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Advance cooling/lubrication (lubricooling) approaches are getting fame in industry and academia due to their excellent performance. A significant amount of work has been conducted to investigate the effect of various lubricooling approaches on the machinability of the hardened steel. However, sustainability-based performance evaluation of lubricooling assisted machining is missing. Thus, this paper presents 3E-based (Energy, Economics, Environment) analysis to compare the performance of various lubricooling approaches. Initially, preliminary experiments were performed to achieve optimal flow rates of various cutting fluids used in Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL), cryogenic cooling, and conventional emulsion (Flood) approaches. Later, optimal flow rates were used to achieve equal cutting-tool life under all machining environments. Results showed that with the same tool life method (STLM), Cryogenic-MQL(CryoMQL) could withstand aggressive cutting speeds and produce the highest productivity among all lubricooling approaches. In addition, it yielded 50% lower-priced specific production cost as compared to dry machining. However, 44.3% more specific-CO2 emitted in CryoMQL as compared with dry machining. In summary, the hybrid CryoMQL assisted machining process is sustainable economically but not environmentally. The outcomes of the present study provide useful information, and it can help machinist to enhance the process performance.
Aqib Mashood Khan; Mohammed Alkahtani; Shubham Sharma; Muhammad Jamil; Asif Iqbal; Ning He. Sustainability-based holistic assessment and determination of optimal resource consumption for energy-efficient machining of hardened steel. Journal of Cleaner Production 2021, 319, 128674 .
AMA StyleAqib Mashood Khan, Mohammed Alkahtani, Shubham Sharma, Muhammad Jamil, Asif Iqbal, Ning He. Sustainability-based holistic assessment and determination of optimal resource consumption for energy-efficient machining of hardened steel. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2021; 319 ():128674.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAqib Mashood Khan; Mohammed Alkahtani; Shubham Sharma; Muhammad Jamil; Asif Iqbal; Ning He. 2021. "Sustainability-based holistic assessment and determination of optimal resource consumption for energy-efficient machining of hardened steel." Journal of Cleaner Production 319, no. : 128674.
Application of cryogenic fluids for efficient heat dissipation is gradually becoming part and parcel of titanium machining. Not much research is done to establish the minimum quantity of a cryogenic fluid required to sustain a machining process with respect to a given material removal rate. This article presents an experimental investigation for quantifying the sustainability of milling a commonly used titanium alloy (Ti–6Al–4V) by varying mass flow rates of two kinds of cryogenic coolants at various levels of cutting speed. The three cooling options tested are dry (no coolant), evaporative cryogenic coolant (liquid nitrogen), and throttle cryogenic coolant (compressed carbon dioxide gas). The milling sustainability is quantified in terms of the following metrics: tool damage, fluid cost, specific cutting energy, work surface roughness, and productivity. Dry milling carried out the at the highest level of cutting speed yielded the worst results regarding tool damage and surface roughness. Likewise, the evaporative coolant applied with the highest flow rate and at the lowest cutting speed was the worst performer with respect to energy consumption. From a holistic perspective, the throttle cryogenic coolant applied at the highest levels of mass flow rate and cutting speed stood out to be the most sustainable option.
Asif Iqbal; Guolong Zhao; Hazwani Suhaimi; Malik Nauman; Ning He; Juliana Zaini; Wei Zhao. On Coolant Flow Rate-Cutting Speed Trade-Off for Sustainability in Cryogenic Milling of Ti–6Al–4V. Materials 2021, 14, 3429 .
AMA StyleAsif Iqbal, Guolong Zhao, Hazwani Suhaimi, Malik Nauman, Ning He, Juliana Zaini, Wei Zhao. On Coolant Flow Rate-Cutting Speed Trade-Off for Sustainability in Cryogenic Milling of Ti–6Al–4V. Materials. 2021; 14 (12):3429.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAsif Iqbal; Guolong Zhao; Hazwani Suhaimi; Malik Nauman; Ning He; Juliana Zaini; Wei Zhao. 2021. "On Coolant Flow Rate-Cutting Speed Trade-Off for Sustainability in Cryogenic Milling of Ti–6Al–4V." Materials 14, no. 12: 3429.
Titanium, being a structural material, undergoes drilling process frequently for its engineering applications. The superior mechanical properties of titanium alloys make hole-making a highly unsustainable process. The process is marred by high cutting forces, intense tool damage, high energy consumption, poor hole quality, and high process cost. The work presents an approach for viable and cleaner drilling of the difficult-to-cut material by investigating the effects of micro-lubrication and the following two options of cryogenic cooling: (1) evaporative cooling using liquid nitrogen and (2) throttle cooling using compressed carbon dioxide gas. Additionally, the effects of cutting speed and pecking – a technique actualized by rapidly retracting the twist drill by 2 mm at two levels of depth during thru-cutting of the holes – are also quantified. Pecking is not found to be favorable to any of the evaluated sustainability measures. Of the three cutting fluids testes, throttle cryogenic cooling yielded the most advantageous results. The coolant, because of its effective heat dissipation capability, yielded superior outcomes with respect to all the sustainability measures except surface quality. Micro-lubrication proved to be beneficial, at the low level of cutting speed, to specific cutting energy, surface quality, and process cost. Evaporative cryogenic cooling did not yield promising results. The runs employing evaporative coolant or the high level of cutting speed experienced thicker tool adhesions whereas those utilizing pecking showed signs of intense progressive wear. Moreover, the thrust force data indicated occurrence of thermal softening of the work material as the drills progressed through the hole-cutting process. From the holistic perspective of sustainability, it is recommended to adopt throttle cryogenic cooling, a medium-to-high level of cutting speed, and no-pecking for hole-making in the titanium alloy.
Asif Iqbal; Guolong Zhao; Juliana Zaini; Ning He; Malik M. Nauman; Muhammad Jamil; Hazwani Suhaimi. Sustainable hole-making in a titanium alloy using throttle and evaporative cryogenic cooling and micro-lubrication. Journal of Manufacturing Processes 2021, 67, 212 -225.
AMA StyleAsif Iqbal, Guolong Zhao, Juliana Zaini, Ning He, Malik M. Nauman, Muhammad Jamil, Hazwani Suhaimi. Sustainable hole-making in a titanium alloy using throttle and evaporative cryogenic cooling and micro-lubrication. Journal of Manufacturing Processes. 2021; 67 ():212-225.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAsif Iqbal; Guolong Zhao; Juliana Zaini; Ning He; Malik M. Nauman; Muhammad Jamil; Hazwani Suhaimi. 2021. "Sustainable hole-making in a titanium alloy using throttle and evaporative cryogenic cooling and micro-lubrication." Journal of Manufacturing Processes 67, no. : 212-225.
Hole-making in CFRP plates has been unsustainable due to poor hole quality, high specific energy consumption, a trade-off between shortened drill life and low productivity, and high processing cost. This experimental study investigates the effects of using throttle and evaporative cryogenic fluids, actualized by applying compressed carbon dioxide and liquid nitrogen, respectively, and micro-lubrication on hole quality (roughness, coaxiality, and circularity), production economy (tool damage and process cost), structural intactness (delamination and uncut fibers), energy consumption, and machining forces. Additionally, the effects of applying drill pecking and cutting speed are also quantified. Based on the experimental results, micro-lubrication is found to have outperformed dry drilling and the two cryogenic coolants regarding the measures associated with process viability, such as tool wear, process cost, energy consumption, and machining forces. Throttle cryogenic cooling, on the other hand, yielded the best results in respect of the work quality measures, which includes hole quality and structural intactness. Pecking yielded disappointing results regarding most of the measures, whereas the high level of cutting speed yielded favorable results in respect of specific cutting energy and process cost.
Asif Iqbal; Guolong Zhao; Juliana Zaini; Muhammad Jamil; Malik M. Nauman; Aqib M. Khan; Wei Zhao; Ning He; Hazwani Suhaimi. CFRP drilling under throttle and evaporative cryogenic cooling and micro-lubrication. Composite Structures 2021, 267, 113916 .
AMA StyleAsif Iqbal, Guolong Zhao, Juliana Zaini, Muhammad Jamil, Malik M. Nauman, Aqib M. Khan, Wei Zhao, Ning He, Hazwani Suhaimi. CFRP drilling under throttle and evaporative cryogenic cooling and micro-lubrication. Composite Structures. 2021; 267 ():113916.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAsif Iqbal; Guolong Zhao; Juliana Zaini; Muhammad Jamil; Malik M. Nauman; Aqib M. Khan; Wei Zhao; Ning He; Hazwani Suhaimi. 2021. "CFRP drilling under throttle and evaporative cryogenic cooling and micro-lubrication." Composite Structures 267, no. : 113916.
Lightweight materials are finding plentiful applications in various engineering sectors due to their high strength-to-weight ratios. Hole-making is an inevitable requirement for their structural applications, which is often marred by thermal damages of the drill causing unacceptable shortening of tool life. Efficient cooling of the tool is a prime requirement for enhancing the process viability. The current work presents a novel technique of cooling only the twist drill between drilling of holes with no effect of the applied cryogenic coolant transferred to the work material. The technique is applied in the drilling of two commonly used high-strength lightweight materials: carbon fibers reinforced polymer (CFRP) and an alloy of titanium (Ti-6Al-4V). The efficacy of the cooling approach is compared with those of conventionally applied continuous cryogenic cooling and no-cooling. The effectiveness is quantified in terms of tool wear, thrust force, hole quality, specific cutting energy, productivity, and consumption of the cryogenic fluid. The experimental work leads to a finding that between-the-holes cryogenic cooling possesses a rich potential in curbing tool wear, reducing thrust force and specific energy consumption, and improving hole quality in drilling of CFRP. Regarding the titanium alloy, it yields a much better surface finish and lesser consumption of specific cutting energy.
Asif Iqbal; Guolong Zhao; Juliana Zaini; Munish Gupta; Muhammad Jamil; Ning He; Malik Nauman; Tadeusz Mikolajczyk; Danil Pimenov. Between-the-Holes Cryogenic Cooling of the Tool in Hole-Making of Ti-6Al-4V and CFRP. Materials 2021, 14, 795 .
AMA StyleAsif Iqbal, Guolong Zhao, Juliana Zaini, Munish Gupta, Muhammad Jamil, Ning He, Malik Nauman, Tadeusz Mikolajczyk, Danil Pimenov. Between-the-Holes Cryogenic Cooling of the Tool in Hole-Making of Ti-6Al-4V and CFRP. Materials. 2021; 14 (4):795.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAsif Iqbal; Guolong Zhao; Juliana Zaini; Munish Gupta; Muhammad Jamil; Ning He; Malik Nauman; Tadeusz Mikolajczyk; Danil Pimenov. 2021. "Between-the-Holes Cryogenic Cooling of the Tool in Hole-Making of Ti-6Al-4V and CFRP." Materials 14, no. 4: 795.
Co-relations of friction factor and Nusselt number for plain tubes have been widely developed, but less analysis has been done for tubes with wavy surfaces. This paper uses the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tool for the analysis of heat transfer and pressure drop in wavy-walled tubes, which can be utilized as a heating element for fluids. An investigation was done for the effect of Reynolds number (Re) and wavy-walled tube geometry on friction factor and Nusselt number of laminar and turbulent flow inside wavy-walled tubes. The numerical results and experimental comparison indicate that heat transfer and pressure drop for water are significantly affected by wavy-walled tube parameters and flow Reynolds number. These wavy-walled tubes are capable of increasing the heat transfer to or from a fluid by an order of magnitude but at an expense of higher pumping power. This ratio was found to remain at the minimum at a wave factor of 0.83 for 34 < Re < 3500 and maximum at a wave factor of 0.15 for 200 < Re < 17,000. New correlations of friction factor and Nusselt number based on wavy-walled tube parameters are proposed in this paper, which can serve as design equations for predicting the friction factor and heat transfer in wavy-walled tubes under a laminar and turbulent regime with less than 10% error. The quantitative simulation results match the experimental results with less than 15% error. The qualitative comparison with the experiments indicates that the simulations are well capable of accurately predicting the circulation zones within the bulgy part of the tubes.
Malik Muhammad Nauman; Muhammad Sameer; Murtuza Mehdi; Asif Iqbal; Zulfikre Esa. Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop in Wavy-Walled Tubes: A Parameter-BASED CFD Study. Fluids 2020, 5, 202 .
AMA StyleMalik Muhammad Nauman, Muhammad Sameer, Murtuza Mehdi, Asif Iqbal, Zulfikre Esa. Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop in Wavy-Walled Tubes: A Parameter-BASED CFD Study. Fluids. 2020; 5 (4):202.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMalik Muhammad Nauman; Muhammad Sameer; Murtuza Mehdi; Asif Iqbal; Zulfikre Esa. 2020. "Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop in Wavy-Walled Tubes: A Parameter-BASED CFD Study." Fluids 5, no. 4: 202.
The successful realization of Industry 4.0 depends much on how coherently the cyber and physical realms are conjoined in cyber-physical systems. In the context of the fourth industrial revolution, research efforts have mostly been channeled toward the cyber domain, whereas the physical domain has received significantly lesser consideration. A physical domain generally comprises material shaping equipment, work material, tools, working medium, sensors, automation technology, and connectivity mechanisms. The article provides a comprehensive review of the published literature to establish the states of readiness of the two most important manufacturing technologies: subtractive and additive and their sustainable merger from the perspective of Industry 4.0. Rich potentials in the four characteristics at the process level: speed, sustainability, agility, and customer centricity and three at the system level: connectivity, data collection, and automation are required for a manufacturing system (physical domain) to be Industry 4.0 compatible. The review establishes that the subtractive manufacturing domain is nearly compatible regarding speed and agility but needs improvements in respect of sustainability and customer centricity. Additive manufacturing, on the other hand, appears strong on agility and customer-centricity fronts but needs amelioration regarding production speed and sustainability. In respect of the system level characteristics, both technologies seem to be compatible regarding automation, whereas significant improvements are required in connectivity and data sensing and collection. For the sake of raising compatibility levels of the manufacturing systems, subtractive-additive amalgamation is scrutinized. The amalgamation, especially in a done-in-one configuration, has, reportedly, succeeded to retain the favorable traits of the two manufacturing technologies, thus, bringing the merger much closer to the Industry 4.0 requirements. Proper process planning and optimal work distribution between the subtractive and additive modes are critical for operating an amalgamated system at high levels of the key characteristics.
Asif Iqbal; Guolong Zhao; Hazwani Suhaimi; Ning He; Ghulam Hussain; Wei Zhao. Readiness of subtractive and additive manufacturing and their sustainable amalgamation from the perspective of Industry 4.0: a comprehensive review. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 2020, 111, 2475 -2498.
AMA StyleAsif Iqbal, Guolong Zhao, Hazwani Suhaimi, Ning He, Ghulam Hussain, Wei Zhao. Readiness of subtractive and additive manufacturing and their sustainable amalgamation from the perspective of Industry 4.0: a comprehensive review. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 2020; 111 (9):2475-2498.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAsif Iqbal; Guolong Zhao; Hazwani Suhaimi; Ning He; Ghulam Hussain; Wei Zhao. 2020. "Readiness of subtractive and additive manufacturing and their sustainable amalgamation from the perspective of Industry 4.0: a comprehensive review." The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 111, no. 9: 2475-2498.
Green entrepreneurship is a novel sustainability term. A strategy has recently been put forward to make a business greener by minimizing the harmful impact on the environment and committing to sustainability while maintaining financial imperishability. However, some barriers prevent its implementation to its full potential. This study aims at investigating such barriers following the interpretive structural modeling (ISM) approach for analyzing relationships among them and for their prioritization, for the effective construction of green entrepreneurship. The study revealed that collaboration among stakeholders of business activities is vital to green entrepreneurship. Results also show that R&D and technology are foundational to overcoming other barriers, such as the costs associated with green initiatives, lack of knowledge and subjective awareness in the market, shortage of investors and involvement of private sectors, government regulations, cultural differences, dominating industries, lack of incentive and support mechanism, and bureaucracy. Subsequently, the results indicated that overcoming these barriers will enable us to change the short-term mindset of investors towards green entrepreneurship. Implications of this study include using the revealed set of barriers and their modeled relationships for policymaking as well as the development of better targeted and more effective strategies to overcome these barriers, enabling its implementation to its full potential.
Anas A. Makki; Hisham Alidrisi; Asif Iqbal; Basil O. Al-Sasi. Barriers to Green Entrepreneurship: An ISM-Based Investigation. Journal of Risk and Financial Management 2020, 13, 249 .
AMA StyleAnas A. Makki, Hisham Alidrisi, Asif Iqbal, Basil O. Al-Sasi. Barriers to Green Entrepreneurship: An ISM-Based Investigation. Journal of Risk and Financial Management. 2020; 13 (11):249.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnas A. Makki; Hisham Alidrisi; Asif Iqbal; Basil O. Al-Sasi. 2020. "Barriers to Green Entrepreneurship: An ISM-Based Investigation." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 13, no. 11: 249.
Tungsten carbide is a material that is very difficult to cut, mainly owing to its extreme wear resistance. Its high value of yield strength, accompanied by extreme brittleness, renders its machinability extremely poor, with most tools failing. Even when cutting with tool materials of the highest quality, its mode of cutting is mainly brittle and marred by material cracking. The ductile mode of cutting is possible only at micro levels of depth of cut and feed rate. This study aims to investigate the possibility of milling the carbide material at a meso-scale using polycrystalline diamond (PCD) end mills. A series of end milling experiments were performed to study the effects of cutting speed, feed per tooth, and axial depth of cut on performance measures such as cutting forces, surface roughness, and tool wear. To characterize the wear of PCD tools, a new approach to measuring the level of damage sustained by the faces of the cutter’s teeth is presented. Analyses of the experimental data show that the effects of all the cutting parameters on the three performance measures are significant. The major damage mode of the PCD end mills is found to be the intermittent micro-chipping. The progress of tool damage saw a long, stable, and steady period sandwiched between two short, abrupt, and intermittent periods. Cutting forces and surface roughness are found to rise with increments in the three cutting parameters, although the latter shows signs of reduction during the initial increase in cutting speed only. The results of this study find that an acceptable surface quality (average roughness \(R_{\text{a}} < 0.2\,\upmu{\text{m}}\)) and tool life (cutting length \(L > 600\,{\text{mm}}\)) can be obtained under the conditions of the given cutting parameters. It indicates that milling with PCD tools at a meso-scale is a suitable machining method for tungsten carbides.
Wei Zhao; Asif Iqbal; Ding Fang; Ning He; Qi Yang. Experimental study on the meso-scale milling of tungsten carbide WC-17.5Co with PCD end mills. Advances in Manufacturing 2020, 8, 230 -241.
AMA StyleWei Zhao, Asif Iqbal, Ding Fang, Ning He, Qi Yang. Experimental study on the meso-scale milling of tungsten carbide WC-17.5Co with PCD end mills. Advances in Manufacturing. 2020; 8 (2):230-241.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWei Zhao; Asif Iqbal; Ding Fang; Ning He; Qi Yang. 2020. "Experimental study on the meso-scale milling of tungsten carbide WC-17.5Co with PCD end mills." Advances in Manufacturing 8, no. 2: 230-241.
Harvesting biomechanical energy is a viable solution to sustainably powering wearable electronics for continuous health monitoring, remote sensing, and motion tracking. A hybrid insole energy harvester (HIEH), capable of harvesting energy from low-frequency walking step motion, to supply power to wearable sensors, has been reported in this paper. The multimodal and multi-degrees-of-freedom low frequency walking energy harvester has a lightweight of 33.2 g and occupies a small volume of 44.1 cm3. Experimentally, the HIEH exhibits six resonant frequencies, corresponding to the resonances of the intermediate square spiral planar spring at 9.7, 41 Hz, 50 Hz, and 55 Hz, the Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) beam-I at 16.5 Hz and PVDF beam-II at 25 Hz. The upper and lower electromagnetic (EM) generators are capable of delivering peak powers of 58 µW and 51 µW under 0.6 g, by EM induction at 9.7 Hz, across optimum load resistances of 13.5 Ω and 16.5 Ω, respectively. Moreover, PVDF-I and PVDF-II generate root mean square (RMS) voltages of 3.34 V and 3.83 V across 9 MΩ load resistance, under 0.6 g base acceleration. As compared to individual harvesting units, the hybrid harvester performed much better, generated about 7 V open-circuit voltage and charged a 100 µF capacitor up to 2.9 V using a hand movement for about eight minutes, which is 30% more voltage than the standalone piezoelectric unit in the same amount of time. The designed HIEH can be a potential mobile source to sustainably power wearable electronics and wireless body sensors.
Muhammad Iqbal; Malik Muhammad Nauman; Farid Ullah Khan; Pg Emeroylariffion Abas; Quentin Cheok; Asif Iqbal; Brahim Aissa. Multimodal Hybrid Piezoelectric-Electromagnetic Insole Energy Harvester Using PVDF Generators. Electronics 2020, 9, 635 .
AMA StyleMuhammad Iqbal, Malik Muhammad Nauman, Farid Ullah Khan, Pg Emeroylariffion Abas, Quentin Cheok, Asif Iqbal, Brahim Aissa. Multimodal Hybrid Piezoelectric-Electromagnetic Insole Energy Harvester Using PVDF Generators. Electronics. 2020; 9 (4):635.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Iqbal; Malik Muhammad Nauman; Farid Ullah Khan; Pg Emeroylariffion Abas; Quentin Cheok; Asif Iqbal; Brahim Aissa. 2020. "Multimodal Hybrid Piezoelectric-Electromagnetic Insole Energy Harvester Using PVDF Generators." Electronics 9, no. 4: 635.
Ti-6Al-4V, the most commonly used alloy of titanium, possesses excellent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance, which is the prime reason for the continual rise in its industrial demand worldwide. The extraordinary mechanical properties of the alloy are viewed as a hindrance when it comes to its shaping processes, and the process of milling is no exception to it. The generation of intense heat flux around the cutting zones is an established reason of poor machinability of the alloy and unacceptably low sustainability of its machining. The work presented in this paper attempts to enhance sustainability of milling Ti-6Al-4V by investigating the effects of milling orientation, cutter’s helix angle, cutting speed, and the type of cryogenic coolant and lubricant on the sustainability measures, such as tool damage, cutting energy consumption, process cost, milling forces, and work surface roughness. It was found that micro-lubrication is more effective than the two commonly used cryogenic coolants (carbon dioxide snow and liquid nitrogen) in reducing tool wear, work surface roughness, process cost, and energy consumption. Furthermore, down-milling enormously outperformed up-milling with respect to tool wear, work surface quality, and process cost. Likewise, the high levels of cutter’s helix angle and cutting speed also proved to be beneficial for milling sustainability.
Asif Iqbal; Hazwani Suhaimi; Wei Zhao; Muhammad Jamil; Malik M Nauman; Ning He; Juliana Zaini. Sustainable Milling of Ti-6Al-4V: Investigating the Effects of Milling Orientation, Cutter′s Helix Angle, and Type of Cryogenic Coolant. Metals 2020, 10, 258 .
AMA StyleAsif Iqbal, Hazwani Suhaimi, Wei Zhao, Muhammad Jamil, Malik M Nauman, Ning He, Juliana Zaini. Sustainable Milling of Ti-6Al-4V: Investigating the Effects of Milling Orientation, Cutter′s Helix Angle, and Type of Cryogenic Coolant. Metals. 2020; 10 (2):258.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAsif Iqbal; Hazwani Suhaimi; Wei Zhao; Muhammad Jamil; Malik M Nauman; Ning He; Juliana Zaini. 2020. "Sustainable Milling of Ti-6Al-4V: Investigating the Effects of Milling Orientation, Cutter′s Helix Angle, and Type of Cryogenic Coolant." Metals 10, no. 2: 258.
The oxidation behavior of Ti6Al4V titanium alloy under laser irradiation in atmospheric and oxygen-assisted conditions was studied. A nanosecond-pulsed Yb: glass fiber laser was used. The thickness of oxide layer, microstructure, and phase composition of the material after laser irradiation were investigated. The characterization of the surface and subsurface microstructure, as well as the cross-sectional morphology were performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The phase identification was performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The combined effects of accumulated laser fluence and reactive atmosphere on the oxidation behavior of Ti6Al4V were also studied in detail. With an increase in accumulated laser fluence, a porous and easily removable oxide layer gradually formed on the surface, whereas a compact oxide layer was also formed. At high accumulated laser fluence, the thickness of the porous oxide layer increased dramatically, while the change of thickness of compact oxide layer was not obvious. The reactive atmosphere also had a significant influence on the microstructure of the surface and subsurface layers. SEM and XRD results revealed existence of strong oxidation reactions that underwent in the condition of assisted oxygen delivery at a fixed accumulated laser fluence. The oxide layer was composed mainly of anatase and rutile titanium oxides.
Wei Zhao; Guolong Zhao; Ning He; Liang Li; Asif Iqbal. Study on Laser-Induced Oxidation of Ti6Al4V Alloy Under Two Different Reactive Atmospheres. Journal of Micro and Nano-Manufacturing 2020, 8, 1 .
AMA StyleWei Zhao, Guolong Zhao, Ning He, Liang Li, Asif Iqbal. Study on Laser-Induced Oxidation of Ti6Al4V Alloy Under Two Different Reactive Atmospheres. Journal of Micro and Nano-Manufacturing. 2020; 8 (1):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWei Zhao; Guolong Zhao; Ning He; Liang Li; Asif Iqbal. 2020. "Study on Laser-Induced Oxidation of Ti6Al4V Alloy Under Two Different Reactive Atmospheres." Journal of Micro and Nano-Manufacturing 8, no. 1: 1.
There has been great research interest for memristors worldwide as it has many potential applications. Resistive memories based on metal oxide thin films have been extensively studied for application as next generation nonvolatile memory devices since they have several advantages, such as good scalability, low-power consumption, and fast switching speed. However, the fabrication of metal oxide based memristors usually consists of conventional physical vapor deposition (PVD) techniques and lithography which are expensive, time consuming and complicated in nature. In this paper, we report the successful fabrication of ZrO2 based memristor using electrospray deposition (ESD) and electrohydrodynamic printing (EHDP) techniques which are cost-effective, room temperature techniques. The Ag electrode has been patterned on glass substrates through EHDP technique and the active layer of ZrO2 has been spray deposited on the Ag electrode followed by the patterning of top Ag electrode. The resistive switching properties of ZrO2 layer with Ag electrodes was investigated in this study.
Malik Muhammad Nauman; Mohammad Zulfikre Esa; Juliana Zaini; Asif Iqbal; Saifullah Abu Bakar. Zirconium Oxide based memristors fabrication via Electrohydrodynamic Printing. 2020 IEEE 11th International Conference on Mechanical and Intelligent Manufacturing Technologies (ICMIMT) 2020, 167 -171.
AMA StyleMalik Muhammad Nauman, Mohammad Zulfikre Esa, Juliana Zaini, Asif Iqbal, Saifullah Abu Bakar. Zirconium Oxide based memristors fabrication via Electrohydrodynamic Printing. 2020 IEEE 11th International Conference on Mechanical and Intelligent Manufacturing Technologies (ICMIMT). 2020; ():167-171.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMalik Muhammad Nauman; Mohammad Zulfikre Esa; Juliana Zaini; Asif Iqbal; Saifullah Abu Bakar. 2020. "Zirconium Oxide based memristors fabrication via Electrohydrodynamic Printing." 2020 IEEE 11th International Conference on Mechanical and Intelligent Manufacturing Technologies (ICMIMT) , no. : 167-171.
A continual rise in the usage of titanium alloy for structural applications calls for sustainability in its shaping processes. Machining is the most commonly utilized process of the manufacturing domain. As the temperature dependent modes of tool damage seriously limit the material removal rates in the machining of titanium alloys, cryogenic approaches of heat dissipation are required to make the process sustainable. The paper focuses on application of two kinds of cryogenic fluids, liquid nitrogen and carbon dioxide snow, for a reduction in tool wear rate, work surface roughness, specific cutting energy and cutting forces in a continuous machining process. Moreover, the effect of changing depth of cut in machining a given volume of the work material without a change in processing time is also quantified. The analyses of the experimental data reveal that both the cryogenic approaches yielded positive results with respect to all the sustainability measures.
Asif Iqbal; Guolong Zhao; Hazwani Suhaimi; Malik M Nauman. Sustainable Face-Machining of a Ti-6Al-4V Rod under Cooling Environments of Liquid Nitrogen and CO2 Snow. 2020 IEEE 11th International Conference on Mechanical and Intelligent Manufacturing Technologies (ICMIMT) 2020, 8 -12.
AMA StyleAsif Iqbal, Guolong Zhao, Hazwani Suhaimi, Malik M Nauman. Sustainable Face-Machining of a Ti-6Al-4V Rod under Cooling Environments of Liquid Nitrogen and CO2 Snow. 2020 IEEE 11th International Conference on Mechanical and Intelligent Manufacturing Technologies (ICMIMT). 2020; ():8-12.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAsif Iqbal; Guolong Zhao; Hazwani Suhaimi; Malik M Nauman. 2020. "Sustainable Face-Machining of a Ti-6Al-4V Rod under Cooling Environments of Liquid Nitrogen and CO2 Snow." 2020 IEEE 11th International Conference on Mechanical and Intelligent Manufacturing Technologies (ICMIMT) , no. : 8-12.
Owing to poor thermal conductivity, heat dissipation, and high chemical reactivity toward most of the tool materials, temperature elevation in the machining of titanium alloy leads to poor surface quality. Based on analyzing the variation laws of the milling forces under cryogenic cooling, the present investigation concerns the surface integrity (surface roughness, micro-hardness, microstructures, and residual stresses) in cryogenic milling of Ti-6Al-4 V alloy under the application of liquid nitrogen (LN2) as a cooling mode. Findings have indicated a dramatic increase in milling forces, and decreasing surface roughness was observed under variation of jet temperature (20~−196 °C). Besides an increase in cutting speed from 60 to 120 m/min, a linear increase in cutting forces, surface roughness, micro-hardness, and residual compressive stress was observed. The minimum micro-hardness decreased at cutting speed of 90 m/min and up to 30 μm in depth. A holistic comparison between obtained results under cryogenic milling and previously studied results under dry milling at same cutting conditions depicted higher micro-hardness and higher compressive residual stress under cryogenic LN2 on the machined surface. However, the residual stress under LN2 cooling conditions tends to decrease relatively slower compared to dry milling. Also, there are no significant differences in grain refinement and twisting under dry and cryogenic LN2 machining. The research work proves the effectiveness of cryogenic milling in improving the surface integrity of the Ti-6Al-4 V alloy.
Wei Zhao; Fei Ren; Asif Iqbal; Le Gong; Ning He; Qing Xu. Effect of liquid nitrogen cooling on surface integrity in cryogenic milling of Ti-6Al-4 V titanium alloy. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 2019, 106, 1497 -1508.
AMA StyleWei Zhao, Fei Ren, Asif Iqbal, Le Gong, Ning He, Qing Xu. Effect of liquid nitrogen cooling on surface integrity in cryogenic milling of Ti-6Al-4 V titanium alloy. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 2019; 106 (3-4):1497-1508.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWei Zhao; Fei Ren; Asif Iqbal; Le Gong; Ning He; Qing Xu. 2019. "Effect of liquid nitrogen cooling on surface integrity in cryogenic milling of Ti-6Al-4 V titanium alloy." The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 106, no. 3-4: 1497-1508.
Titanium, a difficult-to-cut material, consumes higher time and cost in removing material by machining to produce parts. Machining of Ti alloys has got serious attention owing to its reactive nature with tool materials at elevated temperature that aggravates tool wear. Reportedly, effective and efficient cooling and lubrication at the tool–work interface can ameliorate the machinability of Ti-alloys. In this perspective, this article interrogates the underlying mechanism of critical responses such as surface roughness, temperature, tool life and machining cost under dry, minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) and cryogenic liquid nitrogen (LN2) modes. The effect of cutting speeds and feed rates on such responses have been considered as a function of cooling strategy to standardize the cooling technique as the best alternative for machining. Cryogenic cooling seems to be preponderant regarding machining cost, temperature, surface roughness and tool life in hard turning of a–b titanium alloy. The feasibility of cryogenic cooling was investigated using the iso-response technique in comparison with dry and MQL-assisted hard turning. Experimental results revealed longer tool life and lower machining cost under cryogenic condition followed by MQL and dry machining. Moreover, cryogenic LN2 has been identified as an appropriate alternative to reduce the temperature and surface roughness. On contrary, dry turning evoked a high-temperature and rapid tool wear. In a nutshell, cryogenic assisted hard turning has acceded as a sustainable strategy from an environmental and economic perspective.
Muhammad Jamil; Aqib Mashood Khan; Ning He; Liang Li; Asif Iqbal; Mozammel Mia. Evaluation of machinability and economic performance in cryogenic-assisted hard turning of α-β titanium: a step towards sustainable manufacturing. Machining Science and Technology 2019, 23, 1022 -1046.
AMA StyleMuhammad Jamil, Aqib Mashood Khan, Ning He, Liang Li, Asif Iqbal, Mozammel Mia. Evaluation of machinability and economic performance in cryogenic-assisted hard turning of α-β titanium: a step towards sustainable manufacturing. Machining Science and Technology. 2019; 23 (6):1022-1046.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Jamil; Aqib Mashood Khan; Ning He; Liang Li; Asif Iqbal; Mozammel Mia. 2019. "Evaluation of machinability and economic performance in cryogenic-assisted hard turning of α-β titanium: a step towards sustainable manufacturing." Machining Science and Technology 23, no. 6: 1022-1046.
Achievement of low temperature, thrust force, and clean operating zone under with/without irrigation-assisted drilling is still a challenge in orthopedic surgery owing to substantial bone-tissue damage that extends the healing time. In order to mitigate the above challenges, a new micro-lubrication technique-a low-pressure cold mist impinged on the tool-bone joint interface and penetrating well into the bone surface to improve the cooling/lubrication efficiency-has been proposed in bone drilling. In this study, the aims are to characterize the effect of micro-cooling/lubrication on temperature and thrust force at different levels of cutting speed, feed rate, drill diameter, and coolant flow rate. For that purpose, a fresh calf bone was drilled through commercially available drill tool on three-axis mini-machine. The response surface methodology was applied to get the design of experiments, and the analysis of variance at p-values < 0.5 was used. Moreover, the empirical models were developed to examine the simultaneous effect of all the parameters on performance measures. The employed cooling-lubrication technology has shown a percentage reduction in temperature ranging from 34.3% to 48.3%, and 26.8%-35.9% under irrigation with respect to without-irrigation mode. For cutting force, these reductions are 13%-47.6% and 14.5%-44.2%, respectively. Furthermore, analysis of variance has highlighted the cutting speed and feed rate as the two most prominent parameters for temperature and thrust force under all the drilling modes. Relatively high-pressure cold mist in micro-lubrication has offered a lower temperature, thrust force, and clean operating zone under micro-lubrication mode than with/without-irrigation modes. Henceforth, the micro-lubrication technique has been found as a suitable cooling technique for drilling of bone in the viewpoint of temperature and thrust force.
Muhammad Jamil; Aqib Mashood Khan; Mozammel Mia; Asif Iqbal; Munish Kumar Gupta; Binayak Sen. Evaluating the effect of micro-lubrication in orthopedic drilling. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 2019, 233, 1024 -1041.
AMA StyleMuhammad Jamil, Aqib Mashood Khan, Mozammel Mia, Asif Iqbal, Munish Kumar Gupta, Binayak Sen. Evaluating the effect of micro-lubrication in orthopedic drilling. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine. 2019; 233 (10):1024-1041.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Jamil; Aqib Mashood Khan; Mozammel Mia; Asif Iqbal; Munish Kumar Gupta; Binayak Sen. 2019. "Evaluating the effect of micro-lubrication in orthopedic drilling." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 233, no. 10: 1024-1041.
Efficient removal of process heat in machining of high-strength alloys is critical to product quality, process cost and productivity. The paper experimentally investigates the effects of employing a cryogenic coolant (CO2 snow), micro-lubrication and hybridization of the two on the performance measures, such as tool damage, machining forces and specific cutting energy in cutting of two commonly used high-strength alloys, Ti-6Al-4V and 40NiCrMo6. It was found that although the aforementioned cooling approached improved machinability of both the alloys but the titanium based alloy remained more difficult-to-cut than the alloy steel. Hybrid lubro-cooling and CO2 snow cooling proved to be the most effective options for machining of 40NiCrMo6 and Ti-6Al-4V, respectively.
A Iqbal; Juliana Zaini; Mm Nauman. Machinability of Alloy Steel and Titanium Alloy under Carbon Dioxide Snow, Micro-lubrication and Hybrid Lubro- Cooling. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 2019, 521, 012003 .
AMA StyleA Iqbal, Juliana Zaini, Mm Nauman. Machinability of Alloy Steel and Titanium Alloy under Carbon Dioxide Snow, Micro-lubrication and Hybrid Lubro- Cooling. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2019; 521 (1):012003.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA Iqbal; Juliana Zaini; Mm Nauman. 2019. "Machinability of Alloy Steel and Titanium Alloy under Carbon Dioxide Snow, Micro-lubrication and Hybrid Lubro- Cooling." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 521, no. 1: 012003.
M.M. Nauman; K.H. Choi; M. Mehdi; A. Iqbal; A.F. Rafique; Q.C.H. Nam; Juliana Zaini; M. Iqbal. Slot-Die Coated Active Carbon Films for Hydrogen Storage Applications. Acta Physica Polonica A 2019, 135, 705 -712.
AMA StyleM.M. Nauman, K.H. Choi, M. Mehdi, A. Iqbal, A.F. Rafique, Q.C.H. Nam, Juliana Zaini, M. Iqbal. Slot-Die Coated Active Carbon Films for Hydrogen Storage Applications. Acta Physica Polonica A. 2019; 135 (4):705-712.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM.M. Nauman; K.H. Choi; M. Mehdi; A. Iqbal; A.F. Rafique; Q.C.H. Nam; Juliana Zaini; M. Iqbal. 2019. "Slot-Die Coated Active Carbon Films for Hydrogen Storage Applications." Acta Physica Polonica A 135, no. 4: 705-712.
The contemporary issues of global warming, emissions of greenhouse gases and depletion of fossil reserves call for energy efficiency by doing more with less consumption of energy. Within the domain of discrete parts manufacturing, the efforts are being done to make manufacturing processes energy efficient while overlooking production related aspects such as production planning, work sequencing and parts routing. The current work puts forward an analytical approach for saving energy in a machine shop setting by optimizing process-machine assignment for multiple parts in a production facility. A nonlinear model is worked out that seeks minimization of total energy consumed in machining various quantities of multiple parts on different machines. The model is applicable to a large machining facility where various machining processes can be performed on multiple machines available. A metaheuristic is worked out for solving the model. An application example is also provided that shows the potential energy-conscious parts routing can have in saving energy in a discrete part manufacturing system.
Asif Iqbal; Quentin Cheok; Malik M Nauman. Energy-Conscious Parts Routing for Machine-Shop Configuration. 2019 IEEE 6th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Applications (ICIEA) 2019, 159 -163.
AMA StyleAsif Iqbal, Quentin Cheok, Malik M Nauman. Energy-Conscious Parts Routing for Machine-Shop Configuration. 2019 IEEE 6th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Applications (ICIEA). 2019; ():159-163.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAsif Iqbal; Quentin Cheok; Malik M Nauman. 2019. "Energy-Conscious Parts Routing for Machine-Shop Configuration." 2019 IEEE 6th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Applications (ICIEA) , no. : 159-163.