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Prof. Dr. Paolo Pastorino
Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta

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Journal article
Published: 11 August 2021 in Pathogens
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Fish mycobacteriosis is a widespread global problem caused by species of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). Mycobacterium marinum is one of the species most often involved in disease episodes of aquarium and farmed fish. Since there is currently no available effective therapy or vaccine, a prompt search for routes of entry is key to limiting the damage induced by the disease. Here we report a case of mycobacteriosis follow up in a European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) farm located in Northern Italy, in which environmental samples and newly added fish batches were analyzed. Samples from fish present on the farm, sediment, and periphyton all resulted positive for M. marinum, whereas the new fish batches and the water samples resulted negative. The environmental resistance of NTM (alcohol-acid resistance, biofilm formation) and the lack of prophylactic and therapeutic strategies make these diseases difficult to manage. Prompt identification of biotic and abiotic reservoirs, combined with good zootechnical hygiene practices, are the most effective measures to control fish mycobacteriosis in intensive farms.

ACS Style

Davide Mugetti; Katia Varello; Paolo Pastorino; Mattia Tomasoni; Vasco Menconi; Elena Bozzetta; Alessandro Dondo; Marino Prearo. Investigation of Potential Reservoirs of Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria in a European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) Farm. Pathogens 2021, 10, 1014 .

AMA Style

Davide Mugetti, Katia Varello, Paolo Pastorino, Mattia Tomasoni, Vasco Menconi, Elena Bozzetta, Alessandro Dondo, Marino Prearo. Investigation of Potential Reservoirs of Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria in a European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) Farm. Pathogens. 2021; 10 (8):1014.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Davide Mugetti; Katia Varello; Paolo Pastorino; Mattia Tomasoni; Vasco Menconi; Elena Bozzetta; Alessandro Dondo; Marino Prearo. 2021. "Investigation of Potential Reservoirs of Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria in a European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) Farm." Pathogens 10, no. 8: 1014.

Journal article
Published: 16 July 2021 in Food Control
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The Atlantic horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus) is a commercially important fish species. Most parasitological studies on the anisakid nematodes occurrence in T. trachurus to date have involved fish from the Atlantic Ocean, while few studies are available for the Mediterranean Sea. Since T. trachurus is used raw and cooked in Ligurian cuisine (northwest Italy), assessment of possible consumer health risks (i.e., anisakiasis and allergic issues) is warranted. With this study we investigated the occurrence of zoonotic anisakid nematode larvae in the Atlantic horse mackerel. Between 2017 and 2019 a parasitological survey was carried out on 481 T. trachurus from four commercial fishing areas (Sanremo, n = 45; Imperia, n = 30; Savona, n = 300; Arenzano, n = 106) in the Ligurian Sea (western Mediterranean Sea). All isolated larvae morphologically assigned to the genus Anisakis (n = 937) were identified as A. pegreffii by PCR-RFLP. The total prevalence of A. pegreffii was 60.9% (95% confidence interval [CI] 56.5–65.3); the prevalence by area was: Savona (89.3%; 95% CI 85.8–92.8) > Imperia (20%; 95% CI 4.8–35.2) > Arenzano (16%; 95% CI 8.9–23.1) > Sanremo (4.4%; 95% CI 0–10.7). Anisakis pegreffii larvae were found in visceral organs (99.15%) and muscle tissue (0.85%). In addition, 411 larvae morphologically referable to the genus Hysterothylacium sp. were also isolated but only in the viscera. This parasitological survey provides new data on the occurrence and the level of anisakid nematode infection in the Atlantic horse mackerel.

ACS Style

Vasco Menconi; Paolo Pastorino; Serena Canola; Elena Pavoletti; Nicoletta Vitale; Tommaso Scanzio; Marzia Righetti; Davide Mugetti; Mattia Tomasoni; Maria Cristina Bona; Marino Prearo. Occurrence and spatial variation of Anisakis pegreffii in the Atlantic horse mackerel Trachurus trachurus (Carangidae): A three-year monitoring survey in the western Ligurian Sea. Food Control 2021, 131, 108423 .

AMA Style

Vasco Menconi, Paolo Pastorino, Serena Canola, Elena Pavoletti, Nicoletta Vitale, Tommaso Scanzio, Marzia Righetti, Davide Mugetti, Mattia Tomasoni, Maria Cristina Bona, Marino Prearo. Occurrence and spatial variation of Anisakis pegreffii in the Atlantic horse mackerel Trachurus trachurus (Carangidae): A three-year monitoring survey in the western Ligurian Sea. Food Control. 2021; 131 ():108423.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vasco Menconi; Paolo Pastorino; Serena Canola; Elena Pavoletti; Nicoletta Vitale; Tommaso Scanzio; Marzia Righetti; Davide Mugetti; Mattia Tomasoni; Maria Cristina Bona; Marino Prearo. 2021. "Occurrence and spatial variation of Anisakis pegreffii in the Atlantic horse mackerel Trachurus trachurus (Carangidae): A three-year monitoring survey in the western Ligurian Sea." Food Control 131, no. : 108423.

Original paper
Published: 27 May 2021 in Exposure and Health
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With this study we investigated the accumulation of potentially toxic elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn), six indicators (28, 52, 101, 138, 153, 180) of non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (Σ6 NDL-PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and microplastics in S. quadrata (edible part) collected from two sampling sites (1 and 2) from the Arno River Basin (Central Italy). A risk assessment of the implications for human health was also performed. Levels of potentially toxic elements in gastropods from site 2 were slightly higher and the Σ6 NDL-PCB concentration was significantly higher (7.32 ng g−1 vs. 3.07 ng g−1) compared to site 1 due to higher anthropogenic pressures. The concentration of chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, and benzo(a)pyrene was below the limit of quantification (0.5 μg kg−1). Benzo[a]anthracene was detected in gastropods from both sites (0.5 ± 0.02 μg kg−1 and 0.7 ± 0.02 μg kg−1 from site 1 and 2, respectively). The microplastics frequency (mainly polyethylene terephthalate) differed significantly between the sites (site 1, 0.8 ± 1.30; site 2, 1 ± 0.37 items/specimen). All contaminant levels were compliant with international regulatory limits and guidelines. Incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) values for As, Cd, Cr, and Pb were far below the safety values of 1 × 10–4. Similarly, the ILCR values from the Monte Carlo simulation model were all within the safety region of 1 × 10–4 and 1 × 10–6. Findings from the health risk assessment indicated no adverse effects for human health from any of the contaminants analysed here, except for microplastics for which no limits or legislation are currently in force.

ACS Style

Paolo Pastorino; Annamaria Nocita; Valentina Ciccotelli; Annalisa Zaccaroni; Serena Anselmi; Roberta Giugliano; Mattia Tomasoni; Marina Silvi; Vasco Menconi; Barbara Vivaldi; Elisabetta Pizzul; Monia Renzi; Marino Prearo. Health Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements, Persistence of NDL-PCB, PAHs, and Microplastics in the Translocated Edible Freshwater Sinotaia quadrata (Gasteropoda, Viviparidae): A Case Study from the Arno River Basin (Central Italy). Exposure and Health 2021, 1 -14.

AMA Style

Paolo Pastorino, Annamaria Nocita, Valentina Ciccotelli, Annalisa Zaccaroni, Serena Anselmi, Roberta Giugliano, Mattia Tomasoni, Marina Silvi, Vasco Menconi, Barbara Vivaldi, Elisabetta Pizzul, Monia Renzi, Marino Prearo. Health Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements, Persistence of NDL-PCB, PAHs, and Microplastics in the Translocated Edible Freshwater Sinotaia quadrata (Gasteropoda, Viviparidae): A Case Study from the Arno River Basin (Central Italy). Exposure and Health. 2021; ():1-14.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paolo Pastorino; Annamaria Nocita; Valentina Ciccotelli; Annalisa Zaccaroni; Serena Anselmi; Roberta Giugliano; Mattia Tomasoni; Marina Silvi; Vasco Menconi; Barbara Vivaldi; Elisabetta Pizzul; Monia Renzi; Marino Prearo. 2021. "Health Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements, Persistence of NDL-PCB, PAHs, and Microplastics in the Translocated Edible Freshwater Sinotaia quadrata (Gasteropoda, Viviparidae): A Case Study from the Arno River Basin (Central Italy)." Exposure and Health , no. : 1-14.

Journal article
Published: 17 May 2021 in Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
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The parrotfish Sparisoma cretense, a marine species native to the eastern and southern coastal areas of the Mediterranean, has extended its distribution northward. Here, we provide an update on its distribution based on currently published data and two new records from the coastline of Sardinia, Italy (central-western Mediterranean). The survey methods were scuba diving and spearfishing: one specimen of S. cretense was caught along the Argentiera coastline (northwest Mediterranean) and the others were photographed in the Gulf of Orosei, Osalla Bay (central-eastern Mediterranean). A literature update, together with new records, documents the distribution of this species in the northernmost areas of the Mediterranean. Probably a result of global warming, the ongoing northward expansion of S. cretense highlights the need for sampling campaigns to obtain timely updates on population and distribution of this thermophilic species.

ACS Style

Giuseppe Esposito; Marino Prearo; Vasco Menconi; Davide Mugetti; Domenico Meloni; Mattia Tomasoni; Elisabetta Pizzul; Pierluigi Piras; Monia Renzi; Dario Gaspa; Paolo Pastorino. Northward Spread of the Parrotfish Sparisoma cretense (Teleostei: Scaridae) in the Mediterranean Sea: An Update on Current Distribution with Two New Records from Sardinia. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 2021, 9, 536 .

AMA Style

Giuseppe Esposito, Marino Prearo, Vasco Menconi, Davide Mugetti, Domenico Meloni, Mattia Tomasoni, Elisabetta Pizzul, Pierluigi Piras, Monia Renzi, Dario Gaspa, Paolo Pastorino. Northward Spread of the Parrotfish Sparisoma cretense (Teleostei: Scaridae) in the Mediterranean Sea: An Update on Current Distribution with Two New Records from Sardinia. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2021; 9 (5):536.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Giuseppe Esposito; Marino Prearo; Vasco Menconi; Davide Mugetti; Domenico Meloni; Mattia Tomasoni; Elisabetta Pizzul; Pierluigi Piras; Monia Renzi; Dario Gaspa; Paolo Pastorino. 2021. "Northward Spread of the Parrotfish Sparisoma cretense (Teleostei: Scaridae) in the Mediterranean Sea: An Update on Current Distribution with Two New Records from Sardinia." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 5: 536.

Journal article
Published: 22 April 2021 in Chemosphere
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Phytoplankton occupies a key trophic level in aquatic ecosystems. Chemical impacts on these primary producers can disrupt the integrity of an entire ecosystem. Two freshwater (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata-Ps and Scenedesmus obliquus-S) and three marine (Phaeodactylum tricornutum-P, Isochrysis galbana-I, Tetraselmis suecica-T) microalgae species were exposed to dilutions of four chemicals: nanoparticles (n-TiO2, n-ZnO), amoxicillin (antibiotic), and white musk (personal care fragrance) to determine the half maximal effective concentration (EC50) after 72 h of exposure under standardized and controlled environmental conditions. Cell cultures were exposed to EC50 to determine sublethal effects (72 h) based on biochemical (chlorophylls a, b, c), molecular (changes in outer cell wall structure), and morphological alterations. We report for the first time EC50 values for nanoparticles in not standardized species (S, I and T) and for amoxicillin and white musk in all tested species. Standardized species (Ps and P) were less sensitive than non-standardized in some cases. Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy showed a marked spectral alteration (from 10.44% to 90.93%) of treated cultures compared to negative controls; however, principal component analysis disclosed no differences in molecular alteration between the five microalgae species or the two aquatic habitats considered. There was a significant decrease in chlorophylls content in all species exposed to EC50 compared to controls (Kruskal Wallis test; p < 0.05). There was a significant increase in cell-size (Mann–Whitney U test; p < 0.05) in I, P and T exposed to white musk and S exposed to amoxicillin. Findings highlight ecotoxicological risks from new generation pollutants for primary producers in aquatic ecosystems.

ACS Style

Andrea Broccoli; Serena Anselmi; Andrea Cavallo; Vittoria Ferrari; Daniela Prevedelli; Paolo Pastorino; Monia Renzi. Ecotoxicological effects of new generation pollutants (nanoparticles, amoxicillin and white musk) on freshwater and marine phytoplankton species. Chemosphere 2021, 279, 130623 .

AMA Style

Andrea Broccoli, Serena Anselmi, Andrea Cavallo, Vittoria Ferrari, Daniela Prevedelli, Paolo Pastorino, Monia Renzi. Ecotoxicological effects of new generation pollutants (nanoparticles, amoxicillin and white musk) on freshwater and marine phytoplankton species. Chemosphere. 2021; 279 ():130623.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrea Broccoli; Serena Anselmi; Andrea Cavallo; Vittoria Ferrari; Daniela Prevedelli; Paolo Pastorino; Monia Renzi. 2021. "Ecotoxicological effects of new generation pollutants (nanoparticles, amoxicillin and white musk) on freshwater and marine phytoplankton species." Chemosphere 279, no. : 130623.

Journal article
Published: 10 April 2021 in Microorganisms
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The Mycobacterium fortuitum group (MFG) consists of about 15 species of fast-growing nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). These globally distributed microorganisms can cause diseases in humans and animals, especially fish. The increase in the number of species belonging to MFG and the diagnostic techniques panel do not allow to clarify their real clinical significance. In this study, biomolecular techniques were adopted for species determination of 130 isolates derived from fish initially identified through biochemical tests as NTM belonging to MFG. Specifically, gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were used based on a fragment of the gene encoding the 65 KDa heat shock protein (hsp65). The analyzes made it possible to confirm that all the isolates belong to MFG, allowing to identify the strains at species level. Phylogenetic analysis substantially confirmed what was obtained by gene sequencing, except for six strains; this is probably due to the sequences present in NCBI database. Although the methodology used cannot represent a univocal identification system, this study has allowed us to evaluate its effectiveness as regards the species of MFG. Future studies will be necessary to apply these methods with other gene fragments and to clarify the real pathogenic significance of the individual species of this group of microorganisms.

ACS Style

Davide Mugetti; Mattia Tomasoni; Paolo Pastorino; Giuseppe Esposito; Vasco Menconi; Alessandro Dondo; Marino Prearo. Gene Sequencing and Phylogenetic Analysis: Powerful Tools for an Improved Diagnosis of Fish Mycobacteriosis Caused by Mycobacterium fortuitum Group Members. Microorganisms 2021, 9, 797 .

AMA Style

Davide Mugetti, Mattia Tomasoni, Paolo Pastorino, Giuseppe Esposito, Vasco Menconi, Alessandro Dondo, Marino Prearo. Gene Sequencing and Phylogenetic Analysis: Powerful Tools for an Improved Diagnosis of Fish Mycobacteriosis Caused by Mycobacterium fortuitum Group Members. Microorganisms. 2021; 9 (4):797.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Davide Mugetti; Mattia Tomasoni; Paolo Pastorino; Giuseppe Esposito; Vasco Menconi; Alessandro Dondo; Marino Prearo. 2021. "Gene Sequencing and Phylogenetic Analysis: Powerful Tools for an Improved Diagnosis of Fish Mycobacteriosis Caused by Mycobacterium fortuitum Group Members." Microorganisms 9, no. 4: 797.

Journal article
Published: 21 March 2021 in Ecological Indicators
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We investigated modern-littoral and subfossil sediment-core diatoms in the shallow (max depth 6.4 m) high-mountain Lake Balma in the Orsiera Rocciavrè Nature Park (Italian Western Alps). Our study provided evidence that might be related to the response of diatom assemblages to fish introduction, in particular the decreasing of the nutrient-enrichment sensitive low-profile life-form/ecological guild and the increase in species known to react positively to the augmented nutrient availability due to fish excretions (e.g., Fragilaria nanana, Pseudostaurosira brevistriata, Staurosirella neopinnata). We are, however, aware that some of these effects could as well have been caused by pastures and cattle watering, and by increased temperatures due to global warming, and we acknowledge the typical complex-interaction pattern among different stressors. High-mountain lakes are ‘‘early warning systems’’ for the whole alpine system and can contribute valuable information also on the interactions between environmental global changes and anthropogenic impacts. Benthic diatoms, in particular, can provide useful indications on the deleterious effects of non-native fish introduction, cattle grazing, and global warming, and thus support an adaptive and sustainable management of high-mountain lakes for the sake of nature conservation.

ACS Style

Marco Cantonati; Raffaella Zorza; Marco Bertoli; Paolo Pastorino; Gianguido Salvi; Giulia Platania; Marino Prearo; Elisabetta Pizzul. Recent and subfossil diatom assemblages as indicators of environmental change (including fish introduction) in a high-mountain lake. Ecological Indicators 2021, 125, 107603 .

AMA Style

Marco Cantonati, Raffaella Zorza, Marco Bertoli, Paolo Pastorino, Gianguido Salvi, Giulia Platania, Marino Prearo, Elisabetta Pizzul. Recent and subfossil diatom assemblages as indicators of environmental change (including fish introduction) in a high-mountain lake. Ecological Indicators. 2021; 125 ():107603.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marco Cantonati; Raffaella Zorza; Marco Bertoli; Paolo Pastorino; Gianguido Salvi; Giulia Platania; Marino Prearo; Elisabetta Pizzul. 2021. "Recent and subfossil diatom assemblages as indicators of environmental change (including fish introduction) in a high-mountain lake." Ecological Indicators 125, no. : 107603.

Journal article
Published: 10 March 2021 in Science of The Total Environment
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Bronopol and Detarox® AP are broad spectrum antimicrobial biocides of growing interest for the aquaculture sector. While their effectiveness against aquatic pathogens has been demonstrated, toxicity data on wild or farmed species are still lacking, as is information on their potential environmental risk for aquatic ecosystems. With this study, we assessed the acute and sublethal toxicity of Bronopol and Detarox® AP in the freshwater bivalve Sinanodonta woodiana and their theoretical risk for aquatic ecosystem. The 96-h median lethal concentration (LC50) was determined using the acute toxicity test, while for the sublethal toxicity test the bivalves were exposed to two concentrations for 14 days of Bronopol (2.5 and 50 mg/L) and Detarox® AP (1.11 and 22.26 mg/L) followed by a 14-day withdrawal period. Biocide-mediated oxidative processes were investigated via a panel of oxidative stress biomarkers (malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase). Theoretical environmental risk assessment of both biocides, with predicted concentration of no effect (PNEC), expected theoretical concentration (TEC) in the environment, and risk quotient (RQ) was performed. TEC was calculated using a model based on the size of the aquaculture facility and the receiving basin, the estimated quantity of biocide dissolved in water, and published data on biocide stability in water. Although the LC50 was higher for Bronopol (2440 mg/L) than for Detarox® AP (126 mg/L), fluctuations in oxidative stress biomarkers levels indicated that both biocides exert a slight oxidative pressure on S. woodiana. Theoretical environmental risk assessment suggested a muted risk with Detarox® AP and greater eco-sustainability compared to Bronopol.

ACS Style

Gabriele Magara; Akkarasiri Sangsawang; Paolo Pastorino; Sara Bellezza Oddon; Barbara Caldaroni; Vasco Menconi; Uthaiwan Kovitvadhi; Laura Gasco; Daniela Meloni; Ambrosius Josef Martin Dörr; Marino Prearo; Ermanno Federici; Antonia Concetta Elia. First insights into oxidative stress and theoretical environmental risk of Bronopol and Detarox® AP, two biocides claimed to be ecofriendly for a sustainable aquaculture. Science of The Total Environment 2021, 778, 146375 .

AMA Style

Gabriele Magara, Akkarasiri Sangsawang, Paolo Pastorino, Sara Bellezza Oddon, Barbara Caldaroni, Vasco Menconi, Uthaiwan Kovitvadhi, Laura Gasco, Daniela Meloni, Ambrosius Josef Martin Dörr, Marino Prearo, Ermanno Federici, Antonia Concetta Elia. First insights into oxidative stress and theoretical environmental risk of Bronopol and Detarox® AP, two biocides claimed to be ecofriendly for a sustainable aquaculture. Science of The Total Environment. 2021; 778 ():146375.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gabriele Magara; Akkarasiri Sangsawang; Paolo Pastorino; Sara Bellezza Oddon; Barbara Caldaroni; Vasco Menconi; Uthaiwan Kovitvadhi; Laura Gasco; Daniela Meloni; Ambrosius Josef Martin Dörr; Marino Prearo; Ermanno Federici; Antonia Concetta Elia. 2021. "First insights into oxidative stress and theoretical environmental risk of Bronopol and Detarox® AP, two biocides claimed to be ecofriendly for a sustainable aquaculture." Science of The Total Environment 778, no. : 146375.

Journal article
Published: 07 February 2021 in Water
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The monitoring of microplastics pollution in freshwater environments trails behind its practice in marine ecosystems. We evaluated the use of the invasive zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) as a potential bioindicator of microplastic litter in freshwater lakes. Samples were collected from three sites (Lovere, Costa Volpino, Castro) at the northern end of Lake Iseo (one of the major subalpine lakes in north Italy) and compared for water physicochemical parameters, biometrical features of zebra mussels, and microplastics items/specimens (color, shape, size, and chemical composition). We hypothesized that since a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) on the Oglio River discharges into this area of the lake, the microplastics in D. polymorpha could be measured and compared in samples from the three sites at different distances from the WWTP. There was no difference in the physicochemical water parameters and biometric features between the samples from the three sites, whereas there was a significant difference in items/specimen between the sites in decreasing order (mean ± standard deviation): Costa Volpino (0.23 ± 0.43) > Lovere (0.07 ± 0.25) > Castro (0.03 ± 0.18). The chi-square test showed a significant difference in shape, color, and chemical composition frequency in the samples from the three sites. The chemical composition of the microplastics was polyethylene terephthalate (45%), nylon (20%), polypropylene (20%), polyamide resin (10%), and polyvinyl chloride (5%). Our data show that the amount of microplastics the zebra mussel accumulated was greater the closer the sampling site to the WWTP. Our findings suggest that the zebra mussel may provide a useful tool to monitor microplastics pollution in lakes.

ACS Style

Paolo Pastorino; Marino Prearo; Serena Anselmi; Vasco Menconi; Marco Bertoli; Alessandro Dondo; Elisabetta Pizzul; Monia Renzi. Use of the Zebra Mussel Dreissena polymorpha (Mollusca, Bivalvia) as a Bioindicator of Microplastics Pollution in Freshwater Ecosystems: A Case Study from Lake Iseo (North Italy). Water 2021, 13, 434 .

AMA Style

Paolo Pastorino, Marino Prearo, Serena Anselmi, Vasco Menconi, Marco Bertoli, Alessandro Dondo, Elisabetta Pizzul, Monia Renzi. Use of the Zebra Mussel Dreissena polymorpha (Mollusca, Bivalvia) as a Bioindicator of Microplastics Pollution in Freshwater Ecosystems: A Case Study from Lake Iseo (North Italy). Water. 2021; 13 (4):434.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paolo Pastorino; Marino Prearo; Serena Anselmi; Vasco Menconi; Marco Bertoli; Alessandro Dondo; Elisabetta Pizzul; Monia Renzi. 2021. "Use of the Zebra Mussel Dreissena polymorpha (Mollusca, Bivalvia) as a Bioindicator of Microplastics Pollution in Freshwater Ecosystems: A Case Study from Lake Iseo (North Italy)." Water 13, no. 4: 434.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2021 in Science of The Total Environment
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Fish can be highly vulnerable to environmental pressures because they are exposed to oxidative stressors in the aquatic environment. Such stressors can affect the levels of antioxidant biomarkers against reactive oxygen species (ROS). With this study we investigated the oxidative stress ecology in Danube barbel (Barbus balcanicus) from the Barbucina creek (northeast Italy), a watercourse in the Collio winegrowing district. To do this, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity was measured in gills, liver, and muscle, while metallothioneins (MT) and trace and rare earth elements (REEs) levels were determined in muscle. The effect of environmental factors (physicochemical parameters of water, trace elements and REEs) on oxidative stress biomarkers was thus assessed. High concentrations were determined for cerium (Ce), scandium (Sc), neodymium (Nd), lanthanum (La), yttrium (Y), and praseodymium (Pr) among the REEs. Among the trace elements, arsenic (As), copper (Cu), and mercury (Hg) levels were higher compared to published data, suggesting their role as stressors. The multiple linear regression (MLR) model showed a statistically significant association (R2 = 0.858; F = 10.07; p = 0.015) between As, Cu, Hg, and Pr and SOD activity in the gills, indicating a functional relationship between them. Differently, CAT activity was significantly higher in the liver, probably in response to long-term Cu contamination of the watercourse. This was confirmed by the MLR model that showed a significant association (R2 = 0.638; F = 8.152; p = 0.02) between the concentration of MT and of Cu. Our data show a biochemical defensive response by Danube barbel to the disturbances in the aquatic ecosystem of the Barbucina creek. These insights advance our understanding of the role and the effects of environmental factors as trace elements and REEs on oxidative stress in fish.

ACS Style

Paolo Pastorino; Elisabetta Pizzul; Damià Barceló; Maria Cesarina Abete; Gabriele Magara; Paola Brizio; Rosa Avolio; Marco Bertoli; Alessandro Dondo; Marino Prearo; Antonia Concetta Elia. Ecology of oxidative stress in the Danube barbel (Barbus balcanicus) from a winegrowing district: Effects of water parameters, trace and rare earth elements on biochemical biomarkers. Science of The Total Environment 2021, 772, 145034 .

AMA Style

Paolo Pastorino, Elisabetta Pizzul, Damià Barceló, Maria Cesarina Abete, Gabriele Magara, Paola Brizio, Rosa Avolio, Marco Bertoli, Alessandro Dondo, Marino Prearo, Antonia Concetta Elia. Ecology of oxidative stress in the Danube barbel (Barbus balcanicus) from a winegrowing district: Effects of water parameters, trace and rare earth elements on biochemical biomarkers. Science of The Total Environment. 2021; 772 ():145034.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paolo Pastorino; Elisabetta Pizzul; Damià Barceló; Maria Cesarina Abete; Gabriele Magara; Paola Brizio; Rosa Avolio; Marco Bertoli; Alessandro Dondo; Marino Prearo; Antonia Concetta Elia. 2021. "Ecology of oxidative stress in the Danube barbel (Barbus balcanicus) from a winegrowing district: Effects of water parameters, trace and rare earth elements on biochemical biomarkers." Science of The Total Environment 772, no. : 145034.

Journal article
Published: 27 January 2021 in Scientific Reports
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Carnobacteria are common bacteria in cold and temperate environments; they are also reported during fish mortality events. In a previous study, carnobacteria were isolated from the eyes of healthy wild salmonids from a high-mountain lake. To better understand these findings, salmonids were captured from three high-mountain lakes (Lower and Upper Balma Lake, Rouen Lake; northwest Italy) during August 2019 and subjected to bacteriological and histological examination. Although all were healthy, 8.7% (Lower Balma Lake), 24% (Upper Balma Lake), and 32.6% (Rouen Lake) were positive for carnobacteria colonization of the eyes. A Trojan-horse effect was hypothesized to explain carnobacteria isolation in the eye. This immune-escaping macrophage-mediated mechanism has been identified in other Gram-positive bacteria. Biochemical, molecular, and phylogenetic analysis were carried out on isolated bacteria (Carnobacterium maltaromaticum and C. divergens). Based on previous references for carnobacteria isolated from fish, C. maltaromaticum strains were tested for the pisA precursor gene of the bacteriocin piscicolin 126. Carnobacterium maltaromaticum strains were found to display genotypic heterogeneity and a low percentage of pisA positive amplification. Features of geomorphology, geographic isolation, and microbiota common to the three lakes are thought to be possibly related to our findings. Moreover, terrestrial insects collected from the lake shoreline and the stomach contents were screened for the presence of carnobacteria. The salmonids in these high-mountain environments feed mainly on terrestrial insects, which are considered possible vectors for carnobacteria that might catabolize the exoskeleton chitin. All insects tested negative for carnobacteria, but as a small number of samples were analyzed, their role as possible vectors of infection cannot be excluded. Further studies are needed to corroborate our research hypothesis.

ACS Style

Paolo Pastorino; Silvia Colussi; Elisabetta Pizzul; Katia Varello; Vasco Menconi; Davide Mugetti; Mattia Tomasoni; Giuseppe Esposito; Marco Bertoli; Elena Bozzetta; Alessandro Dondo; Pier Luigi Acutis; Marino Prearo. The unusual isolation of carnobacteria in eyes of healthy salmonids in high-mountain lakes. Scientific Reports 2021, 11, 1 -10.

AMA Style

Paolo Pastorino, Silvia Colussi, Elisabetta Pizzul, Katia Varello, Vasco Menconi, Davide Mugetti, Mattia Tomasoni, Giuseppe Esposito, Marco Bertoli, Elena Bozzetta, Alessandro Dondo, Pier Luigi Acutis, Marino Prearo. The unusual isolation of carnobacteria in eyes of healthy salmonids in high-mountain lakes. Scientific Reports. 2021; 11 (1):1-10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paolo Pastorino; Silvia Colussi; Elisabetta Pizzul; Katia Varello; Vasco Menconi; Davide Mugetti; Mattia Tomasoni; Giuseppe Esposito; Marco Bertoli; Elena Bozzetta; Alessandro Dondo; Pier Luigi Acutis; Marino Prearo. 2021. "The unusual isolation of carnobacteria in eyes of healthy salmonids in high-mountain lakes." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1: 1-10.

Article
Published: 09 January 2021 in Biological Trace Element Research
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Isopods are terrestrial invertebrates that accumulate trace elements in large quantities, thus providing information on levels of soil contamination. However, the accumulation pattern seems to be species dependent. For this study, specimens of Philoscia affinis (Isopoda, Oniscidea) and soil samples were collected from both a protected area (site 1) and urban roadside (site 2) in the low plain of Friuli-Venezia Giulia (northeast Italy) to determine whether P. affinis could serve as a potential candidate for monitoring soil contamination. To do this, the following objectives were achieved: a) the level of trace elements (Al, Cd, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb, Zn) were detected in soils and isopods; 2) the difference in trace elements accumulation was compared in the two sampling sites; 3) the bioaccumulation factor (BAF) was calculated for each element. With some exceptions, trace element concentrations were higher in both isopods and soil samples from the urban roadside compared to the protected area. Furthermore, except for Cd, Cu, and Zn, trace element levels were higher in the soil than in the isopod samples. The higher mean BAF values were recorded for Cd (6.169 and 6.974 for site 1 and 2, respectively), Cu (10.324 and 11.452 for site 1 and 2, respectively), and Zn (1.836 and 2: 1.943 for site 1 and 2, respectively), whereas BAF values <1 were recorded for the other elements. Philoscia affinis was found to be a potential candidate to monitor soil contamination as a macro-concentrator of Cu and Cd and a micro-concentrator of Zn.

ACS Style

Paolo Pastorino; Marco Bertoli; Paola Brizio; Maria Cesarina Abete; Vittoria Dalla Nora; Marino Prearo; Elisabetta Pizzul. First Insights Into Trace Element Accumulation by Philoscia affinis (Crustacea, Isopoda): a Novel Tracer to Assess Soil Contamination in Lowland Plains? Biological Trace Element Research 2021, 1 -10.

AMA Style

Paolo Pastorino, Marco Bertoli, Paola Brizio, Maria Cesarina Abete, Vittoria Dalla Nora, Marino Prearo, Elisabetta Pizzul. First Insights Into Trace Element Accumulation by Philoscia affinis (Crustacea, Isopoda): a Novel Tracer to Assess Soil Contamination in Lowland Plains? Biological Trace Element Research. 2021; ():1-10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paolo Pastorino; Marco Bertoli; Paola Brizio; Maria Cesarina Abete; Vittoria Dalla Nora; Marino Prearo; Elisabetta Pizzul. 2021. "First Insights Into Trace Element Accumulation by Philoscia affinis (Crustacea, Isopoda): a Novel Tracer to Assess Soil Contamination in Lowland Plains?" Biological Trace Element Research , no. : 1-10.

Short communication
Published: 26 November 2020 in Chemosphere
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Plastic pollution has become a pervasive environmental problem on a global scale, from the ocean depths to the aquatic ecosystems of the Tibetan Plateau. To date, data on plastic and microplastic occurrence in pristine ecosystems like high-mountain lakes are lacking. In this study, plastic (>5000 μm) and microplastic (10–5000 μm) levels were measured in snow at the end of the winter season (April 2020), and in water, sediment, and biological samples collected monthly (June–October 2019) during the ice-free season from the Dimon Lake, a high-mountain lake in the Carnic Alps, northeast Italy. Biological samples consisted of chironomids (Diptera, Chironomidae; n = 150) and stomach contents of Cottus gobio (n = 40). Analysis of the water, sediment, and biological samples revealed the absence of plastic and microplastics larger than 10 μm, whereas the snow samples contained microplastics of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) albeit at very low levels (0.11 ± 0.19 L-1). These results show that while the lake ecosystem could be considered unpolluted by microplastics, abundant snow precipitation in winter can trap microplastic particles that deposit on the ground. The very low levels of PET microparticles recorded in the snow samples suggest the need for further research to better understand the source of microplastic pollution in this environmental matrix.

ACS Style

Paolo Pastorino; Elisabetta Pizzul; Marco Bertoli; Serena Anselmi; Manuel Kušće; Vasco Menconi; Marino Prearo; Monia Renzi. First insights into plastic and microplastic occurrence in biotic and abiotic compartments, and snow from a high-mountain lake (Carnic Alps). Chemosphere 2020, 265, 129121 .

AMA Style

Paolo Pastorino, Elisabetta Pizzul, Marco Bertoli, Serena Anselmi, Manuel Kušće, Vasco Menconi, Marino Prearo, Monia Renzi. First insights into plastic and microplastic occurrence in biotic and abiotic compartments, and snow from a high-mountain lake (Carnic Alps). Chemosphere. 2020; 265 ():129121.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paolo Pastorino; Elisabetta Pizzul; Marco Bertoli; Serena Anselmi; Manuel Kušće; Vasco Menconi; Marino Prearo; Monia Renzi. 2020. "First insights into plastic and microplastic occurrence in biotic and abiotic compartments, and snow from a high-mountain lake (Carnic Alps)." Chemosphere 265, no. : 129121.

Journal article
Published: 24 November 2020 in Diversity
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The hypothesis that liver lipid accumulation in fish is an adaptive strategy to survive the winter in the high-altitude environment was assessed in this study. During summer 2019, specimens of Cottus gobio were sampled in 15 watercourses of Friuli Venezia-Giulia Region (Italy) to verify if hepatic steatosis is or not normally present in the species. To do this, hepatic vacuolization was assessed by histology using a semiquantitative score. Furthermore, C. gobio were also captured during the ice-free season at Dimon Lake (1872 m a.s.l.) and But Stream (520 m a.s.l.) to compare the trend in lipid accumulation: water temperature, hepatosomatic index (HSI), gonadosomatic index (GSI), Fulton’s condition factor (K), and lipid area percentage (lipid %) were measured monthly. Findings revealed that liver steatosis is rather common in C. gobio. However, the trend in lipid accumulation of this species differed between Dimon Lake and But Stream. Based on the HSI and the GSI, the reproductive cycles differed in fish from the two environments (April–May in But Stream; May–June in Dimon Lake). While K values remained unchanged in the But Stream specimens, significant changes were recorded for Dimon specimens. The increase in lipid % from July to August in the Dimon Lake specimens coincided with greater food availability. With the rapid drop in lake water temperature in October, the lipid % decreased due to slower metabolic rate and lipid utilization from liver stores. There was a slight decrease in lipid % in the But Stream specimens, indicating that lipids were not being accumulated. Introduced years ago, the Dimon Lake bullhead population has since adapted to the winter conditions at high elevation.

ACS Style

Paolo Pastorino; Marco Bertoli; Manuel Kušće; Piero Giulio Giulianini; Vasco Menconi; Marino Prearo; Elisabetta Pizzul. Liver Lipid Accumulation in European Bullhead (Cottus cobio) from a High-Mountain Lake: An Adaptive Strategy to Survive the Adverse Winter Season. Diversity 2020, 12, 442 .

AMA Style

Paolo Pastorino, Marco Bertoli, Manuel Kušće, Piero Giulio Giulianini, Vasco Menconi, Marino Prearo, Elisabetta Pizzul. Liver Lipid Accumulation in European Bullhead (Cottus cobio) from a High-Mountain Lake: An Adaptive Strategy to Survive the Adverse Winter Season. Diversity. 2020; 12 (12):442.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paolo Pastorino; Marco Bertoli; Manuel Kušće; Piero Giulio Giulianini; Vasco Menconi; Marino Prearo; Elisabetta Pizzul. 2020. "Liver Lipid Accumulation in European Bullhead (Cottus cobio) from a High-Mountain Lake: An Adaptive Strategy to Survive the Adverse Winter Season." Diversity 12, no. 12: 442.

Journal article
Published: 14 September 2020 in Biology
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For this study, we measured the concentrations of 23 trace elements (Al, As, Ba, Bi, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Ga, Hg, In, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, Ti, Tl, V, and Zn) in the whole bodies of three functional feeding groups (FFG) (filterers—Hydropsychidae, scrapers—Heptageniidae, and predators—Odonata) of aquatic insects collected from two sites in the Po basin (Po Settimo and Malone Front, Northwest Italy) to determine: (a) how FFG influence trace element accumulations, (b) if scrapers accumulate higher elements compared to the other FFG, since they graze on periphyton, which represents one of the major sinks of metals, and (c) the potential use of macroinvertebrates to assess the bioavailability of trace elements in freshwater. The hierarchical clustering analysis generated three main groups based on trace element concentrations: the most abundant elements were Fe and Al, followed by Sr, In, Zn, V, Mo, and Cu. Tl was below the limit of detection (LOD) in all FFG. Ga was detected only in scrapers from both sites and Hg only in predators from Po Settimo. The principal component analysis showed that concentrations of Al, As, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Ga, Fe, In, Mn, Pb, Ni, and Sr were highest in scrapers, suggesting that trace elements accumulate from the ingestion of epilithic periphyton (biofilm). Odonata (predators) accumulate certain elements (Ba, Hg, Li, Se, V, Ti, and Zn) in higher concentrations by food ingestion composed of different aquatic organisms. Differently, Cu and Mo concentrations were the highest in filterers due to their bioavailability in the water column. Non-metric multidimensional scaling clearly differentiated the FFG based on their ability to accumulate trace elements. The findings from this study represent an important step toward the definition of an innovative approach based on trace element accumulation by macroinvertebrates.

ACS Style

Paolo Pastorino; Annalisa Zaccaroni; Alberto Doretto; Elisa Falasco; Marina Silvi; Alessandro Dondo; Antonia Elia; Marino Prearo; Francesca Bona. Functional Feeding Groups of Aquatic Insects Influence Trace Element Accumulation: Findings for Filterers, Scrapers and Predators from the Po Basin. Biology 2020, 9, 288 .

AMA Style

Paolo Pastorino, Annalisa Zaccaroni, Alberto Doretto, Elisa Falasco, Marina Silvi, Alessandro Dondo, Antonia Elia, Marino Prearo, Francesca Bona. Functional Feeding Groups of Aquatic Insects Influence Trace Element Accumulation: Findings for Filterers, Scrapers and Predators from the Po Basin. Biology. 2020; 9 (9):288.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paolo Pastorino; Annalisa Zaccaroni; Alberto Doretto; Elisa Falasco; Marina Silvi; Alessandro Dondo; Antonia Elia; Marino Prearo; Francesca Bona. 2020. "Functional Feeding Groups of Aquatic Insects Influence Trace Element Accumulation: Findings for Filterers, Scrapers and Predators from the Po Basin." Biology 9, no. 9: 288.

Journal article
Published: 11 September 2020 in Journal of Environmental Management
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Integrated multi trophic aquaculture (IMTA) is well developed in seawater, while the only suitable organisms for bioremediation in freshwater are bivalves. The aim of this research has been to investigate a novel system, based on freshwater bivalves integrated with rainbow trout, for the bioremediation of inland aquaculture systems. The Unionid species selected for the experiments was Sinanodonta woodiana. Five mesocosm experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficiency of mussels in filtering the total bacteria and Aeromonas hydrophila, as well as their clearance efficiency on trout farm wastewater. The temperatures, dissolved oxygen, nitrates, and phosphates were monitored and were all within the physiological tolerance range of the species in all the experiments. The feasibility of bioremediation with S. woodiana in trout farming has thus been demonstrated, and among the tested rearing densities (3.75; 7.5; 15; 30 and 60 kg m−3) that of 7.5 kg m−3 was found to be optimal. The net reduction of the total bacterial concentration was as much as 72%, while that of A. hydrophila reached a level of 95–98%. No relevant effects of the mussels on particulate suspended material or sedimented material was observed, regardless of the temperature. The efficiency of freshwater bivalves in reducing the bacterial load, in particular toward A. hydrophila, indicates a bioremediation system with the possibility of interesting applications on inland fish farms, and as a biotechnological tool against the diffusion of antibiotic resistance in aquaculture.

ACS Style

Benedetto Sicuro; Beatriz Castelar; Davide Mugetti; Paolo Pastorino; Alberto Chiarandon; Vasco Menconi; Marco Galloni; Marino Prearo. Bioremediation with freshwater bivalves: A sustainable approach to reducing the environmental impact of inland trout farms. Journal of Environmental Management 2020, 276, 111327 .

AMA Style

Benedetto Sicuro, Beatriz Castelar, Davide Mugetti, Paolo Pastorino, Alberto Chiarandon, Vasco Menconi, Marco Galloni, Marino Prearo. Bioremediation with freshwater bivalves: A sustainable approach to reducing the environmental impact of inland trout farms. Journal of Environmental Management. 2020; 276 ():111327.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Benedetto Sicuro; Beatriz Castelar; Davide Mugetti; Paolo Pastorino; Alberto Chiarandon; Vasco Menconi; Marco Galloni; Marino Prearo. 2020. "Bioremediation with freshwater bivalves: A sustainable approach to reducing the environmental impact of inland trout farms." Journal of Environmental Management 276, no. : 111327.

Communication
Published: 20 August 2020 in Animals
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Twelve biochemical parameters were measured in serum blood samples from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) maintained under controlled conditions. Forty-five samples were taken every 3 months (T1–T4) over the course of one year to define baseline values. The effect of fish total weight (TW) was also evaluated. Principal component analysis showed a clear separation between T4 and T1, and T2 and T3, indicating an increase in certain biochemical parameters with weight. Linear regression analysis showed how TW significantly explained 11–67% of the variability observed for nine parameters out of 12. Pearson’s correlation matrix showed a significant positive correlation (p < 0.05) between TW and albumin, alkaline phosphatase, alanine-aminotransferase, creatinine, gamma-glutamyl transferase, magnesium, phosphorus and total protein. Furthermore, significant correlations (p < 0.05) between the majority of the biochemical parameters were found, indicating that growth can influence several parameters at the same time. The present study provides several useful baseline values for assessing the health of O. mykiss, indicating that fish weight is an important factor for interpreting the blood biochemical profile.

ACS Style

Paolo Pastorino; Stefania Bergagna; Daniela Dezzutto; Raffaella Barbero; Marzia Righetti; Giulia Pagliasso; Laura Gasco; Maria Silvia Gennero; Elisabetta Pizzul; Alessandro Dondo; Marino Prearo. Long-Term Assessment of Baseline Blood Biochemistry Parameters in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Maintained under Controlled Conditions. Animals 2020, 10, 1466 .

AMA Style

Paolo Pastorino, Stefania Bergagna, Daniela Dezzutto, Raffaella Barbero, Marzia Righetti, Giulia Pagliasso, Laura Gasco, Maria Silvia Gennero, Elisabetta Pizzul, Alessandro Dondo, Marino Prearo. Long-Term Assessment of Baseline Blood Biochemistry Parameters in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Maintained under Controlled Conditions. Animals. 2020; 10 (9):1466.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paolo Pastorino; Stefania Bergagna; Daniela Dezzutto; Raffaella Barbero; Marzia Righetti; Giulia Pagliasso; Laura Gasco; Maria Silvia Gennero; Elisabetta Pizzul; Alessandro Dondo; Marino Prearo. 2020. "Long-Term Assessment of Baseline Blood Biochemistry Parameters in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Maintained under Controlled Conditions." Animals 10, no. 9: 1466.

Journal article
Published: 27 July 2020 in Pathogens
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Mycobacterium pseudoshottsii, a slow-growing mycobacterium closely related to M. marinum, has been isolated only in wild fish in the United States and in Japanese fish farms to date. Here, we report cases of mortality in three farmed fish species (Dicentrarchus labrax, Sparus aurata, and Sciaenops ocellatus) caused by M. pseudoshottsii in Italy. Samples underwent necropsy, histology, and culture with pathogen identification based on PCR and sequencing of housekeeping genes (16S rRNA, hsp65, rpoB). Multifocal to coalescing granulomatous and necrotizing inflammation with acid-fast bacilli were observed in the parenchymatous organs, from which M. pseudoshottsii was isolated and identified. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the results of gene sequencing and allowed subdivision of the isolates into three distinct groups. M. pseudoshottsii poses a potential threat for Mediterranean aquaculture. Its origin in the area under study needs to be clarified, as well as the threat to the farmed fish species.

ACS Style

Davide Mugetti; Katia Varello; Andrea Gustinelli; Paolo Pastorino; Vasco Menconi; Daniela Florio; Maria Letizia Fioravanti; Elena Bozzetta; Simona Zoppi; Alessandro Dondo; Marino Prearo. Mycobacterium pseudoshottsii in Mediterranean Fish Farms: New Trouble for European Aquaculture? Pathogens 2020, 9, 610 .

AMA Style

Davide Mugetti, Katia Varello, Andrea Gustinelli, Paolo Pastorino, Vasco Menconi, Daniela Florio, Maria Letizia Fioravanti, Elena Bozzetta, Simona Zoppi, Alessandro Dondo, Marino Prearo. Mycobacterium pseudoshottsii in Mediterranean Fish Farms: New Trouble for European Aquaculture? Pathogens. 2020; 9 (8):610.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Davide Mugetti; Katia Varello; Andrea Gustinelli; Paolo Pastorino; Vasco Menconi; Daniela Florio; Maria Letizia Fioravanti; Elena Bozzetta; Simona Zoppi; Alessandro Dondo; Marino Prearo. 2020. "Mycobacterium pseudoshottsii in Mediterranean Fish Farms: New Trouble for European Aquaculture?" Pathogens 9, no. 8: 610.

Journal article
Published: 14 July 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Dibothriocephalus latus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidea; syn. Diphyllobothrium latum), is a fish-borne zoonotic parasite responsible for diphyllobothriasis in humans. Although D. latus has long been studied, many aspects of its epidemiology and distribution remain unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence, mean intensity of infestation, and mean abundance of plerocercoid larvae of D. latus in European perch (Perca fluviatilis) and its spatial distribution in three commercial fishing areas in Lake Iseo (Northern Italy). A total of 598 specimens of P. fluviatilis were caught in 2019. The total prevalence of D. latus was 6.5%. However, there were significant differences between areas (10.2% North; 7.3% Center; 1.5% South) (Chi-square test, p = 0.0018). The mean intensity of infestation ranged from 1 larva in southern area to 1.2 larvae in both the central and northern (Pisogne) areas. In addition, the mean abundance ranged from 0.02 in the southern area to 0.26 in the northern area (Pisogne). The total number of larvae (anterior dorsal—AD = 21; anterior ventral—AV = 1; posterior dorsal—PD = 15; posterior ventral—PV = 5) differed significantly between the four anatomical quadrants (Kruskal–Wallis test; p = 0.0001). The prevalence of D. latus plerocercoid larvae in European perch from Lake Iseo has long been investigated, but without an appropriate sampling design. With the present study, a broader analysis in spatial distribution has been added to the existing literature, revealing new information about D. latus distribution and occurrence in Lake Iseo, with new data that will be useful for health authorities and future studies.

ACS Style

Vasco Menconi; Paolo Pastorino; Ivana Momo; Davide Mugetti; Maria Bona; Sara Levetti; Mattia Tomasoni; Elisabetta Pizzul; Giuseppe Ru; Alessandro Dondo; Marino Prearo. Occurrence and Spatial Distribution of Dibothriocephalus Latus (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidea) in Lake Iseo (Northern Italy): An Update. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 5070 .

AMA Style

Vasco Menconi, Paolo Pastorino, Ivana Momo, Davide Mugetti, Maria Bona, Sara Levetti, Mattia Tomasoni, Elisabetta Pizzul, Giuseppe Ru, Alessandro Dondo, Marino Prearo. Occurrence and Spatial Distribution of Dibothriocephalus Latus (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidea) in Lake Iseo (Northern Italy): An Update. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (14):5070.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vasco Menconi; Paolo Pastorino; Ivana Momo; Davide Mugetti; Maria Bona; Sara Levetti; Mattia Tomasoni; Elisabetta Pizzul; Giuseppe Ru; Alessandro Dondo; Marino Prearo. 2020. "Occurrence and Spatial Distribution of Dibothriocephalus Latus (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidea) in Lake Iseo (Northern Italy): An Update." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 14: 5070.

Journal article
Published: 13 July 2020 in Fish & Shellfish Immunology
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Lactococcosis is one of the main bacterial diseases affecting rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), with significant economic and sanitary repercussion. Vaccination and antibiotic treatments are commonly used to prevent and control the infection outbreaks; however, these strategies have some drawbacks including limited coverage, handling costs, induction of antibiotic resistance and chemical residues in the environment. Selective breeding programs represent a promising complementary approach for increasing fish disease resistance in commercial farms and some immunological parameters may be tentatively used as indirect indicators for this purpose. The present study investigated for the first time some innate and adaptive immune responses in two groups of rainbow trout derived from selected lines (susceptible and resistant) showing a different “in field” phenotypical resistance to Yersinia ruckeri, Flavobacterium branchiophilum, F. psychrophilum, and Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, after an immersion-dilution based exposure to Lactococcus garvieae carried out in controlled experimental conditions. Twenty-six resistant and twenty-six susceptible female rainbow trout (mean body weight 80 g, 9 months aged, F5 generation) were obtained from an intensive farm considered L. garvieae free and were exposed to the pathogen. Moreover, 10 resistant and 10 susceptible fish were used as uninfected controls. After 5 days, blood and tissue samples were collected for immunological analyses. A significantly higher serum and mucus lysozyme activity was recorded in resistant rainbow trout compared to susceptible fish (P ≤ 0.05), both before and after exposure to L. garvieae. Similarly, respiratory burst activity of head kidney leukocytes resulted more intense in resistant fish (P ≤ 0.05), suggesting that phagocytes could more quickly activate their microbicidal mechanisms to counteract the bacterial spread. Resistant group displayed also an up-regulation of immunoglobulins M (IgM), major histocompatibility complex II (MHC-II) and interleukin 8 (IL-8) gene expression (P ≤ 0.05) and a significantly higher blood lymphocytes count (P ≤ 0.05), highlighting their potential better ability to trigger the recruitment of defensive cells and the initiation of specific immune processes such as antigen presentation to CD4+ T lymphocytes and IgM synthesis. The results herein presented might be useful for the identification of immunological markers to be used as indirect indicators in rainbow trout selective breeding programs.

ACS Style

Chiara Bulfon; Marino Prearo; Donatella Volpatti; Omkar Byadgi; Marzia Righetti; Maria Grazia Maniaci; Valentina Campia; Paolo Pastorino; Francesco Pascoli; Anna Toffan; Cristina Biolatti; Pier Luigi Acutis; Silvia Colussi. Resistant and susceptible rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) lines show distinctive immune response to Lactococcus garvieae. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 2020, 105, 457 -468.

AMA Style

Chiara Bulfon, Marino Prearo, Donatella Volpatti, Omkar Byadgi, Marzia Righetti, Maria Grazia Maniaci, Valentina Campia, Paolo Pastorino, Francesco Pascoli, Anna Toffan, Cristina Biolatti, Pier Luigi Acutis, Silvia Colussi. Resistant and susceptible rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) lines show distinctive immune response to Lactococcus garvieae. Fish & Shellfish Immunology. 2020; 105 ():457-468.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chiara Bulfon; Marino Prearo; Donatella Volpatti; Omkar Byadgi; Marzia Righetti; Maria Grazia Maniaci; Valentina Campia; Paolo Pastorino; Francesco Pascoli; Anna Toffan; Cristina Biolatti; Pier Luigi Acutis; Silvia Colussi. 2020. "Resistant and susceptible rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) lines show distinctive immune response to Lactococcus garvieae." Fish & Shellfish Immunology 105, no. : 457-468.