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Dr. xumao li
Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China

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0 Cruise Lines
0 Economic Geography
0 transport geography
0 Cruise
0 cruise tourim

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Journal article
Published: 24 September 2020 in Sustainability
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Cruise tourism is an obviously global industry in different dimensions. From a geographical perspective, cruise ships are mobile and capable of being repositioned at a company’s notice, which forms the inherent basis for its global spatial layout. As a branch of the cruise industry, the world cruise is clearly globalizing in geographical space by offering long itinerary, even round-the-world trips, for everyone. Using the schedule data from 2018 to 2019, this paper analyzes the spatial characteristics of the itinerary and port organization of Cunard, a world cruise company. We find that the itinerary distribution and port organization of Cunard are both globalization and regionalization, and the latter is the core and main component of the former. Under the influence of the COVID-19 epidemic, the global mobility of cruises has ground to a halt, while local mobility offers the possibility of its resumption as soon as possible. Turning to the regional voyage with the shorter and simple itinerary is feasible for Cunard and other world cruises, which is conducive to the realization of the resuming voyage as soon as possible. Moreover, strict boarding and safety onboard are essential.

ACS Style

Xumao Li; Chengjin Wang; César Ducruet. Globalization and Regionalization: Empirical Evidence from Itinerary Structure and Port Organization of World Cruise of Cunard. Sustainability 2020, 12, 7893 .

AMA Style

Xumao Li, Chengjin Wang, César Ducruet. Globalization and Regionalization: Empirical Evidence from Itinerary Structure and Port Organization of World Cruise of Cunard. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (19):7893.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xumao Li; Chengjin Wang; César Ducruet. 2020. "Globalization and Regionalization: Empirical Evidence from Itinerary Structure and Port Organization of World Cruise of Cunard." Sustainability 12, no. 19: 7893.

Article
Published: 13 July 2020 in Journal of Geographical Sciences
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The railway is an indispensable feature of a nation’s infrastructure, and the gauge is an internal and objective technical regulation of the railway. In the large-scale regional space, the track gauges reflect the development differences, historical relations and mutual influences between countries and regions. This makes the railway, originally as a regional connection, have special social, political, military and other multiple attributes. Based on this, the paper, from the perspective of railway gauge, takes the Eurasian continent as the case region to explore the spatial pattern, formation mechanism and organizational mode of communication of the Eurasian continental railway geo-system. The results show that 11 kinds of railway gauge structures exist in Eurasia, which respectively belong to three types of wide-gauge, standard-gauge, and narrow-gauge, but the mainstream gauge only includes 1520 mm, 1435 mm and 1067 mm. Considerable variation in the coverage length and space range of different gauges is apparent, which provides a physical and technological basis for railway system differentiation and network fragmentation, which leads to the formation of eight railway geo-systems. Due to different modes for railway transport management in different geographical locations, the geographical pattern and geographical relationship of four transport organizations are formed. What especially important is the emergence of “1435 gauge space” and “1520 gauge space”, as well as the railway geo-space confrontation between them, on the Eurasian continent. Besides, we also find that the railway geo-system of Eurasia is mainly affected by the technology dissemination, path dependence, geopolitics, national defense and the colonial expansion of military latitude, and on this basis, five geo-modes of railway gauge propagation are formed.

ACS Style

Chengjin Wang; Xumao Li; Peiran Chen; Yongshun Xie; Weidong Liu. Spatial pattern and developing mechanism of railway geo-systems based on track gauge: A case study of Eurasia. Journal of Geographical Sciences 2020, 30, 1283 -1306.

AMA Style

Chengjin Wang, Xumao Li, Peiran Chen, Yongshun Xie, Weidong Liu. Spatial pattern and developing mechanism of railway geo-systems based on track gauge: A case study of Eurasia. Journal of Geographical Sciences. 2020; 30 (8):1283-1306.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chengjin Wang; Xumao Li; Peiran Chen; Yongshun Xie; Weidong Liu. 2020. "Spatial pattern and developing mechanism of railway geo-systems based on track gauge: A case study of Eurasia." Journal of Geographical Sciences 30, no. 8: 1283-1306.