by few but well-adapted species. Because of their remote location, they are often considered pristine, unpolluted ecosystems. Since the 1980s, however, they have been affected by global anthropogenic impacts. Macrobenthic invertebrates play a pivotal role in these ecosystems and can be used as bioindicators also for monitoring the accumulation of trace elements. We characterized the macrobenthic invertebrates community of Balma Lake (Cottian Alps, Northwest Italy) and Dimon Lake (Carnic Alps, Northeast Italy) in summer and autumn and measured the levels of nine trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Se, Zn) in the most abundant taxa (Chironomidae and Oligochaeta in both lakes and Hirudinea in Dimon Lake) in both seasons. The highest levels of trace elements were recorded for Fe, Cu, and Zn according to their environmental availability and their function as essential elements. The total amount of trace elements was highest for the Chironomidae from both lakes compared to the other two taxa. As, Cd, Pb, and Zn were measured in sediment to calculate bioaccumulation factor (BAF) values. The amount of elements in sediment and macrobenthic invertebrates was higher for Dimon Lake, suggesting a greater flux via precipitation of contaminants from the lowland. The BAF values were decreased with increasing trace elements concentration in sediment, indicating mechanisms of elements excretion in biota where the environment is contaminated. This study is the first to report on the use of macrobenthic invertebrates to monitor trace elements in Alpine lakes.

ACS Style

Paolo Pastorino; Elisabetta Pizzul; Marco Bertoli; Selene Perilli; Paola Brizio; Gianguido Salvi; Giuseppe Esposito; Maria Cesarina Abete; Marino Prearo; Stefania Squadrone. Macrobenthic invertebrates as bioindicators of trace elements in high-mountain lakes. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2019, 27, 5958 -5970.

AMA Style

Paolo Pastorino, Elisabetta Pizzul, Marco Bertoli, Selene Perilli, Paola Brizio, Gianguido Salvi, Giuseppe Esposito, Maria Cesarina Abete, Marino Prearo, Stefania Squadrone. Macrobenthic invertebrates as bioindicators of trace elements in high-mountain lakes. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2019; 27 (6):5958-5970.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paolo Pastorino; Elisabetta Pizzul; Marco Bertoli; Selene Perilli; Paola Brizio; Gianguido Salvi; Giuseppe Esposito; Maria Cesarina Abete; Marino Prearo; Stefania Squadrone. 2019. "Macrobenthic invertebrates as bioindicators of trace elements in high-mountain lakes." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27, no. 6: 5958-5970.

Journal article
Published: 10 December 2019 in Water
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Karst ecosystems are considered as priority environments for the protection of biodiversity on a global scale. This study provides a first comparative analysis of epilithic diatom flora from karst springs in two Mediterranean geographic areas (Spain and Italy) with contrasting characteristics (islands vs mainland). We investigated twenty-three springs with different anthropogenic impact levels once in the winter season between 2007 and 2017 (N = 23). A total of 176 diatom taxa (56 genera) were found of which 101 (44 genera) were observed in single sites. A general good biotic integrity was revealed by structural indices (species richness, diversity and evenness). However, crenophilous species were generally present and abundant in less impacted springs. Comparing islands and mainland, significant differences were found in species composition and diversity (H’) based on multivariate analyses (global R = 0.610; p = 0.001) and t-test (t = 2.304; p = 0.031). Discharge and Cl− were the most significant variables in determining diatom assemblages. Our results confirm the role of springs as multiple ecotones and refuges for rare species and suggest that the geographic insularity may be an important factor in maintaining diatom biodiversity.

ACS Style

Giuseppina G. Lai; Sara Burato; Bachisio M. Padedda; Raffaella Zorza; Elisabetta Pizzul; Cristina Delgado; Antonella Lugliè; Marco Cantonati. Diatom Biodiversity in Karst Springs of Mediterranean Geographic Areas with Contrasting Characteristics: Islands vs Mainland. Water 2019, 11, 2602 .

AMA Style

Giuseppina G. Lai, Sara Burato, Bachisio M. Padedda, Raffaella Zorza, Elisabetta Pizzul, Cristina Delgado, Antonella Lugliè, Marco Cantonati. Diatom Biodiversity in Karst Springs of Mediterranean Geographic Areas with Contrasting Characteristics: Islands vs Mainland. Water. 2019; 11 (12):2602.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Giuseppina G. Lai; Sara Burato; Bachisio M. Padedda; Raffaella Zorza; Elisabetta Pizzul; Cristina Delgado; Antonella Lugliè; Marco Cantonati. 2019. "Diatom Biodiversity in Karst Springs of Mediterranean Geographic Areas with Contrasting Characteristics: Islands vs Mainland." Water 11, no. 12: 2602.

Journal article
Published: 05 December 2019 in Water
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The aim of this study was to describe liver alterations observed in a bullhead (Cottus gobio) population from a high-mountain lake (Dimon Lake; 1857 m a.s.l.) located in Carnic Alps (Northeast Italy). Two fish sampling campaigns (summer and autumn) were performed in 2017 to explore the possible causes of this phenomenon. In addition, to investigate the typical liver features of C. gobio, control specimens were captured from Degano Creek in the same seasons. Total length, weight, and liver weight were recorded in fish from both sampling sites. In addition, Fulton’s condition factor (K) and hepatosomatic index (HSI) were calculated. Stomach contents were also analyzed. Liver from each specimen was sampled, and histological examination was carried out. Liver steatosis (L) (nuclear displacement and cytoplasm vacuolization) were histologically evaluated by assigning a semiquantitative severity score. A significant difference in L was found between Dimon Lake and Degano Creek in both summer (Mann–Whitney test; p = 0.0001) and autumn (Mann–Whitney test; p < 0.0001). Regarding HSI, a significant difference was also recorded between Dimon Lake and Degano Creek in summer (Mann–Whitney test; p < 0.0001) and also in autumn (Mann–Whitney test; p < 0.0001), but no seasonal change in K values was recorded between the two sites in both summer (Mann–Whitney test; p = 0.8589) and autumn (Mann–Whitney test; p = 0.6415). A significant positive correlation between HSI and L was found (ρS 0.573). The causes of this abnormality might be related to adaptation by the fish to the high-altitude environment, accumulating lipids in the liver to tackle the adverse season, which lasts for 6 months of the year. Nonetheless, our study does not preclude steatosis induced by a nearly exclusive chironomids diet in bullhead from Dimon Lake.

ACS Style

Paolo Pastorino; Marino Prearo; Elisabetta Pizzul; Marco Bertoli; Danila Raffaella Francese; Vasco Menconi; Davide Mugetti; Elena Bozzetta; Katia Varello. Hepatic Steatosis in a Bullhead (Cottus gobio) Population from a High-Mountain Lake (Carnic Alps): Adaptation to an Extreme Ecosystem? Water 2019, 11, 2570 .

AMA Style

Paolo Pastorino, Marino Prearo, Elisabetta Pizzul, Marco Bertoli, Danila Raffaella Francese, Vasco Menconi, Davide Mugetti, Elena Bozzetta, Katia Varello. Hepatic Steatosis in a Bullhead (Cottus gobio) Population from a High-Mountain Lake (Carnic Alps): Adaptation to an Extreme Ecosystem? Water. 2019; 11 (12):2570.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paolo Pastorino; Marino Prearo; Elisabetta Pizzul; Marco Bertoli; Danila Raffaella Francese; Vasco Menconi; Davide Mugetti; Elena Bozzetta; Katia Varello. 2019. "Hepatic Steatosis in a Bullhead (Cottus gobio) Population from a High-Mountain Lake (Carnic Alps): Adaptation to an Extreme Ecosystem?" Water 11, no. 12: 2570.

Journal article
Published: 04 September 2019 in Science of The Total Environment
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Rare earth elements (REEs) are emergent contaminants in aquatic ecosystems in parallel with their growing use in science, technology, and industry. In this study we measured the concentration of 16 REEs in freshwater marcobenthic invertebrates from 6 watercourses in northeast Italy to determine their potential use as ecological tracers of REEs in aquatic ecosystems. The total REE concentration at the sampling sites followed this order: site 6 (7.05 mg Kg−1) > site 3 (5.76 mg Kg−1) > site 4 (3.58 mg Kg−1) > site 1 (3.0 mg Kg−1) > site 5 (2.36 mg Kg−1) > site 2 (1.95 mg Kg−1). There were no significant differences in REE concentrations across the six samplings sites (Kruskal Wallis test, p = 0.1773), but two (site 3 and 6) had higher amount of REEs and were classified with the ecological status “Moderate” sensu Water Framework Directive since affected by anthropogenic activities. Light REE were always greater than heavy REE concentrations at all six sites. A positive correlation was observed between certain REEs (La, Ce, Gd) and the density of genera Caenis and Baetis (Ehemeroptera, collector-gatherers) (ρS range 0.795–0.812), suggesting that non-predatory macrobenthic invertebrates accumulate more REEs than predatory organisms and that the intake of sediment is the most effective route of assimilation.

ACS Style

Paolo Pastorino; Paola Brizio; Maria Cesarina Abete; Marco Bertoli; Anna Giulia Oss Noser; Gabriele Piazza; Marino Prearo; Antonia Concetta Elia; Elisabetta Pizzul; Stefania Squadrone. Macrobenthic invertebrates as tracers of rare earth elements in freshwater watercourses. Science of The Total Environment 2019, 698, 134282 .

AMA Style

Paolo Pastorino, Paola Brizio, Maria Cesarina Abete, Marco Bertoli, Anna Giulia Oss Noser, Gabriele Piazza, Marino Prearo, Antonia Concetta Elia, Elisabetta Pizzul, Stefania Squadrone. Macrobenthic invertebrates as tracers of rare earth elements in freshwater watercourses. Science of The Total Environment. 2019; 698 ():134282.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paolo Pastorino; Paola Brizio; Maria Cesarina Abete; Marco Bertoli; Anna Giulia Oss Noser; Gabriele Piazza; Marino Prearo; Antonia Concetta Elia; Elisabetta Pizzul; Stefania Squadrone. 2019. "Macrobenthic invertebrates as tracers of rare earth elements in freshwater watercourses." Science of The Total Environment 698, no. : 134282.