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Solid biofuel is considered as a possible substitute for coal in household heat production because of the available and sustainable raw materials, while NOx emissions from its combustion have become a serious problem. Nitrogen-containing compounds in pyrolysis products have important effects on the conversion of fuel-N into NOx-N. Understanding these converting pathways is important for the environmentally friendly use of biomass fuels. The nitrogen migration during pyrolysis of raw and acid leached maize straw at various temperatures was investigated in this study. Thermal gravimetric analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to investigate the performances of thermal decomposition and pyrolysis products from samples. The main nitrogen functional groups in biomass and biochar products were N-A (amine-N/amide-N/protein-N), pyridine-N, and pyrrole-N, according to the findings. The most common gaseous NOx precursor was NH3, which was produced primarily during the conversion of N-A to pyridine-N and pyrrole-N. The formation of HCN mainly came from the secondary decomposition of heterocyclic-N at high temperatures. Before the pyrolysis temperature increased to 650 °C, more than half of the fuel-N was stored in the biochar. At the same pyrolysis temperature, acid-leached maize straw yielded more gas-N and char-N than the raw biomass. The highest char-N yield of 76.39 wt% was obtained from acid-leached maize straw (AMS) pyrolysis at 350 °C. Low pyrolysis temperature and acid-leaching treatment can help to decrease nitrogen release from stable char structure, providing support for reducing nitrogenous pollutant emissions from straw fuel.
Huan Li; Huawei Mou; Nan Zhao; Yaohong Yu; Quan Hong; Mperejekumana Philbert; Yuguang Zhou; Hossein Dizaji; Renjie Dong. Nitrogen Migration during Pyrolysis of Raw and Acid Leached Maize Straw. Sustainability 2021, 13, 3786 .
AMA StyleHuan Li, Huawei Mou, Nan Zhao, Yaohong Yu, Quan Hong, Mperejekumana Philbert, Yuguang Zhou, Hossein Dizaji, Renjie Dong. Nitrogen Migration during Pyrolysis of Raw and Acid Leached Maize Straw. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (7):3786.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuan Li; Huawei Mou; Nan Zhao; Yaohong Yu; Quan Hong; Mperejekumana Philbert; Yuguang Zhou; Hossein Dizaji; Renjie Dong. 2021. "Nitrogen Migration during Pyrolysis of Raw and Acid Leached Maize Straw." Sustainability 13, no. 7: 3786.
Developing a green and sustainable method to upgrade biogas wastes into high value-added products is attracting more and more public attention. The application of solid residues as a performance enhancer in the manufacture of biofilms is a prospective way to replace conventional plastic based on fossil fuel. In this work, solid digestates from the anaerobic digestion of agricultural wastes, such as straw, cattle and chicken manures, were pretreated by an ultrasonic thermo-alkaline treatment to remove the nonfunctional compositions and then incorporated in plasticized starch paste to prepare mulching biofilms by the solution casting method. The results indicated that solid digestate particles dispersed homogenously in the starch matrix and gradually aggregated under the action of a hydrogen bond, leading to a transformation of the composites to a high crystalline structure. Consequently, the composite biofilm showed a higher tensile strength, elastic modulus, glass transition temperature and degradation temperature compared to the pure starch-based film. The light, water and GHG (greenhouse gas) barrier properties of the biofilm were also reinforced by the addition of solid digestates, performing well in sustaining the soil quality and minimizing N2O or CH4 emissions. As such, recycling solid digestates into a biodegradable plastic substitute not only creates a new business opportunity by producing high-performance biofilms but also reduces the environmental risk caused by biogas waste and plastics pollution.
Nan Zhao; Huawei Mou; Yuguang Zhou; Xinxin Ju; Shoujun Yang; Shan Liu; Renjie Dong. Upgrading Solid Digestate from Anaerobic Digestion of Agricultural Waste as Performance Enhancer for Starch-Based Mulching Biofilm. Molecules 2021, 26, 832 .
AMA StyleNan Zhao, Huawei Mou, Yuguang Zhou, Xinxin Ju, Shoujun Yang, Shan Liu, Renjie Dong. Upgrading Solid Digestate from Anaerobic Digestion of Agricultural Waste as Performance Enhancer for Starch-Based Mulching Biofilm. Molecules. 2021; 26 (4):832.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNan Zhao; Huawei Mou; Yuguang Zhou; Xinxin Ju; Shoujun Yang; Shan Liu; Renjie Dong. 2021. "Upgrading Solid Digestate from Anaerobic Digestion of Agricultural Waste as Performance Enhancer for Starch-Based Mulching Biofilm." Molecules 26, no. 4: 832.
The toxic emissions from coal combustion associated with domestic winter heating requirements are an important public health issue. Waste cooking oil (WCO) holds promise as a means of reducing pollutant emissions thereby improving human health with the co-benefit of decreasing climate-forcing gas emissions by avoiding the combustion of mineral coal. With an annual production of ~2.17 Mt of WCO in Northern China, it could be used to meet the winter heating demand of ~3.25 million rural households, offsetting ~9.83 Mt of raw coal consumption. Through the adoption of coal-to-WCO shift in rural regions of 15 provinces, approximately 15.0%, 15.6%, 15.9% and 13.7%, respectively of CO, PM2.5, SO2 and NOX emissions would be eliminated. It is estimated that such a change would remove the respective contributions of these pollutants to the premature deaths of respectively, 63,400, 29,300, 173,00 and 31,300 rural residents. Such a positive health impact on the labor cohort would reduce the loss of labor supply and work time, as well as producing billions of RMB in economic benefits. WCO-based heating technology has the same effect on the reduction of GWC100 value as other modern energy carriers while also being cheaper and sustainable, long term. Reducing household emissions by substituting raw coal with green energy is a vital strategy to support pathways for sustainable environment design. The results of this work for the coal-to-WCO shift can reinforce the support for coal phase-out in China.
Nan Zhao; Bowen Li; Huan Li; Gang Li; Rucong Wu; Quan Hong; Philbert Mperejekumana; Shan Liu; Yuguang Zhou; Riaz Ahmad; Ali Mohammed Ibrahim Zayan; Crispin Pemberton-Pigott; Renjie Dong. The potential co-benefits for health, economy and climate by substituting raw coal with waste cooking oil as a winter heating fuel in rural households of northern China. Environmental Research 2021, 194, 110683 .
AMA StyleNan Zhao, Bowen Li, Huan Li, Gang Li, Rucong Wu, Quan Hong, Philbert Mperejekumana, Shan Liu, Yuguang Zhou, Riaz Ahmad, Ali Mohammed Ibrahim Zayan, Crispin Pemberton-Pigott, Renjie Dong. The potential co-benefits for health, economy and climate by substituting raw coal with waste cooking oil as a winter heating fuel in rural households of northern China. Environmental Research. 2021; 194 ():110683.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNan Zhao; Bowen Li; Huan Li; Gang Li; Rucong Wu; Quan Hong; Philbert Mperejekumana; Shan Liu; Yuguang Zhou; Riaz Ahmad; Ali Mohammed Ibrahim Zayan; Crispin Pemberton-Pigott; Renjie Dong. 2021. "The potential co-benefits for health, economy and climate by substituting raw coal with waste cooking oil as a winter heating fuel in rural households of northern China." Environmental Research 194, no. : 110683.
Phosphorus (P) loss from livestock and poultry industry causes serious threat to agro-ecological environments. Anaerobic digestion (AD), through recycling of P-containing resources and biogas production, prevails as a promising solution to the resource, energy, and environment trilemma. In this study, the dynamic transformation of P in batch AD processes fed with chicken, pig and dairy manures was investigated. Results showed that the Labile-P of total phosphorus (TP) in pig, chicken and dairy manure digestates decreased from 37.35% to 23.79%, 36.79% to 17.29%, and 60.47% to 20.39%, respectively, and was associated with an increase of NaOH-P during the AD process. However, the Labile-P in raw manures ranging from 64.67% to 81.10%, indicated that AD could reduce the pollution risk caused by the overuse of high Labile-P animal manure as fertilizer. Metal ions had a significant influence on P transformation because of their ability to combine with PO43−/HPO42−. During AD, the species of phosphates increased: AlPO4, FePO4, Mg3(PO4)2, CaHPO4, Mg(NH4)PO4·6H2O and Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 were the main phosphates qualified by X-ray diffraction (XRD). AD produced a satisfactory fertilizer for plants that were able to activate the precipitated P, which could provide readily available N and slow-release P. This study provides a meaningful theoretical guide for recycling P from animal manure resources.
Bowen Li; Konstantin Dinkler; Nan Zhao; Mostafa Sobhi; Wolfgang Merkle; Shan Liu; Renjie Dong; Hans Oechsner; Jianbin Guo. Influence of anaerobic digestion on the labile phosphorus in pig, chicken, and dairy manure. Science of The Total Environment 2020, 737, 140234 .
AMA StyleBowen Li, Konstantin Dinkler, Nan Zhao, Mostafa Sobhi, Wolfgang Merkle, Shan Liu, Renjie Dong, Hans Oechsner, Jianbin Guo. Influence of anaerobic digestion on the labile phosphorus in pig, chicken, and dairy manure. Science of The Total Environment. 2020; 737 ():140234.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBowen Li; Konstantin Dinkler; Nan Zhao; Mostafa Sobhi; Wolfgang Merkle; Shan Liu; Renjie Dong; Hans Oechsner; Jianbin Guo. 2020. "Influence of anaerobic digestion on the labile phosphorus in pig, chicken, and dairy manure." Science of The Total Environment 737, no. : 140234.
The stress relaxation, creep-recovery, temperature, and frequency sweep tests were performed within the linear viscoelastic region by using a dynamic mechanical analyzer to investigate the viscoelastic characteristic of oat grain. The result showed that 5-element Maxwell and Burgers model were able to describe viscoelastic behaviors better. The relaxation stress decreased with the increasing moisture content from 6.79 to 23.35%, while the creep strain increased as well as the final percentage recovery decreased from 58.61 to 32.50%. In frequency sweep, storage modulus increased with the increasing frequency. In temperature sweep, there was a clear turning point in storage modulus, loss modulus, and tan delta curves with increasing temperature. The turning value of 167.47, 147.44, 134.27, 132.41, 110.28, and 92.62 °C detected in the tan delta were regarded as the best glass transition temperatures. This temperature was found to be lower than gelatinization heating temperature and decrease with the increase of moisture content. The crystalline structure of oat exhibited a typical A-type pattern and corresponding crystallinity increased from 22.03 to 31.86% with increasing moisture content. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrograph of oat section was found that the size and adhesive effect of starch granules increased due to hydration.
Nan Zhao; Bo-Wen Li; Ying-Dan Zhu; Dong Li; Li-Jun Wang. Viscoelastic analysis of oat grain within linear viscoelastic region by using dynamic mechanical analyzer. International Journal of Food Engineering 2020, 16, 1 .
AMA StyleNan Zhao, Bo-Wen Li, Ying-Dan Zhu, Dong Li, Li-Jun Wang. Viscoelastic analysis of oat grain within linear viscoelastic region by using dynamic mechanical analyzer. International Journal of Food Engineering. 2020; 16 (4):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNan Zhao; Bo-Wen Li; Ying-Dan Zhu; Dong Li; Li-Jun Wang. 2020. "Viscoelastic analysis of oat grain within linear viscoelastic region by using dynamic mechanical analyzer." International Journal of Food Engineering 16, no. 4: 1.
The implementation of coal-to-gas shift in rural households for meeting people's heating and cooking demands can reduce pollutant emissions, improve indoor air quality and increase climate, health and economic co-benefits. In rural Baoding and Langfang regions of Hebei Province, China, approximately 1.25 million households have shifted from coal to natural gas combustion. Field-based emission factors, modified combustion efficiency, and thermal efficiency of typical gas stoves were measured to evaluate the contribution of this shift to local air pollution control. Natural gas burning in stoves produced much lower air pollution than coal or other popular fuel/stove combinations due to its good fuel properties and high combustion efficiency. All tested gas stoves were rated at excellent tiers according to Chinese national standards. Through the adoption of coal-to-gas shift during a complete winter heating season, the total emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitric oxide (NO), methane (CH4), particles with an aerodynamic diameter of ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) and ≤10 μm (PM10) were reduced by 98%, 56%, 33%, 80%, 82%, 99% and 99% in rural Baoding region, and by 99%, 37%, 25%, 83%, 71%, 99% and 99% in rural Langfang region, respectively. Correspondingly, GWC100 values decreased from 11 396 to 4 554 and from 13 408 to 7 881 ktCO2e·heat season−1·city−1 for the two cities, respectively. The estimated 7 083, 1 142, 8 834, 3 422, and 2 464 all-cause mortality cases resulting from the intakes of CO, NO, SO2, PM2.5 and PM10 were avoided in rural Baoding region, and 5 771, 467, 7 432, 2 762 and 1 987 cases were avoided in rural Langfang region, among which cardiopulmonary death was the primary reduced mortality. The average economic benefits were 10.40 and 9.98 billion CNY (Chinese Yuan), which was equivalent to 3.19% and 3.22% of the local GDPs.
Nan Zhao; Bowen Li; Huan Li; Riaz Ahmad; Kuang Peng; Deying Chen; Xing Yu; Yuguang Zhou; Renjie Dong; Hong Wang; Xinxin Ju; Ali Mohammed Ibrahim Zayan. Field-based measurements of natural gas burning in domestic wall-mounted gas stove and estimates of climate, health and economic benefits in rural Baoding and Langfang regions of Northern China. Atmospheric Environment 2020, 229, 117454 .
AMA StyleNan Zhao, Bowen Li, Huan Li, Riaz Ahmad, Kuang Peng, Deying Chen, Xing Yu, Yuguang Zhou, Renjie Dong, Hong Wang, Xinxin Ju, Ali Mohammed Ibrahim Zayan. Field-based measurements of natural gas burning in domestic wall-mounted gas stove and estimates of climate, health and economic benefits in rural Baoding and Langfang regions of Northern China. Atmospheric Environment. 2020; 229 ():117454.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNan Zhao; Bowen Li; Huan Li; Riaz Ahmad; Kuang Peng; Deying Chen; Xing Yu; Yuguang Zhou; Renjie Dong; Hong Wang; Xinxin Ju; Ali Mohammed Ibrahim Zayan. 2020. "Field-based measurements of natural gas burning in domestic wall-mounted gas stove and estimates of climate, health and economic benefits in rural Baoding and Langfang regions of Northern China." Atmospheric Environment 229, no. : 117454.
Nan Zhao; Bowen Li; Deying Chen; Tohniyaz Bahargul; Rui Wang; Yuguang Zhou; Harold Annegarn; Crispin Pemberton-Pigott; Renjie Dong; Xinxin Ju. The effect of coal size on PM2.5 and PM-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emissions from a domestic natural cross-draft stove. Journal of the Energy Institute 2020, 93, 542 -551.
AMA StyleNan Zhao, Bowen Li, Deying Chen, Tohniyaz Bahargul, Rui Wang, Yuguang Zhou, Harold Annegarn, Crispin Pemberton-Pigott, Renjie Dong, Xinxin Ju. The effect of coal size on PM2.5 and PM-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emissions from a domestic natural cross-draft stove. Journal of the Energy Institute. 2020; 93 (2):542-551.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNan Zhao; Bowen Li; Deying Chen; Tohniyaz Bahargul; Rui Wang; Yuguang Zhou; Harold Annegarn; Crispin Pemberton-Pigott; Renjie Dong; Xinxin Ju. 2020. "The effect of coal size on PM2.5 and PM-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emissions from a domestic natural cross-draft stove." Journal of the Energy Institute 93, no. 2: 542-551.
In order to know the influence of combustion conditions on the emission level of PAHs, this paper presents the research conducted by using biomass, Shenmu coal and 1:1 co-fuel (coal and biomass) incombustion during ignition, high-power heating, low-power heating and cooking through direct-fired and cross-draft stoves, respectively. The thermal efficiency of different fuel compositions and the release of gaseous pollutants, including Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the two stoves under the mentioned four conditions were compared. However, the emissions of gaseous pollutants from the cross-draft stove had found to be less were lower than the emissions from the direct-fired stove. Among the four combustion conditions, the highest concentration of PAHs was emitted during the ignition phase whereas the lowest concentration of the PAHs was generated and emitted during the high-power phase. Between the three types of solid fuel combustion, pure biomass emitted the most PAHs whereas Shenmu coal released the lowest concentration of PAHs. The PAHs ring number distribution of the three fuels under four combustion conditions were medium and low molecular weight PAHs.
Bahargul Tohniyaz; Nan Zhao; Philbert Mperejekumana; Yuguang Zhou; Deying Chen; Gang Li; Gomotsegang Fred Molelekwa; Ali Mohammed Ibrahim Zayan; Renjie Dong. Evaluation of PAHs, PM2.5 and gaseous emissions from solid fuel direct-fired and cross-draft stoves. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 2020, 1 -14.
AMA StyleBahargul Tohniyaz, Nan Zhao, Philbert Mperejekumana, Yuguang Zhou, Deying Chen, Gang Li, Gomotsegang Fred Molelekwa, Ali Mohammed Ibrahim Zayan, Renjie Dong. Evaluation of PAHs, PM2.5 and gaseous emissions from solid fuel direct-fired and cross-draft stoves. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry. 2020; ():1-14.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBahargul Tohniyaz; Nan Zhao; Philbert Mperejekumana; Yuguang Zhou; Deying Chen; Gang Li; Gomotsegang Fred Molelekwa; Ali Mohammed Ibrahim Zayan; Renjie Dong. 2020. "Evaluation of PAHs, PM2.5 and gaseous emissions from solid fuel direct-fired and cross-draft stoves." International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry , no. : 1-14.
Moisture migration is considered to be one of the most important influencer on crop quality during storage, which is easily affected by storage conditions, such as ambient humidity and temperature. The aim of this work was to determine the effect of storage condition on moisture content of Chinese naked oat by simulating 9 equilibrium relative humidity (ERH) and 5 temperatures. The equilibrium moisture content (EMC) of dry sample was achieved by adsorption, while EMC of wet one was achieved by desorption. EMC of oat increased with the increase in ERH and decreased when temperature increased. The sorption isotherm was a typical "S" shape and fitted using current EMC/ERH models. Modified Chung-Pfost (MCPE) model was the most suitable for describing the dynamic sorption process of Chinese naked oat during storage with a ERH range from 10% to 90%. There was an obvious hysteresis between adsorption and desorption isotherms, whose range decreased with the increase of temperature. High temperature accelerated moisture migration by increasing the hydrophilicity of oat surface. Moreover, dynamic moisture migration was imaged by low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), showing that moisture migrated between ambient environment and oat mainly through endosperm where most moisture accumulated. During sorption, free water migrated firstly, followed by bound water and the change in content of bound water was more stable than that of free water. The results of this study can provide a useful information for future work on quality control of oat during storage.
Lifang Cao; Bowen Li; Nan Zhao; Huan Li; Yanfeng Wang; Xing Yu; Xin Huang. Moisture migration analysis of Chinese naked oat during different storage conditions by sorption isotherm model and low-field NMR. Food Science & Nutrition 2020, 8, 1729 -1738.
AMA StyleLifang Cao, Bowen Li, Nan Zhao, Huan Li, Yanfeng Wang, Xing Yu, Xin Huang. Moisture migration analysis of Chinese naked oat during different storage conditions by sorption isotherm model and low-field NMR. Food Science & Nutrition. 2020; 8 (3):1729-1738.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLifang Cao; Bowen Li; Nan Zhao; Huan Li; Yanfeng Wang; Xing Yu; Xin Huang. 2020. "Moisture migration analysis of Chinese naked oat during different storage conditions by sorption isotherm model and low-field NMR." Food Science & Nutrition 8, no. 3: 1729-1738.
Direct use of waste oil as fuel to meet the residential energy demands, is very attractive due to its potentials to decrease fossil fuel consumption, reduce pollution and increase sustainability. This paper uses a domestic stove with an internal heat re-circulation and self-atomization technology to burn yellow waste cooking oil (WCO-1), brown waste cooking oil (WCO-2) and waste lubricant oil (WLO). Emission factors (EFs), energy efficiency and modified combustion efficiency (MCE) of this combined fuel/stove system were determined under space-heating and cooking modes. The results showed that EFs of CO, PM2.5, total 16 PAHs and corresponding toxic equivalent quantity (TEQ) values ranged from 2.18 × 103 to 4.90 × 103 mg/MJnet, 16.36–69.40 mg/MJnet, 2.39–12.93 μg/MJnet and 0.16–0.92 μg of TEQ/MJnet. WCO-1 was verified to be the cleanest fuel with the highest energy efficiency (85.3 ± 3.3% and 90.4 ± 2.2%) and lowest emission levels, such as NO (53.75 ± 2.62 and 37.09 ± 5.41 mg/MJnet), NO2 (82.40 ± 3.96 and 56.87 ± 8.29 mg/MJnet) and PM2.5 (20.94 ± 6.55 and 16.35 ± 5.06 mg/MJnet) compared to WCO-2 and WLO. The estimated total cost of using waste oil for each household in winter was much cheaper than some current available clean energy means, including only USD$ 400 of stove price and USD$ 250/ton of fuel per year. It is a promising candidate choice for replacing low-quality solid fuels in rural China and 2.62 million rural households would achieve environmental and economic benefits if promoting direct combustion of waste oil for daily heating and cooking.
Nan Zhao; Bowen Li; Deying Chen; Riaz Ahmad; Yingdan Zhu; Gang Li; ZhengPing Yu; Jinghao Li; Enlu Wang; Seongwan Yun; Hyukjin Yoon; Inseok Yoon; Yuguang Zhou; Renjie Dong; Hong Wang; Jinxin Cao; Jing He; Xinxin Ju. Direct combustion of waste oil in domestic stove by an internal heat re-circulation atomization technology: Emission and performance analysis. Waste Management 2020, 104, 20 -32.
AMA StyleNan Zhao, Bowen Li, Deying Chen, Riaz Ahmad, Yingdan Zhu, Gang Li, ZhengPing Yu, Jinghao Li, Enlu Wang, Seongwan Yun, Hyukjin Yoon, Inseok Yoon, Yuguang Zhou, Renjie Dong, Hong Wang, Jinxin Cao, Jing He, Xinxin Ju. Direct combustion of waste oil in domestic stove by an internal heat re-circulation atomization technology: Emission and performance analysis. Waste Management. 2020; 104 ():20-32.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNan Zhao; Bowen Li; Deying Chen; Riaz Ahmad; Yingdan Zhu; Gang Li; ZhengPing Yu; Jinghao Li; Enlu Wang; Seongwan Yun; Hyukjin Yoon; Inseok Yoon; Yuguang Zhou; Renjie Dong; Hong Wang; Jinxin Cao; Jing He; Xinxin Ju. 2020. "Direct combustion of waste oil in domestic stove by an internal heat re-circulation atomization technology: Emission and performance analysis." Waste Management 104, no. : 20-32.
Mechanical properties of hulless barley stems with different moisture contents (10.23%–43.14%) were investigated by using temperature sweep, frequency sweep, stress relaxation and creep tests of dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA) in this study. Results showed a significant dependence of storage modulus, loss modulus and tan delta on moisture content. The data from stress relaxation and creep was fitted by using generalized Maxwell model and Burgers model. 5-element Maxwell model was better for describing relaxation behaviors of hulless barely stem compared with the 3-element Maxwell model. The peak values of loss modulus and tan delta both occurred at a low temperature when moisture content increased. The dynamic mechanical properties can provide useful information for the harvesting and processing of huless barely stem.
Jia-Hui Chen; Nan Zhao; Nan Fu; Dong Li; Li-Jun Wang; Xiao Dong Chen. Mechanical Properties of Hulless Barley Stem with Different Moisture Contents. International Journal of Food Engineering 2019, 15, 1 .
AMA StyleJia-Hui Chen, Nan Zhao, Nan Fu, Dong Li, Li-Jun Wang, Xiao Dong Chen. Mechanical Properties of Hulless Barley Stem with Different Moisture Contents. International Journal of Food Engineering. 2019; 15 (1-2):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJia-Hui Chen; Nan Zhao; Nan Fu; Dong Li; Li-Jun Wang; Xiao Dong Chen. 2019. "Mechanical Properties of Hulless Barley Stem with Different Moisture Contents." International Journal of Food Engineering 15, no. 1-2: 1.
The extensive use of traditional cooking and heating stoves to meet domestic requirements creates a serious problem of indoor and outdoor air pollution. This study reports the impacts of two fuel feeding methods – front-loading and top-loading on the thermal and emissions performance of a modern coal-fired water-heating and cooking stove using a contextual test sequence that replicates typical patterns of domestic use. Known as a low-pressure boiler, when this stove was fueled with raw coal, the findings indicate that front-loading the fuel, which devolatilizes the new fuel gradually, produced consistently higher space heating efficiency and lower emission factors than top-loading the same stove, which devolatilizes new fuel all at once. Comparing the performance at both high and low power gave the similar results: front-loading with raw coal produced consistently better results than top-loading. The average water heating efficiency when front-loading was (58.6±2.3)% and (53.4±1.8)% for top-loading. Over the sixteen-hour test sequence, front-loading produced 22% lower emissions of PM2.5 (3.9±0.6) mg/MJNET than top-loading (4.7±0.9) mg/MJNET. The same pattern was observed for carbon monoxide and the CO/CO2 ratio. CO was reduced from (5.0±0.4) g/MJNET to (4.1±0.5) g/MJNET. The combustion efficiency (CO/CO2 ratio) improved from (8.2±0.8)% to (6.6±0.6)%. Briquetted semi-coked coal briquettes are promoted as a raw coal substitute, and the tests were replicated using this fuel. Again, the same pattern of improved performance was observed. Front loading produced 3.5% higher heating efficiency, 10% lower CO and a 0.9% lower CO/CO2 ratio. It is concluded that, compared with top loading, the manufacturers recommended front-loading refueling behavior delivered better thermal, emissions and combustion performance under all test conditions with those two fuels. Keywords: stoves, front-loading, top-loading, refueling, domestic coal, thermal efficiency, PM2.5 emissions, semi-coked coal briquettes DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20191203.3880 Citation: Ahmad R, Zhou Y G, Zhao N, Pemberton-Pigott C, Annegarn H J, Sultan M, et al. Impacts of fuel feeding methods on the thermal and emission performance of modern coal burning stoves. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2019; 12(3): 160–167.
Riaz Ahmad; Yuguang Zhou; Nan Zhao; Crispin Pemberton-Pigott; Harold John Annegarn; Muhammad Sultan; Renjie Dong; Xinxin Ju. Impacts of fuel feeding methods on the thermal and emission performance of modern coal burning stoves. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering 2019, 12, 160 -167.
AMA StyleRiaz Ahmad, Yuguang Zhou, Nan Zhao, Crispin Pemberton-Pigott, Harold John Annegarn, Muhammad Sultan, Renjie Dong, Xinxin Ju. Impacts of fuel feeding methods on the thermal and emission performance of modern coal burning stoves. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering. 2019; 12 (3):160-167.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRiaz Ahmad; Yuguang Zhou; Nan Zhao; Crispin Pemberton-Pigott; Harold John Annegarn; Muhammad Sultan; Renjie Dong; Xinxin Ju. 2019. "Impacts of fuel feeding methods on the thermal and emission performance of modern coal burning stoves." International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering 12, no. 3: 160-167.
Coal not only powers the household, social and global economy development but also emits large pollutants. Natural gas and electricity can be promising solutions to the energy supply and environmental pollution dilemma in Hebei Province of China. Currently, this coal‐dependent province has launched the Hebei Air Pollution Prevention and Control Program to curb air pollution by replacing residential coal consumption with natural gas and electricity for space heating in winter. Approximately 2.53 million households have completed the switch from coal‐burning stoves to natural gas or electricity stoves in rural areas surrounding Beijing and Tianjin since 2017. However, the contribution of this clean heating replacement on provincial emission reduction remains unclear. This study aimed to determine emission factors, energy efficiency, and economic profits of traditional coal‐burning stoves, as well as cleaner natural gas and electricity stoves by laboratory simulation and field tests. The results indicated a significant reduction after clean replacement for PM2.5, CO, CO2, NOX, SO2, CH4, and 16 types of U.S. EPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The emission of PM2.5 can be reduced by 99% and 95% for natural gas and electricity switch. Toxic equivalent quantity value of PAHs was also decreased from 4.89 (coal) to 0.03 (natural gas) and 0.07 μg/MJnet (electricity). When comprehensively considering the upstream pollutants emissions from power plant, natural gas switching performed better than coal‐fired electricity. Moreover, the government supported the clean heating replacement project with extensive financial subsidy for purchasing clean stoves and using clean energy within 3 years in rural areas. A relatively cheaper price on an energy basic of natural gas and electricity use can be obtained after this subsidy compared to coal.
Nan Zhao; Yixiang Zhang; Bowen Li; Jiong Hao; Deying Chen; Yuguang Zhou; Renjie Dong. Natural gas and electricity: Two perspective technologies of substituting coal-burning stoves for rural heating and cooking in Hebei Province of China. Energy Science & Engineering 2018, 7, 120 -131.
AMA StyleNan Zhao, Yixiang Zhang, Bowen Li, Jiong Hao, Deying Chen, Yuguang Zhou, Renjie Dong. Natural gas and electricity: Two perspective technologies of substituting coal-burning stoves for rural heating and cooking in Hebei Province of China. Energy Science & Engineering. 2018; 7 (1):120-131.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNan Zhao; Yixiang Zhang; Bowen Li; Jiong Hao; Deying Chen; Yuguang Zhou; Renjie Dong. 2018. "Natural gas and electricity: Two perspective technologies of substituting coal-burning stoves for rural heating and cooking in Hebei Province of China." Energy Science & Engineering 7, no. 1: 120-131.
This study was performed to investigate the influence of moisture content on physicomechanical properties, starch-protein microstructure and fractal parameter of oat groats. Selected physical properties were determined as a function of moisture content. The results showed that moisture content had a significant effect on these characteristics. Majority of physical properties increased linearly with moisture content ranged from 11.8 % to 27.0 %, while mechanical properties decreased nonlinearly as third power function in the above range. Moreover, the increasing granule size, less gaps and more contact points can be observed in the microstructure of starch-protein network with high moisture. Meanwhile, high moisture content also resulted in that fractal parameter of oat section increased from 2.6891 to 2.8001 significantly. These moisture-dependent characteristics are useful in further study of oat groats and the heuristic methods used in this study may be extrapolated to other varieties of cereal.
Nan Zhao; Bo-Wen Li; Nan Fu; Dong Li; Li-Jun Wang; Xiao-Dong Chen. Influence of Moisture Content on Physicomechanical Properties, Starch-Protein Microstructure and Fractal Parameter of Oat Groats. International Journal of Food Engineering 2018, 14, 1 .
AMA StyleNan Zhao, Bo-Wen Li, Nan Fu, Dong Li, Li-Jun Wang, Xiao-Dong Chen. Influence of Moisture Content on Physicomechanical Properties, Starch-Protein Microstructure and Fractal Parameter of Oat Groats. International Journal of Food Engineering. 2018; 14 (5-6):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNan Zhao; Bo-Wen Li; Nan Fu; Dong Li; Li-Jun Wang; Xiao-Dong Chen. 2018. "Influence of Moisture Content on Physicomechanical Properties, Starch-Protein Microstructure and Fractal Parameter of Oat Groats." International Journal of Food Engineering 14, no. 5-6: 1.
Breaking force, deformation, breaking energy, strength, hardness and rigidity of oat kernel under different loading rates (0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08 and 0.10 mm/s) and loading position (ventral and dorsal sides) were determined within a moisture content range of 15.7 %–27.5 % (w.b.) by using a texture analyzer (TA) to investigate mechanical properties for shearing breakage of oat kernel. Complete randomized design was experimented to construct the force–distance curve. In this study, these mechanical properties of oat kernel were expressed as a function of moisture content and loading rate respectively. The result showed that breaking force, energy, strength, hardness and rigidity decreased linearly with the increasing moisture content and increased firstly and decreased then with the increasing loading rate. Deformation had an increasing trend with the increase in moisture content and loading rate. The highest values of breaking force, breaking energy, strength, hardness and rigidity were obtained at 0.08 mm/s loading rate. Moreover the dorsal side of oat kernel had a better shearing capacity compared with ventral side, which reflected in that breaking force, strength and hardness were great significantly at 95 % confident level when dorsal side was loaded.
Nan Zhao; Nan Fu; Dong Li; Li-Jun Wang; Xiao Dong Chen. Study on Mechanical Properties for Shearing Breakage of Oat Kernel. International Journal of Food Engineering 2017, 14, 1 .
AMA StyleNan Zhao, Nan Fu, Dong Li, Li-Jun Wang, Xiao Dong Chen. Study on Mechanical Properties for Shearing Breakage of Oat Kernel. International Journal of Food Engineering. 2017; 14 (2):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNan Zhao; Nan Fu; Dong Li; Li-Jun Wang; Xiao Dong Chen. 2017. "Study on Mechanical Properties for Shearing Breakage of Oat Kernel." International Journal of Food Engineering 14, no. 2: 1.