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Mobility as a Service (MaaS) is an emerging concept that is being advanced as an effective approach to improve the sustainability of mobility, especially in densely populated urban areas. MaaS can be defined as the integration of various transport modes into a single service, accessible on demand, via a seamless digital planning and payment application. Recent studies have shown the potential reduction in the size of automobile fleets, with corresponding predicted improvements in congestion and environmental impact, that might be realized by the advent of automated vehicles as part of future MaaS systems. However, the limiting assumptions made by these studies point to the difficult challenge of predicting how the complex interactions of user demographics and mode choice, vehicle automation, and governance models will impact sustainable mobility. The work documented in this paper focused on identifying available methodologies for assessing the sustainability impact of potential MaaS implementations from a whole system (STEEP—social, technical, economic, environmental, and political) perspective. In this research, a review was conducted of current simulation tools and models, relative to their ability to support transportation planners, to assess the MaaS concept, holistically, at a city level. The results presented include: a summary of the literature review, a weighted ranking of relevant transportation simulation tools per the assessment criteria, and identification of key gaps in the current state of the art. The gaps include capturing the interaction of demographic changes, mode choice, induced demand, and land use in a single framework that can rapidly explore the impact of alternative MaaS scenarios, on sustainable mobility, for a given city region. These gaps will guide future assessment methodologies for urban mobility systems, and ultimately assist informed decision-making.
Mark Muller; Seri Park; Ross Lee; Brett Fusco; Gonçalo Correia. Review of Whole System Simulation Methodologies for Assessing Mobility as a Service (MaaS) as an Enabler for Sustainable Urban Mobility. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5591 .
AMA StyleMark Muller, Seri Park, Ross Lee, Brett Fusco, Gonçalo Correia. Review of Whole System Simulation Methodologies for Assessing Mobility as a Service (MaaS) as an Enabler for Sustainable Urban Mobility. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (10):5591.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMark Muller; Seri Park; Ross Lee; Brett Fusco; Gonçalo Correia. 2021. "Review of Whole System Simulation Methodologies for Assessing Mobility as a Service (MaaS) as an Enabler for Sustainable Urban Mobility." Sustainability 13, no. 10: 5591.
Short driving range, limited chargers, and long charging times challenge the profitability of electric taxi operations. In this paper, a charging algorithm is developed to accompany a taxi service with online trip requests, which uses a private charging infrastructure for both slow and fast charging. The vehicle charging curves are assumed to be piece-wise linear functions. The proposed algorithm uses historical operation data to generate a pro-active planning that avoids queuing of vehicles. The algorithm is built upon three sequential, iterative, finite-horizon Mixed Integer Linear Programs. This iterative process, in which the three MILPs are solved sequentially, allows the current time-step to be optimized, while taking future time-steps into account. This is achieved by optimizing over multiple time-steps, but only implementing the current time-step in each iteration. The sequential aspect of the algorithm allows the vast amount of information over time and space to be exploited for charging trip decisions in real time, while maintaining a tractable computation time. The first level with the longest horizon is an aggregated, daily problem, that plans the charging duration required for the fleet. The second level has a horizon of up-to three hours and is an aggregated, zone-based problem for determining charger selection and empty vehicle relocations. The third level translates the outputs of the first two problems to executable decisions for individual vehicles based on their real-time location, state of charge, and assigned passengers. The first level is the most computationally expensive and is solved using Column Generation. The performance of the first two levels is then independent of the fleet size, which makes the algorithm highly scalable. A case study with travel data for the city of Barcelona is used to test the model. Results show that the proposed method can utilize the full capacity of the charging infrastructure, and improve the number of accepted requests by 14% compared to employing a naive charging rule.
Helia Jamshidi; Gonçalo H.A. Correia; J. Theresia van Essen; Klaus Nökel. Dynamic planning for simultaneous recharging and relocation of shared electric taxies: A sequential MILP approach. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 2021, 125, 102933 .
AMA StyleHelia Jamshidi, Gonçalo H.A. Correia, J. Theresia van Essen, Klaus Nökel. Dynamic planning for simultaneous recharging and relocation of shared electric taxies: A sequential MILP approach. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies. 2021; 125 ():102933.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHelia Jamshidi; Gonçalo H.A. Correia; J. Theresia van Essen; Klaus Nökel. 2021. "Dynamic planning for simultaneous recharging and relocation of shared electric taxies: A sequential MILP approach." Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 125, no. : 102933.
Shared e-mobility is a category of emerging mobility services that includes electric carsharing, e-bike sharing, and e-scooter sharing. These services are expected to reduce the negative externalities of road transport in cities, which is currently dominated by fossil-fuel-powered private car trips. In order to better inform the development and promotion of these services and indicate directions for further research, we conducted a comprehensive review of existing literature on the three shared e-mobility modes focusing on their usage pattern, demand estimation, and potential impacts. We found that despite the different vehicle capabilities, all three shared e-mobility services are mainly used for short trips, and their current users are mostly male, middle-aged people with relatively high income and education. The demand of all shared e-mobility modes share many common predictors: they appeal to people with similar socio-demographic characteristics and generate higher demand in locations with better transport connectivity and more points of interest. Shared e-mobility services can potentially lead to positive impacts on transportation and the environment, such as reducing car use, car ownership, and greenhouse gas emissions. However, the magnitude of these benefits depends on the specific operational conditions of the services such as the fuel type and lifetime of shared vehicles. The impact of each shared e-mobility mode is also expected to be affected by other coexisting shared e-mobility modes due to both complementarity and competition. Future directions should include studying the competition between and integration of multiple shared e-mobility modes.
Fanchao Liao; Gonçalo Correia. Electric carsharing and micromobility: A literature review on their usage pattern, demand, and potential impacts. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation 2020, 1 -30.
AMA StyleFanchao Liao, Gonçalo Correia. Electric carsharing and micromobility: A literature review on their usage pattern, demand, and potential impacts. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation. 2020; ():1-30.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFanchao Liao; Gonçalo Correia. 2020. "Electric carsharing and micromobility: A literature review on their usage pattern, demand, and potential impacts." International Journal of Sustainable Transportation , no. : 1-30.
In recent years, shared mobility services have had a growing presence in cities all over the world. Developing methodologies to measure and evaluate the impacts of shared mobility has therefore become of critical importance for city authorities. This paper conducts a thorough review of the different types of methods that can be used for this evaluation and suggests a classification of them. The pros and cons of each method are also discussed. The added value of the paper is twofold; first, we provide a systematic recording of the state of the art and the state of the practice regarding the evaluation of the impacts of shared mobility, from the perspective of city authorities, reflecting on their role, needs, and expectations. Second, by identifying the existing gaps in the literature, we highlight the specific needs for research and practice in this field that can help society figure out the role of urban shared mobility.
Anastasia Roukouni; Gonçalo Homem De Almeida Correia. Evaluation Methods for the Impacts of Shared Mobility: Classification and Critical Review. Sustainability 2020, 12, 10504 .
AMA StyleAnastasia Roukouni, Gonçalo Homem De Almeida Correia. Evaluation Methods for the Impacts of Shared Mobility: Classification and Critical Review. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (24):10504.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnastasia Roukouni; Gonçalo Homem De Almeida Correia. 2020. "Evaluation Methods for the Impacts of Shared Mobility: Classification and Critical Review." Sustainability 12, no. 24: 10504.
In a multimodal public transport network, transfers are inevitable. Planning and managing an efficient transfer connection is thus important and requires an understanding of the factors that influence those transfers. Existing studies on predicting passenger transfer flows have mainly used transit assignment models based on route choice, which need extensive computation and underlying behavioral assumptions. Inspired by studies that use network properties to estimate public transport (PT) demand, this paper proposes to use the network properties of a multimodal PT system to explain transfer flows. A statistical model is estimated to identify the relationship between transfer flow and the network properties in a joint bus and metro network. Apart from transfer time, the number of stops, and bus lines, the most important network property we propose in this study is transfer accessibility. Transfer accessibility is a newly defined indicator for the geographic factors contributing to the possibility of transferring at a station, given its position in a multimodal PT network, based on an adapted gravity-based measure. It assumes that transfer accessibility at each station is proportional to the number of reachable points of interest within the network and dependent on a cost function describing the effect of distance. The R-squared of the regression model we propose is 0.69, based on the smart card data, PT network data, and Points of Interest (POIs) data from the city of Beijing, China. This suggests that the model could offer some decision support for PT planners especially when complex network assignment models are too computationally intensive to calibrate and use.
Wenjing Wang; Yihong Wang; Gonçalo Homem De Almeida Correia; Yusen Chen. A Network-Based Model of Passenger Transfer Flow between Bus and Metro: An Application to the Public Transport System of Beijing. Journal of Advanced Transportation 2020, 2020, 1 -12.
AMA StyleWenjing Wang, Yihong Wang, Gonçalo Homem De Almeida Correia, Yusen Chen. A Network-Based Model of Passenger Transfer Flow between Bus and Metro: An Application to the Public Transport System of Beijing. Journal of Advanced Transportation. 2020; 2020 ():1-12.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWenjing Wang; Yihong Wang; Gonçalo Homem De Almeida Correia; Yusen Chen. 2020. "A Network-Based Model of Passenger Transfer Flow between Bus and Metro: An Application to the Public Transport System of Beijing." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2020, no. : 1-12.
Equity considerations in transportation planning literature have received increasingly more attention in the previous decades. While there have been theoretical suggestions to base transportation planning methods on the philosophical principle of “sufficientarianism” (whereby everyone is entitled to a minimum level of a good or service), the proposed approaches have not yet been developed enough to be usable for policy decision-making. In this paper we aim to bridge this gap by operationalizing in a case study an indicator of equity based on the theoretical work of Martens (2017) which argues for sufficientarianism. The presented formalised methodology can identify and quantify equity issues in transportation, is flexible to different contexts, and is a transparent way to assess equity in transportation. The case study shows that data availability is an important constraint and that careful attention must be paid to various assumptions and choices made.
Anne S. Van Der Veen; Jan Anne Annema; Karel Martens; Bart Van Arem; Gonçalo Homem De Almeida Correia. Operationalizing an indicator of sufficient accessibility – a case study for the city of Rotterdam. Case Studies on Transport Policy 2020, 8, 1360 -1370.
AMA StyleAnne S. Van Der Veen, Jan Anne Annema, Karel Martens, Bart Van Arem, Gonçalo Homem De Almeida Correia. Operationalizing an indicator of sufficient accessibility – a case study for the city of Rotterdam. Case Studies on Transport Policy. 2020; 8 (4):1360-1370.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnne S. Van Der Veen; Jan Anne Annema; Karel Martens; Bart Van Arem; Gonçalo Homem De Almeida Correia. 2020. "Operationalizing an indicator of sufficient accessibility – a case study for the city of Rotterdam." Case Studies on Transport Policy 8, no. 4: 1360-1370.
Merkebe Getachew Demissie; Lina Kattan; Santi Phithakkitnukoon; Goncalo Homem De Almeida Correia; Marco Veloso; Carlos Bento. Modeling Location Choice of Taxi Drivers for Passenger Pickup Using GPS Data. IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine 2020, 13, 70 -90.
AMA StyleMerkebe Getachew Demissie, Lina Kattan, Santi Phithakkitnukoon, Goncalo Homem De Almeida Correia, Marco Veloso, Carlos Bento. Modeling Location Choice of Taxi Drivers for Passenger Pickup Using GPS Data. IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine. 2020; 13 (1):70-90.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMerkebe Getachew Demissie; Lina Kattan; Santi Phithakkitnukoon; Goncalo Homem De Almeida Correia; Marco Veloso; Carlos Bento. 2020. "Modeling Location Choice of Taxi Drivers for Passenger Pickup Using GPS Data." IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine 13, no. 1: 70-90.
A bilevel nonlinear mathematical programing model is formulated to determine the optimal pricing and operator-based relocations in a one-way station-based carsharing system in competition with private cars. In the upper level, the carsharing operator determines the vehicle fleet, prices, and relocation operations with the objective of maximizing profits, considering the potential reaction of travelers. In the lower level, travelers choose travel modes from a cost-minimization perspective. Travel utilities are calculated through a logit model. The Karush–Kuhn–Tucker conditions are used to transform the bilevel model into a single-level model and then a genetic algorithm is proposed to solve it. Computational tests in four different scenarios show the combined strategy is the best one. The four scenarios are base, relocations, dynamic pricing, and a combination of relocations and pricing separately. The combined strategy can make the best trade-offs between the operator’s profit and the travelers’ cost.
Rongqin Lu; Gonçalo Homem De Almeida Correia; Xiaomei Zhao; Xiao Liang; Ying Lv. Performance of one-way carsharing systems under combined strategy of pricing and relocations. Transportmetrica B: Transport Dynamics 2020, 9, 134 -152.
AMA StyleRongqin Lu, Gonçalo Homem De Almeida Correia, Xiaomei Zhao, Xiao Liang, Ying Lv. Performance of one-way carsharing systems under combined strategy of pricing and relocations. Transportmetrica B: Transport Dynamics. 2020; 9 (1):134-152.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRongqin Lu; Gonçalo Homem De Almeida Correia; Xiaomei Zhao; Xiao Liang; Ying Lv. 2020. "Performance of one-way carsharing systems under combined strategy of pricing and relocations." Transportmetrica B: Transport Dynamics 9, no. 1: 134-152.
We present a “rich” Petrol Station Replenishment Problem (PSRP) with real-life characteristics that represents the complexities involved in actual operations. The planning is optimised over multiple days and therefore, the new variant can be classified as the Multi-Period Petrol Station Replenishment Problem (MP-PSRP). A Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) formulation is developed and a decomposition heuristic is proposed as a solution algorithm, which is evaluated with a case study from a real-life petrol distributor in Denmark. To determine delivery quantities, the heuristic uses the newly introduced simultaneous dry run inventory policy. A procedure is applied to improve the initial solution. A commercial solver is able to find feasible solutions only for instances with up to 20 stations and 7 days for the MILP model where optimality is guaranteed for instances up to 10 stations and 5 days. The heuristic on the other hand provides feasible solutions for the full case study of 59 stations and 14 days, within a time limit of 2 h.
Luke Boers; Bilge Atasoy; Gonçalo Correia; Rudy R. Negenborn. The Multi-period Petrol Station Replenishment Problem: Formulation and Solution Methods. Transactions on Petri Nets and Other Models of Concurrency XV 2020, 600 -615.
AMA StyleLuke Boers, Bilge Atasoy, Gonçalo Correia, Rudy R. Negenborn. The Multi-period Petrol Station Replenishment Problem: Formulation and Solution Methods. Transactions on Petri Nets and Other Models of Concurrency XV. 2020; ():600-615.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuke Boers; Bilge Atasoy; Gonçalo Correia; Rudy R. Negenborn. 2020. "The Multi-period Petrol Station Replenishment Problem: Formulation and Solution Methods." Transactions on Petri Nets and Other Models of Concurrency XV , no. : 600-615.
Urban form develops in close feedback with different modes of transportation. The introduction and adoption of automated vehicles (AVs) are expected to have an impact on the development of cities as well, as the use of AVs may, for example, lead to more efficient road use and less need for parking spaces. In order to study those impacts, we developed a geospatially disaggregated system dynamics (SD) model, through the use of subscripts, of the Copenhagen metropolitan region. We used this SD model to explore the consequences of 12 main uncertainties related to the introduction of AVs on urban development and develop future scenarios following the exploratory modelling and analysis methodology. Our analysis led to two distinct scenarios. In one scenario, AVs lead to more vehicle use, which leads to more urban sprawl and more congestion as a consequence. In the other scenario, more shared use of cars leads to less traffic and more open space in the city.
Martijn F. Legêne; Willem L. Auping; Gonçalo Homem De Almeida Correia; Bart Van Arem. Spatial impact of automated driving in urban areas. Journal of Simulation 2020, 14, 295 -303.
AMA StyleMartijn F. Legêne, Willem L. Auping, Gonçalo Homem De Almeida Correia, Bart Van Arem. Spatial impact of automated driving in urban areas. Journal of Simulation. 2020; 14 (4):295-303.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartijn F. Legêne; Willem L. Auping; Gonçalo Homem De Almeida Correia; Bart Van Arem. 2020. "Spatial impact of automated driving in urban areas." Journal of Simulation 14, no. 4: 295-303.
Ride-sourcing has recently been at the centre of attention as the most disruptive mode of transport associated with the so-called shared mobility era. Drivers, riders, the platform, policymakers, and the general public are considered as the main stakeholders of the system. While ride-sourcing platforms have been growing, so did the heightened tension between them and their drivers. That is why understanding drivers' behaviour and preferences is of key importance to ride-sourcing companies in managing their relationship with drivers (also known as driver-partners) and in retaining them in the presence of competence. Ride-sourcing drivers are not only chauffeurs but fleet owners. They can make various operational and tactical decisions that directly influence other stakeholders and the transport system performance as a whole. Conducting a series of focus groups with ride-sourcing drivers in the Netherlands, we have studied their opinions about the system functionalities as well as their possible interactions with the platform and wishes for changes. The focus group results suggest that the main decisions of drivers, which are ride acceptance, relocation strategies, working shift and area in which to work, could be affected by many elements depending on platform strategies, drivers' characteristics, riders' attributes, and exogenous factors. We find that part-time and full-time drivers, as well as experienced and beginning drivers, are characterized by distinctive behaviour. Flexibility and freedom were mentioned as the key reasons for joining the platform while an unfair reputation system, unreliable navigation algorithm, high competition between drivers, passenger-oriented platform, high-commission fee, and misleading guidance were acknowledged as being the main system drawbacks. Based on our findings, we propose a conceptual model that frames the relationship between the tactical and operational decisions of drivers and related factors.
Peyman Ashkrof; Gonçalo Homem De Almeida Correia; Oded Cats; Bart van Arem. Understanding ride-sourcing drivers' behaviour and preferences: Insights from focus groups analysis. Research in Transportation Business & Management 2020, 37, 100516 -100516.
AMA StylePeyman Ashkrof, Gonçalo Homem De Almeida Correia, Oded Cats, Bart van Arem. Understanding ride-sourcing drivers' behaviour and preferences: Insights from focus groups analysis. Research in Transportation Business & Management. 2020; 37 ():100516-100516.
Chicago/Turabian StylePeyman Ashkrof; Gonçalo Homem De Almeida Correia; Oded Cats; Bart van Arem. 2020. "Understanding ride-sourcing drivers' behaviour and preferences: Insights from focus groups analysis." Research in Transportation Business & Management 37, no. : 100516-100516.
An increasing amount of research is dedicated to the consideration of tour formation in freight transportation demand models. While empirical tour formation models so far have been starting from limiting assumptions about the resulting trips, we develop a generalized shipment-based model. We formulate a random utility model embedded in an iterative algorithm to construct tours through the incremental allocation of shipments. It considers different objectives and constraints and acknowledges the difference between commodity, vehicle and location types. Parameters are estimated on a large and comprehensive shipment database. The model reproduces observed tour statistics well for the given set of shipments.
Sebastiaan Thoen; Lóránt Tavasszy; Michiel de Bok; Gonçalo Correia; Ron van Duin. Descriptive modeling of freight tour formation: A shipment-based approach. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review 2020, 140, 101989 .
AMA StyleSebastiaan Thoen, Lóránt Tavasszy, Michiel de Bok, Gonçalo Correia, Ron van Duin. Descriptive modeling of freight tour formation: A shipment-based approach. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review. 2020; 140 ():101989.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSebastiaan Thoen; Lóránt Tavasszy; Michiel de Bok; Gonçalo Correia; Ron van Duin. 2020. "Descriptive modeling of freight tour formation: A shipment-based approach." Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review 140, no. : 101989.
This paper presents a method for determining the deployment of one-way electric carsharing services within a designated region that maximizes the total profit of the operator. A mixed integer non-linear program model is built, with a strategic planning level that decides the fleet size and the station capacity and an operational level that decides on the required relocation operations. The state of charge (SOC) of the vehicles parked in one station is assumed to follow a continuous distribution. A rolling horizon method is used to optimize the operational decisions over the course of a day, considering demand fluctuations and the limited battery capacity of the vehicles. A golden section line search method and a shadow price algorithm are developed to optimize the fleet size and station capacity, with the results feeding back to the carsharing operations. To demonstrate the applicability of the formulated models and solution algorithms, a large-scale case study is conducted for Suzhou Industrial Park, China as the region of operation. A two-step verification method that combines an optimization model via tracking of individual vehicle SOC and a discrete event simulation, demonstrates the accuracy of the SOC distribution model. Managerial insights from the application are also presented.
Kai Huang; Kun An; Gonçalo Correia. Planning station capacity and fleet size of one-way electric carsharing systems with continuous state of charge functions. European Journal of Operational Research 2020, 287, 1075 -1091.
AMA StyleKai Huang, Kun An, Gonçalo Correia. Planning station capacity and fleet size of one-way electric carsharing systems with continuous state of charge functions. European Journal of Operational Research. 2020; 287 (3):1075-1091.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKai Huang; Kun An; Gonçalo Correia. 2020. "Planning station capacity and fleet size of one-way electric carsharing systems with continuous state of charge functions." European Journal of Operational Research 287, no. 3: 1075-1091.
This paper aims to explore the performance of the autonomous mobility-on-demand system (AMoD) with the coordinated formation of vehicle platooning. In this study, an agent-based model (ABM) is developed to explicitly simulate the operations of platooning formation and interactions between shared automated vehicles (SAVs) and real-time travel requests. The objective is to capture the real-time behavior of SAVs as trip makers, and then assess the performance of the AMoD system with the mechanism of coordinated formation of platoons. We conclude that the impact of vehicle assignment strategies in the AMoD system with vehicle platooning formation predominately affects the average waiting time and system capacity to transport travelers as a whole; however, vehicle platooning, to some extent, could lengthen the travel time of platoon vehicles. The hold-on time (imposed delay) of leading vehicles in order to form a platoon could affect the average time delay of vehicles part of those platoons. The developed ABM provides the first insight into the impact of the pervasive formation of vehicle platooning on the performance of the AMoD system.
Senlei Wang; Goncalo Homem De Almeida Correia; Hai Xiang Lin. Effects of Coordinated Formation of Vehicle Platooning in a Fleet of Shared Automated Vehicles: An Agent-based model. Transportation Research Procedia 2020, 47, 377 -384.
AMA StyleSenlei Wang, Goncalo Homem De Almeida Correia, Hai Xiang Lin. Effects of Coordinated Formation of Vehicle Platooning in a Fleet of Shared Automated Vehicles: An Agent-based model. Transportation Research Procedia. 2020; 47 ():377-384.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSenlei Wang; Goncalo Homem De Almeida Correia; Hai Xiang Lin. 2020. "Effects of Coordinated Formation of Vehicle Platooning in a Fleet of Shared Automated Vehicles: An Agent-based model." Transportation Research Procedia 47, no. : 377-384.
New developments in the automotive world have the power to change mobility, but because of high uncertainties, municipalities are adopting a wait-and-see attitude. Nonetheless, autonomous, connected and shared vehicle technologies are in a far stage of development and it is only a matter of time before shared autonomous vehicles (SAVs) enter urban traffic. This research aims to provide insights into the congestion effects of SAVs on urban traffic, focusing on the differences in microscopic behaviour from conventional cars, and to investigate which easy-to-implement solutions a municipality could apply to facilitate the new mix of traffic. This was researched by performing a simulation study, using the traffic simulation package Vissim and a case study of a network in the city of The Hague during the morning peak in 2040. Several SAV market penetration scenarios were tested: 0%, 3%, 25%, 50% and 100% SAV usage by travellers. Additionally, two network designs were implemented: dedicated lanes for SAVs and kiss & ride (K&R)-facilities. From the results, it was clear that while the autonomous driving capabilities of SAVs help reduce traffic congestion, they also have a negative effect by stopping on the curbside to drop off passengers, forming bottlenecks for other road users, and by circulating on the network using low capacity links. Below the line, this adds up to an overall negative effect on urban traffic congestion according to our results. The dedicated lanes design was unsuccessful at reducing this congestion caused by SAVs. The K&R design, however, was successful at reducing delays, but only for SAV penetration rates higher than 25%. These exact effects are not generalizable due to limitations in network size and simulation software. However, the results can be seen as indicative for planning purposes. Similar effects could be expected in cities where transport network companies (TNCs) such as Uber become exceptionally popular with non-autonomous cars. The advice for municipalities is to closely monitor the situation and to account for SAVs (and TNCs) in each new infrastructural project.
Irene Overtoom; Gonçalo Correia; Yilin Huang; Alexander Verbraeck. Assessing the impacts of shared autonomous vehicles on congestion and curb use: A traffic simulation study in The Hague, Netherlands. International Journal of Transportation Science and Technology 2020, 9, 195 -206.
AMA StyleIrene Overtoom, Gonçalo Correia, Yilin Huang, Alexander Verbraeck. Assessing the impacts of shared autonomous vehicles on congestion and curb use: A traffic simulation study in The Hague, Netherlands. International Journal of Transportation Science and Technology. 2020; 9 (3):195-206.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIrene Overtoom; Gonçalo Correia; Yilin Huang; Alexander Verbraeck. 2020. "Assessing the impacts of shared autonomous vehicles on congestion and curb use: A traffic simulation study in The Hague, Netherlands." International Journal of Transportation Science and Technology 9, no. 3: 195-206.
With automated vehicles (AVs), reversible lanes could be a sustainable transportation solution once there is vehicle-to-infrastructure connectivity informing AVs about the lane configuration changes. This paper introduced the reversible lane network design problem (RL-NDP), formulated in mixed-integer non-linear mathematical programming—both the traffic assignment and the reversible lane decisions were embedded. The model was applied on an hourly basis in the case study of the city of Delft, the Netherlands. Reversible lanes are examined under no traffic equilibrium (former paths are maintained); user-equilibrium (UE) assignment (AVs decide their own paths); and system-optimum (SO) traffic assignment (AVs are forced to follow SO paths). We found out that reversible lanes reduce congested roads, total travel times, and delays up to 36%, 9%, and 22%, respectively. The SO scenario was revealed to be beneficial in reducing the total travel time and congested roads in peak hours, whereas UE is equally optimal in the remaining hours. A dual-scenario mixing SO and UE throughout the day reduced congested roads, total travel times, and delay up to 40%, 8%, and 19%, respectively, yet increased 1% in travel distance. The spatial analysis suggested a substantial lane variability in the suburbs, yet a strong presence of reversible lanes in the city center.
Lígia Conceição; Gonçalo Homem De Almeida Correia; José Pedro Tavares. The Reversible Lane Network Design Problem (RL-NDP) for Smart Cities with Automated Traffic. Sustainability 2020, 12, 1226 .
AMA StyleLígia Conceição, Gonçalo Homem De Almeida Correia, José Pedro Tavares. The Reversible Lane Network Design Problem (RL-NDP) for Smart Cities with Automated Traffic. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (3):1226.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLígia Conceição; Gonçalo Homem De Almeida Correia; José Pedro Tavares. 2020. "The Reversible Lane Network Design Problem (RL-NDP) for Smart Cities with Automated Traffic." Sustainability 12, no. 3: 1226.
In this paper, we study the dial-a-ride problem of ride-sharing automated taxis (ATs) in an urban road network, considering the traffic congestion caused by the ATs. This shared automated mobility system is expected to provide a seamless door-to-door service for urban travellers, much like what the existing transportation network companies (TNC) do, but with decreased labour cost and more flexible relocation operations due to the vehicles’ automation. We propose an integer non-linear programming (INLP) model that optimizes the routing of the ATs to maximize the system profit, depending on dynamic travel times, which are a non-linear function of the ATs’ flows. It is important to involve traffic congestion in such a routing problem since for a growing number of ATs circulating in the city their number will lead to delays. The model is embedded within a rolling horizon framework, which divides a typical day into several horizons to deal with the real-time travel demand. In each horizon, the routing model is solved with the demand at that interval and assuring the continuity of the trips between horizons. Nevertheless, each horizon model is hard to solve given its number of constraints and decision variables. Therefore, we propose a solution approach based on a customized Lagrangian relaxation algorithm, which allows identifying a near-optimal solution for this difficult problem. Numerical experiments for the city of Delft, The Netherlands, are used to demonstrate the solution quality of the proposed algorithm as well as obtaining insights about the AT system performance. Results show that the solution algorithm can solve the proposed model for hard instances. Ride-sharing makes the AT system more capable to provide better service regarding delay time and the number of requests that can be attended by the system. The delay penalty on the profit objective function is an effective control parameter on guaranteeing the service quality while maintaining system profitability.
Xiao Liang; Gonçalo Correia; Kun An; Bart van Arem. Automated taxis’ dial-a-ride problem with ride-sharing considering congestion-based dynamic travel times. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 2020, 112, 260 -281.
AMA StyleXiao Liang, Gonçalo Correia, Kun An, Bart van Arem. Automated taxis’ dial-a-ride problem with ride-sharing considering congestion-based dynamic travel times. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies. 2020; 112 ():260-281.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiao Liang; Gonçalo Correia; Kun An; Bart van Arem. 2020. "Automated taxis’ dial-a-ride problem with ride-sharing considering congestion-based dynamic travel times." Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 112, no. : 260-281.
The objective of this research is to explore the relation between personal characteristics of pedestrians and their crossing behaviour in front of an automated vehicle (AV). For this purpose, a simulation experiment was developed using Agent-Based Modelling (ABM) techniques. Sixty participants were asked to cross the road in a virtual environment displayed on a computer screen, allowing to record their crossing behaviour when in the presence of AVs and conventional vehicles (CVs). In some experimental configurations, the AVs communicated their intention to continue or not to continue their trajectories through the use of lights. The ABM allowed controlling the behaviour of the vehicles when interacting with the simulated avatar of the respondents. The subjects of the experiment were also asked to fill in a questionnaire about usual behaviour in traffic, as well as attitudes and risk perceptions toward crossing roads. The questionnaire data were used to estimate individual specific behavioural latent variables by means of principal component analysis which resulted in three main factors named: violations, lapses, and trust in AVs. The results of generalized linear mixed models applied to the data showed that besides the distance from the approaching vehicle and existence of a zebra crossing, pedestrians’ crossing decisions are significantly affected by the participants’ age, familiarity with AVs, the communication between the AV and the pedestrian, and whether the approaching vehicle is an AV. Moreover, the introduction of the latent factors as explanatory variables into the regression models indicated that individual specific characteristics like willingness to take risks and violate traffic rules, and trust in AVs can have additional explanatory power in the crossing decisions.
Solmaz Razmi Rad; Gonçalo Correia; Marjan Hagenzieker. Pedestrians’ road crossing behaviour in front of automated vehicles: Results from a pedestrian simulation experiment using agent-based modelling. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 2020, 69, 101 -119.
AMA StyleSolmaz Razmi Rad, Gonçalo Correia, Marjan Hagenzieker. Pedestrians’ road crossing behaviour in front of automated vehicles: Results from a pedestrian simulation experiment using agent-based modelling. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour. 2020; 69 ():101-119.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSolmaz Razmi Rad; Gonçalo Correia; Marjan Hagenzieker. 2020. "Pedestrians’ road crossing behaviour in front of automated vehicles: Results from a pedestrian simulation experiment using agent-based modelling." Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 69, no. : 101-119.
Electric travelling appears to dominate the transport sector in the near future due to the needed transition from internal combustion vehicles (ICV) towards Electric Vehicles (EV) to tackle urban pollution. Given this trend, investigation of the EV drivers’ travel behaviour is of great importance to stakeholders including planners and policymakers, for example in order to locate charging stations. This research explores the Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) drivers route choice and charging preferences through a Stated Preference (SP) survey. Collecting data from 505 EV drivers in the Netherlands, we report the results of estimating a Mixed Logit (ML) model for those choices. Respondents were requested to choose a route among six alternatives: freeways, arterial ways, and local streets with and without fast charging. Our findings suggest that the classic route attributes (travel time and travel cost), vehicle-related variables (state-of-charge at the origin and destination) and charging characteristics (availability of a slow charging point at the destination, fast charging duration, waiting time in the queue of a fast-charging station) can influence the BEV drivers route choice and charging behaviour significantly. When the state-of-charge (SOC) at the origin is high and a slow charger at the destination is available, routes without fast charging are likely to be preferred. Moreover, local streets (associated with slow speeds and less energy consumption) could be preferred if the SOC at the destination is expected to be low while arterial ways might be selected when a driver must recharge his/her car during the trip via fast charging.
Peyman Ashkrof; Gonçalo Homem De Almeida Correia; Bart van Arem. Analysis of the effect of charging needs on battery electric vehicle drivers’ route choice behaviour: A case study in the Netherlands. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 2019, 78, 102206 .
AMA StylePeyman Ashkrof, Gonçalo Homem De Almeida Correia, Bart van Arem. Analysis of the effect of charging needs on battery electric vehicle drivers’ route choice behaviour: A case study in the Netherlands. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. 2019; 78 ():102206.
Chicago/Turabian StylePeyman Ashkrof; Gonçalo Homem De Almeida Correia; Bart van Arem. 2019. "Analysis of the effect of charging needs on battery electric vehicle drivers’ route choice behaviour: A case study in the Netherlands." Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 78, no. : 102206.
Automated vehicles used as public transport show a great promise of revolutionizing current transportation systems. Still, there are many questions as to how these systems should be organized and operated in cities to bring the best out of future services. In this study, an agent-based model (ABM) is developed to simulate the on-demand operations of shared automated vehicles (SAVs) in a parallel transit service (PTS) and a tailored time-varying transit service (TVTS). The proposed TVTS system can switch service schemes between a door-to-door service (DDS) and a station-to-station service (SSS) according to what is best for the service providers and the travelers. In addition, the proposed PTS system that allows DDS and SSS to operate simultaneously is simulated. To test the conceptual design of the proposed SAV system, simulation experiments are performed in a hypothetical urban area to show the potential of different SAV schemes. Simulation results suggest that SAV systems together with dynamic ridesharing can significantly reduce average waiting time, the vehicle kilometres travelled and empty SAV trips. Moreover, the proposed optimal vehicle assignment algorithm can significantly reduce the empty vehicle kilometres travelled (VKT) for the pickups for all tested SAV systems up to about 40% and improve the system capacity for transporting the passengers. Comparing the TVTS system, which has inconvenient access in peak hours, with the PTS systems, which always makes available door-to-door transport, we conclude that the latter could achieve a similar system performance as the former in terms of average waiting time, service time and system capacity.
Senlei Wang; Goncalo Homem De Almeida Correia; Hai Xiang Lin. Exploring the Performance of Different On-Demand Transit Services Provided by a Fleet of Shared Automated Vehicles: An Agent-Based Model. Journal of Advanced Transportation 2019, 2019, 1 -16.
AMA StyleSenlei Wang, Goncalo Homem De Almeida Correia, Hai Xiang Lin. Exploring the Performance of Different On-Demand Transit Services Provided by a Fleet of Shared Automated Vehicles: An Agent-Based Model. Journal of Advanced Transportation. 2019; 2019 ():1-16.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSenlei Wang; Goncalo Homem De Almeida Correia; Hai Xiang Lin. 2019. "Exploring the Performance of Different On-Demand Transit Services Provided by a Fleet of Shared Automated Vehicles: An Agent-Based Model." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2019, no. : 1-16.