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To analyze the association between smoking status (active smoking and exposure to Second-Hand Smoking (SHS)) and the synergistic effect of smoking status and BMI with gout risk, a community-based case-control design was undertaken among 385 participants, including 304 healthy controls and 81 gout patients from seven community health services. Adjusted Odd Ratios (AORs) and 95% Confidence Interval (CIs) of gout for active smoking and SHS were 3.26 (95% CI = 1.07~9.90) and 4.67 (95% CI = 2.18~10.00) compared to non-smokers. Time-dependent manner of active smoking and SHS significantly increased gout risk with AORs and 95% CIs of 5.95 (1.41~25.03) and 10.12 (3.51~29.14). Dose-dependency of active smokers and SHS showed AORs and 95% CIs of 5.15 (1.28~20.63) and 4.37 (1.33~14.28). Smoking 20 cigarettes (one pack) per day for one year is equivalent to one pack-year. Active smoking >20 pack-year and SHS > 26.5 pack-year increased gout risk with AORs and 95% CIs of 7.18 (1.53~33.67) and 9.95 (3.64~27.22). Participants who smoked (active smoking and SHS) and with Body Mass Index (BMI) of > 24.9 kg/m² synergistically increased gout risk, with an AOR of 9.65 and 95% CI of 3.25~28.65, compared to BMI ≤ 24.9 kg/m² and non-smoker. Smoking status (active smoking and SHS) and the synergistic effect of smoking status and BMI increased gout risk in Indonesia.

Gaya hidup manusia akibat adanya urbanisasi, modernisasi, dan globalisasi menjadi salah satu penyebab terjadinya peningkatan Penyakit Tidak Menular (PTM). Secara umum PTM seperti obesitas, Diabetes Mellitus (DM) dan hipertensi menjadi salah satu penyebab utama kematian secara global. Berdasarkan data kegiatan Posyandu di Puskesmas Cebongan, Kota Salatiga pada bulan Maret-April 2018, terdapat sebanyak 75 responden lansia dengan kasus non komplikasi (hipertensi dan DM), serta kasus komplikasi (hipertensi dan DM, hipertensi dan obesitas, DM dan obesitas, serta hipertensi, DM, dan obesitas). Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran penyebab kejadian PTM dari sudut pandang gaya hidup, terutama pola makan. Metode yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kuantitatif, dengan instrumen pengambilan data berupa Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) dan Food Recall. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, kecenderungan konsumsi karbohidrat yang tinggi mencapai 13,81 kali per minggu berpeluang menimbulkan penyakit hipertensi. Serta tingkat asupan gizi defisit berat pada asupan energi dan karbohidrat ada kaitannya dengan kadar gula darah yang tidak terkontrol. Kejadian hipertensi dan DM dipengaruhi oleh pola makan, sedangkan obesitas dikarenakan proses fisiologis lansia yaitu kehilangan massa otot sehingga menyebabkan berkurangnya pemakaian energi dan menumpuknya jaringan lemak. Kata kunci : diabetes mellitus, obesitas, hipertensi, lansia, pola makan, Salatiga Human lifestyle due to urbanization, modernization, and globalization to be one cause of the increase of Non-communicable diseases (PTM). In general, PTM such as obesity, Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and hypertension become one of the main causes of death globally. Based on data of Posyandu activity at Puskesmas Cebongan, Salatiga City, March-April 2018, there were 75 elderly respondents with non complicated cases (hypertension and DM), and complication cases (hypertension and DM, hypertension and obesity, DM and obesity, and hypertension , DM, and obesity). This study aims to determine the description of the causes of the incidence of PTM from the point of view of lifestyle, especially diet. The method used is descriptive quantitative, with data collection instrument in the form of Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and Food Recall. The results showed that, the tendency of high carbohydrate consumption reached 13.81 times per week potentially cause hypertension disease. As well as the level 16 Jurnal Kesehatan Kusuma Husada - Januari 2019 of intake of heavy nutritional deÞ cit in energy and carbohydrate intake is related to uncontrolled bloodsugar levels. The incidence of hypertension and DM is inß uenced by diet, while obesity is due to the elderly physiological process of losing muscle mass resulting in reduced energy consumption and fat tissue accumulation. Keywords: diabetes mellitus, obesity, hypertension, elderly, diet, Salatiga

Countries throughout the world, including Indonesia, are facing a complex problem with regards to HIV infection incidences and its prevalence. This is despite some local governments in some provinces of Indonesia working together with the Social Ministry of Indonesia to eradicate prostitution. There are high numbers of HIV sub-types in Indonesia such as HIV-1 (CRF01_AE and B). The forecast was conducted with the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average model. The ARMA (1,1) was observed to be the best model for forecasting the number of HIV patients in Indonesia. This forecasting has been done since March 2019. Based on its dynamic forecasting with ARMA (1,1), this study proved the number of HIV-positive patients, from 2019 to 2030, had increased from 22,679 to 36,255, by almost 37% within 12 years. Indonesia is facing a growing trend in the number of new HIV cases, until 2030 which caused by stopped their follow-up treatments or they have ceased in consuming the Antiretroviral drugs even though the Indonesian government was provided national health insurance which covers the Antiretroviral drug and a limited number of health-care services providing the Antiretroviral therapy. Therefore, investigations focusing on estimate the number of HIV patients in Indonesia is an important finding. The information can be used as a resource for policy and decision making for plans and programs.

Most Indonesians with hyperuricemia are less than 40 years old, which suggests an increasing gout risk in the country. Meanwhile, untreated hyperuricemia was also suggested to lead to hypertension. Yet, it is unclear whether blood pressure (BP) plays a mediating role between urate and gout. We investigated the mediating effect of BP between urate and gout risk in Indonesians using a partial least squares-structural equation model. A community-based retrospective case-control study was conducted between July 1 and August 31, 2019 in Indonesia. We randomly recruited 397 participants, including 86 patients with gout and 311 healthy controls from seven community health service centers. Multivariate logistic regression was employed to analyze the adjusted odds ratios of the association between risk factors, such as urate level and BP, and gout risk after controlling for other covariates. A path analysis was utilized to analyze the mediating effect of systolic BP between urate and gout. The STROBE reporting guideline for the observational study is adopted in our reporting. We found that a 1 mg/dL increase of urate level significantly increased gout risk with an OR of 4.97 (95% CI: 3.48–7.09) and an AOR of 4.44 (95% CI: 3.07–6.42) after adjusting for covariates. The association between urate and gout was also significantly mediated by systolic BP (β = 0.05; 95% CI Bias Corrected [0.02–0.08], p < 0.001). Urate was significantly associated with gout risk and was possibly mediated by increased systolic BP in Indonesians. Controlling systolic BP could be one of the strategies to decrease the risk of gout for individuals with hyperuricemia. Health education can be carried out by community health nurses to individuals on controlling their urate level and systolic BP to decrease the gout risk among Indonesian.

Background: The coverage of immunization among children in Jambi City decreased during COVID-19 pandemic.Purpose: This study aims to identify the factors that might be associated with basic vaccination compliance among mothers in Jambi, Indonesia.Methods: This study uses a case control design in 5 Jambi City Regions in March-May 2021. The sample in this study is mothers who have children in age 9-24 months. The sampling that is used in this study is cluster sampling with total sample of 506 mothers. The data analysis used in this study is descriptive statistical analysis of univariate, bivariate using chi square test.Results: The results of data analysis showed that the variables related to compliance were perceptions of receiving immunization, attitudes, knowledge, husband's support with p value < 0.01, and distance traveled with p value < 0.05.Conclusion: Effort to improve compliance in the pediatric immunization Pandemic are needed to strengthen mother’s perception, knowledge, attitudes during COVID-19. Analysis with predictive models is highly recommended to determine the odd-ratios and adjusted odd-ratios between factors related to the complying for basic vaccination.