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Dr. Ram Swaroop Meena
Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India

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Book chapter
Published: 24 March 2021 in Soil Moisture Importance
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Root architecture in soils is directly affecting crop yield potential, through influencing the moisture potential of soil and its balance components, as only transpiration share is useful for them. Soil moisture potential responsible for the soil moisture curves on the basis of differential energy states is quite important. Generally, a soil moisture flow rate is considered for its kinetic energy. Consequently, soil moisture energy state is defined by its equivalent potential energy, which is by virtue of its place in a force field which could assist to improve the water-use efficiency. Irrigation water losses significantly occur under the flood irrigation through evaporation, seepage, and drainage. While the soil moisture potential declines with help of the tensiometer, and significantly save the irrigation water. For evaluating the performance of any resource conservation technologies (RCT) in the region, estimation of the evapotranspiration (ET) is very important to analyze the effect of the RCT. It is also helpful in balancing the nutrient inflows in the plants through roots, which results to the improvement of land and water productivity. Hence, delineation of the soil moisture potentials and moisture balance components is important to improve the land as well as water productivity; it makes the livelihood security better in the water-stressed regions on the globe. This chapter deals with the methodological part of soil moisture potentials and moisture balance components, which is useful for the policymakers, modelers, scientists, students, and teachers engaged in the irrigation experiments under texturally divergent soils.

ACS Style

Rajan Bhatt; Ram Swaroop Meena. Delineation of Soil Moisture Potentials and Moisture Balance Components. Soil Moisture Importance 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Rajan Bhatt, Ram Swaroop Meena. Delineation of Soil Moisture Potentials and Moisture Balance Components. Soil Moisture Importance. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rajan Bhatt; Ram Swaroop Meena. 2021. "Delineation of Soil Moisture Potentials and Moisture Balance Components." Soil Moisture Importance , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 05 March 2021 in Scientific Reports
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Farmers are not growing diversified crops and applying huge amounts of agrochemicals and imbalanced fertilizers in the rice-wheat cropping system (RWCS), since the 1960s. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbial and nutrient dynamics in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) under various sowing environments and nutrient sources during Rabi season (October–March), 2015–2016. The experiment was laid out in the split-plot design with three sowing dates in main-plots, and eight nutrient sources in sub-plots. The maximum bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes population, soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC), dehydrogenase activities, and available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and sulphur (NPKS) were recorded on November 17 sown crop, and the lowest was observed on December 7 sowing during both the years, and in the pooled analysis. Furthermore, applied nutrient sources, highest bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes population, available NPKS, SMBC, and dehydrogenase activity were observed in 75% recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) + 25% N through pressmud (PM) + Azotobacto + phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (PSB) than other nutrient sources. In conclusion, high demand and cost of chemical fertilizers can be replaced by 25% amount easily and locally available organic manures like PM compost to sustain the soil health and crop productivity. It will be helpful to restore the soil biodiversity in the RWCS and provide a roadmap for the researchers, government planners, and policymakers for the use of PM as a source of organic matter and nutrients.

ACS Style

Sunil Kumar; Ram Swaroop Meena; Rakesh Kumar Singh; Tariq Muhammad Munir; Rahul Datta; Subhan Danish; Gulab Singh Yadav; Sandeep Kumar. Soil microbial and nutrient dynamics under different sowings environment of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) in rice based cropping system. Scientific Reports 2021, 11, 1 -11.

AMA Style

Sunil Kumar, Ram Swaroop Meena, Rakesh Kumar Singh, Tariq Muhammad Munir, Rahul Datta, Subhan Danish, Gulab Singh Yadav, Sandeep Kumar. Soil microbial and nutrient dynamics under different sowings environment of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) in rice based cropping system. Scientific Reports. 2021; 11 (1):1-11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sunil Kumar; Ram Swaroop Meena; Rakesh Kumar Singh; Tariq Muhammad Munir; Rahul Datta; Subhan Danish; Gulab Singh Yadav; Sandeep Kumar. 2021. "Soil microbial and nutrient dynamics under different sowings environment of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) in rice based cropping system." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1: 1-11.

Book chapter
Published: 20 January 2021 in Plant Stress Physiology
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Increasing ambient temperature is a major climatic factor that negatively affects plant growth and development, and causes significant losses in soybean crop yield worldwide. Thus, high temperatures (HT) result in less seed germination, which leads to pathogenic infection, and decreases the economic yield of soybean. In addition, the efficiency of photosynthesis and transpiration of plants are affected by high temperatures, which have negative impact on the physio-biochemical process in the plant system, finally deteriorate the yield and quality of the affected crop. However, plants have several mechanisms of specific cellular detection of HT stress that help in the transduction of signals, producing the activation of transcription factors and genes to counteract the harmful effects caused by the stressful condition. Among the contributors to help the plant in re-establishing cellular homeostasis are the applications of organic stimulants (antioxidants, osmoprotectants, and hormones), which enhance the productivity and quality of soybean against HT stress. In this chapter, we summarized the physiological and biochemical mechanisms of soybean plants at various growth stages under HT. Furthermore, it also depicts the mitigation strategies to overcome the adverse effects of HT on soybean using exogenous applications of bioregulators. These studies intend to increase the understanding of exogenous biochemical compounds that could reduce the adverse effects of HT on the growth, yield, and quality of soybean.

ACS Style

Ayman EL Sabagh; Akbar Hossain; Mohammad Sohidul Islam; Muhammad Aamir Iqbal; Shah Fahad; Disna Ratnasekera; Faraz Azeem; Allah Wasaya; Oksana Sytar; Narendra Kumar; Analía Llanes; Murat Erman; Mustafa Ceritoğlu; Huseyin Arslan; Doğan Arslan; Sajjad Hussain; Muhammad Mubeen; Muhammad Ikram; Ram Swaroop Meena; Hany Gharib; Ejaz Waraich; Wajid Nasim; Liyun Liu; Hirofumi Saneoka. Consequences and Mitigation Strategies of Heat Stress for Sustainability of Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) Production under the Changing Climate. Plant Stress Physiology 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Ayman EL Sabagh, Akbar Hossain, Mohammad Sohidul Islam, Muhammad Aamir Iqbal, Shah Fahad, Disna Ratnasekera, Faraz Azeem, Allah Wasaya, Oksana Sytar, Narendra Kumar, Analía Llanes, Murat Erman, Mustafa Ceritoğlu, Huseyin Arslan, Doğan Arslan, Sajjad Hussain, Muhammad Mubeen, Muhammad Ikram, Ram Swaroop Meena, Hany Gharib, Ejaz Waraich, Wajid Nasim, Liyun Liu, Hirofumi Saneoka. Consequences and Mitigation Strategies of Heat Stress for Sustainability of Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) Production under the Changing Climate. Plant Stress Physiology. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ayman EL Sabagh; Akbar Hossain; Mohammad Sohidul Islam; Muhammad Aamir Iqbal; Shah Fahad; Disna Ratnasekera; Faraz Azeem; Allah Wasaya; Oksana Sytar; Narendra Kumar; Analía Llanes; Murat Erman; Mustafa Ceritoğlu; Huseyin Arslan; Doğan Arslan; Sajjad Hussain; Muhammad Mubeen; Muhammad Ikram; Ram Swaroop Meena; Hany Gharib; Ejaz Waraich; Wajid Nasim; Liyun Liu; Hirofumi Saneoka. 2021. "Consequences and Mitigation Strategies of Heat Stress for Sustainability of Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) Production under the Changing Climate." Plant Stress Physiology , no. : 1.

Book chapter
Published: 20 January 2021 in Plant Stress Physiology
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The rapidly increasing human population is an alarming issue and would need more food production under changing climate. Abiotic stresses like heat stress and temperature fluctuation are becoming key issues to be addressed for boosting crop production. Maize growth and productivity are sensitive to temperature fluctuations. Grain yield losses in maize from heat stress are expected to increase owing to higher temperatures during the growing season. This situation demands the development of maize hybrids tolerant to heat and drought stresses without compromising grain yield under stress conditions. The chapter aimed to assess the updates on the influence of high-temperature stress (HTS) on the physio-biochemical processes in plants and to draw an association between yield components and heat stress on maize. Moreover, exogenous applications of protectants, antioxidants, and signaling molecules induce HTS tolerance in maize plants and could help the plants cope with HTS by scavenging reactive oxygen species, upregulation of antioxidant enzymes, and protection of cellular membranes by the accrual of compatible osmolytes. It is expected that a better thought of the physiological basis of HTS tolerance in maize plants will help to develop HTS maize cultivars. Developing HTS-tolerant maize varieties may ensure crops production sustainability along with promoting food and feed security under changing climate.

ACS Style

Ayman EL Sabagh; Akbar Hossain; Muhammad Aamir Iqbal; Celaleddin Barutçular; Mohammad Sohidul Islam; Fatih Çiğ; Murat Erman; Oksana Sytar; Marian Brestic; Allah Wasaya; Tasmiya Jabeen; Maham Asif Bukhari; Muhammad Mubeen; Habib-Ur-Rehman Athar; Faraz Azeem; Hakki Akdeniz; Ömer Konuşkan; Ferhat Kizilgeci; Muhammad Ikram; Sobhy Sorour; Wajid Nasim; Mabrouk Elsabagh; Muhammad Rizwan; Ram Swaroop Meena; Shah Fahad; Akihiro Ueda; Liyun Liu; Hirofumi Saneoka. Maize Adaptability to Heat Stress under Changing Climate. Plant Stress Physiology 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Ayman EL Sabagh, Akbar Hossain, Muhammad Aamir Iqbal, Celaleddin Barutçular, Mohammad Sohidul Islam, Fatih Çiğ, Murat Erman, Oksana Sytar, Marian Brestic, Allah Wasaya, Tasmiya Jabeen, Maham Asif Bukhari, Muhammad Mubeen, Habib-Ur-Rehman Athar, Faraz Azeem, Hakki Akdeniz, Ömer Konuşkan, Ferhat Kizilgeci, Muhammad Ikram, Sobhy Sorour, Wajid Nasim, Mabrouk Elsabagh, Muhammad Rizwan, Ram Swaroop Meena, Shah Fahad, Akihiro Ueda, Liyun Liu, Hirofumi Saneoka. Maize Adaptability to Heat Stress under Changing Climate. Plant Stress Physiology. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ayman EL Sabagh; Akbar Hossain; Muhammad Aamir Iqbal; Celaleddin Barutçular; Mohammad Sohidul Islam; Fatih Çiğ; Murat Erman; Oksana Sytar; Marian Brestic; Allah Wasaya; Tasmiya Jabeen; Maham Asif Bukhari; Muhammad Mubeen; Habib-Ur-Rehman Athar; Faraz Azeem; Hakki Akdeniz; Ömer Konuşkan; Ferhat Kizilgeci; Muhammad Ikram; Sobhy Sorour; Wajid Nasim; Mabrouk Elsabagh; Muhammad Rizwan; Ram Swaroop Meena; Shah Fahad; Akihiro Ueda; Liyun Liu; Hirofumi Saneoka. 2021. "Maize Adaptability to Heat Stress under Changing Climate." Plant Stress Physiology , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 17 September 2020 in Energy
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There is an urgent need for identification of the eco-friendly/cleaner production system that is more productive and profitable; efficient user of energy, water, and carbon-based inputs, and also environmentally safer. The four years study was conducted from 2016 to 2019, where the dominant rice-wheat cropping system is practiced extensively after ‘Green Revaluation’. The objectives of the experiment were to evaluate: (1) energy budgeting, (2) carbon auditing, (3) production and economic efficiency of diverse cropping systems for upland rainfed as well as irrigated ecosystems of eastern India.Tillage and cropping system treatments were laid out according to a completely randomized block design and replicated thrice. Ten cropping sequences were comprised of: T1) a farmers’ practice of transplanted rice-wheat-mungbean, T2) conventional till-direct seeded rice (CTDSR)-wheat-mungbean, T3) soybean-maize, T4) CTDSR-mustard-urd bean, T5) foxtail millet-lentil-fallow, T6) pearl millet-chickpea-fallow, T7) finger millet-toria-fallow, T8) sorghum (grain)-chickpea-fallow, T9) maize cob–pigeon pea, and T10) sorghum (fodder)-mustard-urdbean. Energy contributions of different inputs were 42-55, 12-21, 8-18, and 4-12% for fertilizers, diesel, labour, and electricity, respectively. The amount of indirect (fertilizer, chemicals, and machinery) and direct (diesel and electricity) non-renewable energy inputs were 40-60 and 18-26%, respectively. Indirect renewable energy input (seed and crop residues) was 1-7% as compared to 15-24% of direct-renewable energy (human labour and irrigation water). The maximum energy input was recorded for T1 (53511 MJ ha-1). The maximum biomass production (40.2 mg ha-1) was recorded with T9, while the maximum benefit: cost ratio (3.64) was noted for T10 and T8. The highest specific energy (33.5 MJ kg-1) and energy productivity (0.92 kg MJ-1) were recorded in T8 treatment. Irrespective of cropping systems, retention of crop residues accounted for 28.6-58.5% of total carbon input. The carbon sustainability index was 5-7 times higher for the millet-based production system [T6 (9.32) and T8 (10.27)] compared to cereal-based systems [T1 (1.66) and T2 (1.21)]. Diversification of the rice-wheat system through climate-resilient millets-based production system reduced 84% energy consumption and 87% carbon footprint. The millet-based production system also helps in reducing the carbon input by 172% and improves the energy use efficiency by 61% compared to the cereal-based cropping system. Therefore, the study has an innovative idea to support the crop modelling, policymakers, government planners, researchers, and producers to achieve the sustainable development goals in Indo-Gangetic Plains and similar agro-climatic conditions of South Asia.

ACS Style

Rakesh Kumar; J.S. Mishra; Surajit Mondal; Ram Swaroop Meena; P.K. Sundaram; B.P. Bhatt; R.S. Pan; Rattan Lal; Kirti Saurabh; Naresh Chandra; S.K. Samal; Hansraj Hans; R.K. Raman. Designing an ecofriendly and carbon-cum-energy efficient production system for the diverse agroecosystem of South Asia. Energy 2020, 214, 118860 .

AMA Style

Rakesh Kumar, J.S. Mishra, Surajit Mondal, Ram Swaroop Meena, P.K. Sundaram, B.P. Bhatt, R.S. Pan, Rattan Lal, Kirti Saurabh, Naresh Chandra, S.K. Samal, Hansraj Hans, R.K. Raman. Designing an ecofriendly and carbon-cum-energy efficient production system for the diverse agroecosystem of South Asia. Energy. 2020; 214 ():118860.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rakesh Kumar; J.S. Mishra; Surajit Mondal; Ram Swaroop Meena; P.K. Sundaram; B.P. Bhatt; R.S. Pan; Rattan Lal; Kirti Saurabh; Naresh Chandra; S.K. Samal; Hansraj Hans; R.K. Raman. 2020. "Designing an ecofriendly and carbon-cum-energy efficient production system for the diverse agroecosystem of South Asia." Energy 214, no. : 118860.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2020 in Soil and Tillage Research
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ACS Style

Gulab Singh Yadav; Rattan Lal; Ram Swaroop Meena. Vehicular traffic effects on hydraulic properties of a Crosby silt loam under a long-term no-till farming in Central Ohio, USA. Soil and Tillage Research 2020, 202, 1 .

AMA Style

Gulab Singh Yadav, Rattan Lal, Ram Swaroop Meena. Vehicular traffic effects on hydraulic properties of a Crosby silt loam under a long-term no-till farming in Central Ohio, USA. Soil and Tillage Research. 2020; 202 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gulab Singh Yadav; Rattan Lal; Ram Swaroop Meena. 2020. "Vehicular traffic effects on hydraulic properties of a Crosby silt loam under a long-term no-till farming in Central Ohio, USA." Soil and Tillage Research 202, no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 23 July 2020 in Environmental and Sustainability Indicators
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Agriculture residue can be converted as a nutrient resource to enhance the soil and crop productivity through their soil incorporation. The aim of the three years study was to know the response of crop residues and weed incorporation with the bio-inoculants in rice (Oryza sativa L.)–toria (Brassica rapa L. Var Toria) cropping system (RTCS). Experiment was imposed in split-plot, where main-plots have five residue management treatments viz; 50% weed biomass mixed (WBM) 2 t ha-1, 50% crop residues of rice (CRR) 2 t ha -1, 50% WBM 2 t ha-1 + 50% CRR 2 t ha-1, 100% WBM 4 t ha-1 and 100% CRR 4 t ha-1 in toria, whereas in rice, each treatment received half of above biomass (WBM and CRR), while in the sub-plots two microbial decomposing agents, Trichoderma viridi (TV) 2 g kg -1 and Pleurotus sp. (PS) 20 g kg -1as spawn seed. Results revealed that 50% WBM+CRR considerably increase the rice grain yield (9.8-37.7%) and toria seed yield (15.3-31.5%) over the 100% CRR. Likewise, TV recorded higher yield of rice and toria. Incorporation of 100% CRR improves the bulk density and water content, while 100% WBM improved the soil pH (4.6-5.7%), available nitrogen (9.8-11.8%), available phosphorus (21.6-22.8%) and labile potassium to the extent of 7-11.3% than the 100% CRR. Contrarily, 100% CRR improved soil organic carbon by 7-8.6% over 50% WBM. The manuscript provides insight for improvement of crop productivity and improves the soil health indicator in existing rice-fallow cropping system. Crop reside and weed biomass convert as nutrient source, it will promote the soil and environmental sustainability indicators. This is a novel kind of study, such information is not available yet to policymakers and this will also help in modelling and simulation for sustainable production and diversification in the rice-based cropping systems.

ACS Style

V.K. Choudhary; D.S. Gurjar; Ram Swaroop Meena. Crop residue and weed biomass incorporation with microbial inoculation improve the crop and soil productivity in the rice (Oryza sativa L.) -toria (Brassica rapa L.) cropping system. Environmental and Sustainability Indicators 2020, 7, 100048 .

AMA Style

V.K. Choudhary, D.S. Gurjar, Ram Swaroop Meena. Crop residue and weed biomass incorporation with microbial inoculation improve the crop and soil productivity in the rice (Oryza sativa L.) -toria (Brassica rapa L.) cropping system. Environmental and Sustainability Indicators. 2020; 7 ():100048.

Chicago/Turabian Style

V.K. Choudhary; D.S. Gurjar; Ram Swaroop Meena. 2020. "Crop residue and weed biomass incorporation with microbial inoculation improve the crop and soil productivity in the rice (Oryza sativa L.) -toria (Brassica rapa L.) cropping system." Environmental and Sustainability Indicators 7, no. : 100048.

Chapter
Published: 02 July 2020 in The Plant Family Fabaceae
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Nitrogen (N) is an essential element of the building blocks of almost all plant structures and a vital component of chlorophyll, enzymes, and proteins. It is used in relatively large amounts than other plant nutrients. Therefore, N has been recognized as the most limiting nutrient in crop production systems. Several transformation processes are involved in the nitrogen cycle. Among them, biological nitrogen fixation is an environmentally friendly natural resource for sustainable agricultural systems. Recently, the reports directed to a decrease in agricultural dependence on symbiotic nitrogen fixation due to abiotic stresses. Therefore, abiotic stresses are a topic that increasingly occupies the attention of the world is still a matter of debate. Although physiological mechanisms are affected in more intense abiotic stresses, most research efforts have focused on the study of these processes. In legume plants being grown under symbiotic conditions, one of the primary effects of abiotic stresses is a decline in the rates of symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF). In the present chapter, we summarize our current understanding of the factors that are affected by SNF in legumes. Finally, an overview of the available resources and applications of the physiological system for understanding the complex responses of legumes to abiotic stresses is provided. The overall conclusion was that all physiological mechanisms are important in understanding the regulation of N2 fixation and its response to abiotic stresses.

ACS Style

Ayman El Sabagh; Akbar Hossain; M Sohidul Islam; Shah Fahad; Disna Ratnasekera; Ram Swaroop Meena; Allah Wasaya; Tauqeer Ahmad Yasir; Muhammad Ikram; Muhammad Mubeen; Maham Fatima; Wajid Nasim; Arzu Çığ; Fatih Çığ; Murat Erman; Mirza Hasanuzzaman. Nitrogen Fixation of Legumes Under the Family Fabaceae: Adverse Effect of Abiotic Stresses and Mitigation Strategies. The Plant Family Fabaceae 2020, 75 -111.

AMA Style

Ayman El Sabagh, Akbar Hossain, M Sohidul Islam, Shah Fahad, Disna Ratnasekera, Ram Swaroop Meena, Allah Wasaya, Tauqeer Ahmad Yasir, Muhammad Ikram, Muhammad Mubeen, Maham Fatima, Wajid Nasim, Arzu Çığ, Fatih Çığ, Murat Erman, Mirza Hasanuzzaman. Nitrogen Fixation of Legumes Under the Family Fabaceae: Adverse Effect of Abiotic Stresses and Mitigation Strategies. The Plant Family Fabaceae. 2020; ():75-111.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ayman El Sabagh; Akbar Hossain; M Sohidul Islam; Shah Fahad; Disna Ratnasekera; Ram Swaroop Meena; Allah Wasaya; Tauqeer Ahmad Yasir; Muhammad Ikram; Muhammad Mubeen; Maham Fatima; Wajid Nasim; Arzu Çığ; Fatih Çığ; Murat Erman; Mirza Hasanuzzaman. 2020. "Nitrogen Fixation of Legumes Under the Family Fabaceae: Adverse Effect of Abiotic Stresses and Mitigation Strategies." The Plant Family Fabaceae , no. : 75-111.

Journal article
Published: 11 June 2020 in CATENA
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The impacts of 20-yr using amendments on the restoration of properties of an Alfisol was evaluated at the Waterman Farm, Agricultural and Natural Resources Laboratory, Columbus, Ohio. The objectives of the experiment were to assess: (1) the effects of organic and inorganic amendments on soil aggregates, and (2) carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) budgets of soil removed (20 cm deep) and undisturbed plots after 20-yr was used to conduct the experiment. Five treatmentents were used in the rendomized block design viz; (1) permanent grass field, (2) soil artificially removed-N fertilizer added, (3) soil artificially removed-compost added, (4) an undisturbed (surface soil not removed)-N fertilizer added, and (5) an undisturbed surface soil-compost added. The experiment field was permanently under the no-till since last 20 yr. The surface soil removal plots amended with compost and permanent grass plots registered the lowest bulk density (ρb) of 1.37 and 1.38 Mg/m3, respectively. The highest concentration of sand (30.4%) was observed in the treatment with surface soil removed and compost added, while the highest silt content (48.0%) was obtained in permanent grass plots. However, the clay content was the highest (38.2%) in fertilizer amended undisturbed treatment. The higher proportion of macroaggregates (88.0 and 87.6%) and the mean weight diameter (MWD) (4.47 and 4.5 mm) were recorded in the undisturbed compost-amended and permanent grass plots, respectively compare to fertilizer applied plots. There were no differences in soil pH among sampling depths, but higher electrical conductivity (EC) was observed at 0–10 cm depth of fertilizer application, disturbed (174.23 µS/cm) and undisturbed (166.63 µS/cm) plots than 10–20 cm. The highest C:N ratio (11.0) was observed at the of 0–10 cm depth in artificaly soil removed organic compost-amended treatments. The highest rate of build-up of stocks was 793.3 Kg/ha for C and 50.5 kg/ha for N in 0–10 cm depth of undisturbed and compost-amended plots. Furthermore, the highest magnitude of the stabilization was 2.8 Mg/ha for C and 0.7 Mg/ha for N in surface soil removed and compost-amended treatment. The magnitude and rate of SOC accretion were 27.5 Mg C/ha and 2.0 Mg/ha.yr, respectively, under undisturbed and compost-amended treatment.

ACS Style

Ram Swaroop Meena; Rattan Lal; Gulab Singh Yadav. Long-term impact of topsoil depth and amendments on carbon and nitrogen budgets in the surface layer of an Alfisol in Central Ohio. CATENA 2020, 194, 104752 .

AMA Style

Ram Swaroop Meena, Rattan Lal, Gulab Singh Yadav. Long-term impact of topsoil depth and amendments on carbon and nitrogen budgets in the surface layer of an Alfisol in Central Ohio. CATENA. 2020; 194 ():104752.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ram Swaroop Meena; Rattan Lal; Gulab Singh Yadav. 2020. "Long-term impact of topsoil depth and amendments on carbon and nitrogen budgets in the surface layer of an Alfisol in Central Ohio." CATENA 194, no. : 104752.

Chapter
Published: 10 March 2020 in Agronomic Crops
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Drought and heat are the most important abiotic stresses that adversely affect phenology, growth, fiber yield, as well as the quality of cotton across the world. The problem will become more severe in future climate change scenarios because of the frequent occurrence of high temperatures and water shortage. Development of high yielding cotton genotypes, resistant to drought and heat stress, is one of the most important priorities of cotton breeders. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the genotypic performance for heat and drought stress and also important to understand the physiological, biochemical responses to stresses as well as the agronomic performance of the genotypes under stress conditions. The correlation between yield and physiological as well as biochemical (nonenzymatic antioxidants and enzymatic antioxidants) responses of cotton under heat and drought stress conditions is also the most important factor to develop the efficient genotypes that are possible to grow. Whereas, screening of cotton genotypes under heat and drought stress is one of the essential protocols that can be used to select a large number of population within the shortest period. This approach can be used to differentiate the agronomical, physiological, and biochemical attributes of cotton genotypes contrasting for drought and heat stress tolerance. The present review tried to highlight the management strategies that could be useful to mitigate the drought and heat stress by using antioxidant, phytohormone, nutrient management, and other appropriate management strategies for maximizing cotton yield. While, among the compatible antioxidants, exogenous application of proline or glycine betaine is a good option to improve drought and heat tolerance in cotton. Therefore, foliar application of antioxidants in combination with soil-applied organic fertilizers is very effective for reducing the negative effect of drought and heat stress and to increase productivity.

ACS Style

Ayman El Sabagh; Akbar Hossain; Sohidul Islam; Celaleddin Barutcular; Disna Ratnasekera; Ozgul Gormus; Khizer Amanet; Muhammad Mubeen; Wajid Nasim; Shah Fahad; Muhammad Tariq; Analia Llanes; Ram Swaroop Meena; Akihiro Ueda; Hirofumi Saneoka; Murat Erman; Mirza Hasanuzzaman. Drought and Heat Stress in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.): Consequences and Their Possible Mitigation Strategies. Agronomic Crops 2020, 613 -634.

AMA Style

Ayman El Sabagh, Akbar Hossain, Sohidul Islam, Celaleddin Barutcular, Disna Ratnasekera, Ozgul Gormus, Khizer Amanet, Muhammad Mubeen, Wajid Nasim, Shah Fahad, Muhammad Tariq, Analia Llanes, Ram Swaroop Meena, Akihiro Ueda, Hirofumi Saneoka, Murat Erman, Mirza Hasanuzzaman. Drought and Heat Stress in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.): Consequences and Their Possible Mitigation Strategies. Agronomic Crops. 2020; ():613-634.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ayman El Sabagh; Akbar Hossain; Sohidul Islam; Celaleddin Barutcular; Disna Ratnasekera; Ozgul Gormus; Khizer Amanet; Muhammad Mubeen; Wajid Nasim; Shah Fahad; Muhammad Tariq; Analia Llanes; Ram Swaroop Meena; Akihiro Ueda; Hirofumi Saneoka; Murat Erman; Mirza Hasanuzzaman. 2020. "Drought and Heat Stress in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.): Consequences and Their Possible Mitigation Strategies." Agronomic Crops , no. : 613-634.

Chapter
Published: 10 March 2020 in Agronomic Crops
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Cereal crops are the major contributors to the global dietary intake of nutrients, and therefore, grain quality is an important trait for crop improvement. Grain quality in cereals is strongly influenced by genotype and environmental factors. Drought stress alone significantly reduces grain yield and quality of cereal crops worldwide. The present paper discusses the impact of drought on qualitative traits of cereal crops and suggests strategies to enhance grain quality. Drought significantly affects the nutritional properties and quality traits of crops by modifying morphological, physiological, and biochemical traits in plants. This understanding may help plant breeders in developing drought-tolerant varieties while maintaining the desired quality characteristics. Various management techniques have been suggested to enhance grain quality of crops under harsh environments. Among those, exogenous application of potential osmoprotectants (OSP) alone or in combination with soil organic amendments is a promising approach to alleviate drought stress and could be helpful in ameliorating the harmful effects of drought stresses on crop quality.

ACS Style

Ayman El Sabagh; Akbar Hossain; Celaleddin Barutçular; Mohammad Sohidul Islam; Zahoor Ahmad; Allah Wasaya; Ram Swaroop Meena; Shah Fahad; Sytar Oksana; Yaser Mohamed Hafez; Ullah Najeeb; Fatih Çiğ; Ömer Konuşkan; Mirza Hasanuzzaman. Adverse Effect of Drought on Quality of Major Cereal Crops: Implications and Their Possible Mitigation Strategies. Agronomic Crops 2020, 635 -658.

AMA Style

Ayman El Sabagh, Akbar Hossain, Celaleddin Barutçular, Mohammad Sohidul Islam, Zahoor Ahmad, Allah Wasaya, Ram Swaroop Meena, Shah Fahad, Sytar Oksana, Yaser Mohamed Hafez, Ullah Najeeb, Fatih Çiğ, Ömer Konuşkan, Mirza Hasanuzzaman. Adverse Effect of Drought on Quality of Major Cereal Crops: Implications and Their Possible Mitigation Strategies. Agronomic Crops. 2020; ():635-658.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ayman El Sabagh; Akbar Hossain; Celaleddin Barutçular; Mohammad Sohidul Islam; Zahoor Ahmad; Allah Wasaya; Ram Swaroop Meena; Shah Fahad; Sytar Oksana; Yaser Mohamed Hafez; Ullah Najeeb; Fatih Çiğ; Ömer Konuşkan; Mirza Hasanuzzaman. 2020. "Adverse Effect of Drought on Quality of Major Cereal Crops: Implications and Their Possible Mitigation Strategies." Agronomic Crops , no. : 635-658.

Regular article
Published: 27 January 2020 in Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science
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The objective of this study was to determine 13‐year management effects on soil properties between a corn–soybean (Zea mays–Glycine max) cropping system (CSRS) and vegetable production systems (VPS) on a soil in central Ohio. Three treatments included in the VPS were: (1) addition of wood chips, (2) permanent raised beds (PRB) with black polyethylene film (20 μm thick), and (3) bare soil surface (BSS). Additionally, (4) animal manure was applied in all CSRS and VPS treatments except for the wood chips (WCP) added plot in the VPS. Research data from the study show that relatively more soil organic carbon (SOC) stock in the 0–20 cm soil depth of the BSS treatment (100.6 Mg ha−1) was primarily due to differences in the type of soil amendments applied. For example, composted poultry manure was applied in the BSS and PRB plots, compared with input of fresh dairy manure mixed with straw being applied in the CSRS. Furthermore, soil management practices that aided in avoiding or reducing soil compaction (i.e., PRB or application of WCP in the surface) resulted in the overall improvement in soil structure and water retention, compared with that under chisel and disc ploughing done in the CSRS. The highest plant available water capacity (1.79 cm) was observed in the CSRS compared with 0.97 cm under BSS and PRB plots. These trends suggest that the type and amount of animal manure is critical to increasing SOC stocks in intensively cultivated VPS and CSRS in central Ohio, while also improving soil structure and water retention.

ACS Style

Surender Singh Yadav; Jose G. Guzman; Ram Swaroop Meena; Rattan Lal; Gulab Singh Yadav. Long term crop management effects on soil organic carbon, structure, and water retention in a cropland soil in central Ohio, USA. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 2020, 183, 200 -207.

AMA Style

Surender Singh Yadav, Jose G. Guzman, Ram Swaroop Meena, Rattan Lal, Gulab Singh Yadav. Long term crop management effects on soil organic carbon, structure, and water retention in a cropland soil in central Ohio, USA. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science. 2020; 183 (2):200-207.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Surender Singh Yadav; Jose G. Guzman; Ram Swaroop Meena; Rattan Lal; Gulab Singh Yadav. 2020. "Long term crop management effects on soil organic carbon, structure, and water retention in a cropland soil in central Ohio, USA." Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 183, no. 2: 200-207.

Review
Published: 23 January 2020 in Land
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The World Health Organization (WHO) states that in developing nations, there are three million cases of agrochemical poisoning. The prolonged intensive and indiscriminate use of agrochemicals adversely affected the soil biodiversity, agricultural sustainability, and food safety, bringing in long-term harmful effects on nutritional security, human and animal health. Most of the agrochemicals negatively affect soil microbial functions and biochemical processes. The alteration in diversity and composition of the beneficial microbial community can be unfavorable to plant growth and development either by reducing nutrient availability or by increasing disease incidence. Currently, there is a need for qualitative, innovative, and demand-driven research in soil science, especially in developing countries for facilitating of high-quality eco-friendly research by creating a conducive and trustworthy work atmosphere, thereby rewarding productivity and merits. Hence, we reviewed (1) the impact of various agrochemicals on the soil microbial diversity and environment; (2) the importance of smallholder farmers for sustainable crop protection and enhancement solutions, and (3) management strategies that serve the scientific community, policymakers, and land managers in integrating soil enhancement and sustainability practices in smallholder farming households. The current review provides an improved understanding of agricultural soil management for food and nutritional security.

ACS Style

Ram Swaroop Meena; Sandeep Kumar; Rahul Datta; Rattan Lal; Vinod Vijayakumar; Martin Brtnicky; Mahaveer Prasad Sharma; Gulab Singh Yadav; Manoj Kumar Jhariya; Chetan Kumar Jangir; Shamina Imran Pathan; Tereza Dokulilova; Vaclav Pecina; Theodore Danso Marfo. Impact of Agrochemicals on Soil Microbiota and Management: A Review. Land 2020, 9, 34 .

AMA Style

Ram Swaroop Meena, Sandeep Kumar, Rahul Datta, Rattan Lal, Vinod Vijayakumar, Martin Brtnicky, Mahaveer Prasad Sharma, Gulab Singh Yadav, Manoj Kumar Jhariya, Chetan Kumar Jangir, Shamina Imran Pathan, Tereza Dokulilova, Vaclav Pecina, Theodore Danso Marfo. Impact of Agrochemicals on Soil Microbiota and Management: A Review. Land. 2020; 9 (2):34.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ram Swaroop Meena; Sandeep Kumar; Rahul Datta; Rattan Lal; Vinod Vijayakumar; Martin Brtnicky; Mahaveer Prasad Sharma; Gulab Singh Yadav; Manoj Kumar Jhariya; Chetan Kumar Jangir; Shamina Imran Pathan; Tereza Dokulilova; Vaclav Pecina; Theodore Danso Marfo. 2020. "Impact of Agrochemicals on Soil Microbiota and Management: A Review." Land 9, no. 2: 34.

Journal article
Published: 21 January 2020 in Geoderma
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Soil hydrological properties and aggregate stability are strongly impacted by erosion and management practices. However, magnitudes of the erosion-induced changes in topsoil depth and the attendant alterations in soil properties are not well understood. Therefore, the present study was conducted on a long term (20 years) simulated study of topsoil depth and use of soil amendments to monitor changes in soil hydrological properties, and aggregate stability of an Alfisol at the Waterman Farm of The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. The aim of the study was to compare long-term effects of soil amendments (synthetic fertilizer and organic compost) on soil physical and hydrological properties at varying soil depth. The experimental plots, comprising of five treatments, were laid out in Randomized Block Design and replicated thrice. Treatments were: (1) topsoil removed (20 cm deep), (2) undisturbed topsoil (intact topsoil); with two soil amendments: (a) synthetic fertilizer 150 kg nitrogen (N) ha−1 yr−1, (b) organic compost at 20 Mg ha−1 yr−1, and (3) a permanent grass field (as a benchmark plot). Soil properties, measured for 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm depth, were: texture, aggregate stability, geometric mean diameter (GMD) of aggregates, water retention properties, hydraulic conductivity (Ks), pore size distribution, and plant available water capacity (PAWC). Aggregate stability was the highest (87.9 and 84.7%) in the permanent grass at 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm depths, respectively. Among the cultivated treatments, compost- amended undisturbed plots (87.6 and86.9%) had the highest proportion of water stable aggregates (WSA) at 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm depths, respectively. However, the GMD of aggregates was the highest 4.1 mm (0–10 cm) and 3.5 mm (10–20 cm) for the topsoil removed and compost-amended treatment. Soil texture was silty clay loam in topsoil removed treatments, clay loam in the undisturbed treatment, and loam in permanent grass treatment, probably due to artificial removal of topsoil. Plant available water content was more in the disturbed and undisturbed compost-amended plots for both the 0–10 and 10–20 cm depths, respectively. The highest soil water volumetric content ranged from 0.37 to 0.25 m3 m−3 in the topsoil removed fertilizer added compared with 0.34 to 0.24 m3 m−3 in undisturbed compost added plots, respectively. However, the pore size distribution was not affected by treatments at the 0–10 cm depth. For the10-20 cm depth, an overall greater pore size distribution range of 0.04 to 0.33 m3 m−3 was observed in the permanent grass, and undisturbed compost amended treatments. Soil Ks (cm day−1) for 0–10 cm depth did not differ significantly across treatments. The data obtained enhances the understanding of the impacts of long-term use of amendments on soil water retention and aggregate stability of simulated topsoil removed and undisturbed field under no-till (NT) in corn (Zea mays)–soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) rotation in the Eastern Corn Belt of the U.S.

ACS Style

Ram Swaroop Meena; Rattan Lal; Gulab Singh Yadav. Long-term impacts of topsoil depth and amendments on soil physical and hydrological properties of an Alfisol in central Ohio, USA. Geoderma 2020, 363, 114164 .

AMA Style

Ram Swaroop Meena, Rattan Lal, Gulab Singh Yadav. Long-term impacts of topsoil depth and amendments on soil physical and hydrological properties of an Alfisol in central Ohio, USA. Geoderma. 2020; 363 ():114164.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ram Swaroop Meena; Rattan Lal; Gulab Singh Yadav. 2020. "Long-term impacts of topsoil depth and amendments on soil physical and hydrological properties of an Alfisol in central Ohio, USA." Geoderma 363, no. : 114164.

Chapter
Published: 24 November 2019 in Carbon Management in Tropical and Sub-Tropical Terrestrial Systems
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The north eastern region (NER) of India has ~48% degraded land of its total geographical area of 26.23 m ha. Shifting cultivation, cultivation along the slope, poor soil conservation measures, extractive farming practices like excessive disturbance of soil in sloping lands, no or very low application of organic manure and fertilizer, residue burning, deforestation, etc., are the major causes of land degradation in the NER. Improving carbon (C) status of the soil and maintaining it at critical level (1.5% or more) through Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) in subtropical hill ecosystems offers an opportunity for sustainable agriculture and environmental security. Among the NER states, Tripura has highest area (>89%) under relatively low soil organic carbon (SOC) content (1.0–1.5%) followed by Assam (62.83%) and Meghalaya (19.9%). Whereas, SOC content in mid and high attitude areas of the NER ranges from 1 to 3.5% or more with trend of increasing SOC as altitude increases. In general, soils in the tropical and subtropical ecosystems of the NER have lower SOC than those of temperate and alpine ecosystems. Practising Integrated Farming System, conservation agriculture, location-specific agroforestry system, multiple cropping, crop intensification and diversification, rehabilitation of degraded lands through appropriate amelioration measures like liming, organic amendments, etc. have the potential to restore SOC content, improve agricultural productivity and will help in the advancement of food and nutritional security in the region.

ACS Style

Anup Das; G. S. Yadav; Jayanta Layek; R. Lal; Ram Swaroop Meena; S. Babu; P. K. Ghosh. Carbon Management in Diverse Land-Use Systems of Eastern Himalayan Subtropics. Carbon Management in Tropical and Sub-Tropical Terrestrial Systems 2019, 123 -142.

AMA Style

Anup Das, G. S. Yadav, Jayanta Layek, R. Lal, Ram Swaroop Meena, S. Babu, P. K. Ghosh. Carbon Management in Diverse Land-Use Systems of Eastern Himalayan Subtropics. Carbon Management in Tropical and Sub-Tropical Terrestrial Systems. 2019; ():123-142.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anup Das; G. S. Yadav; Jayanta Layek; R. Lal; Ram Swaroop Meena; S. Babu; P. K. Ghosh. 2019. "Carbon Management in Diverse Land-Use Systems of Eastern Himalayan Subtropics." Carbon Management in Tropical and Sub-Tropical Terrestrial Systems , no. : 123-142.

Chapter
Published: 03 October 2019 in Sustainable Management of Soil and Environment
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Climate change is a variation in atmospheric properties due to natural and human activities over a long period of time. In the last few decades, there was a significant change in the gaseous composition of earth’s atmosphere, mainly through increased energy use in industry and agriculture sectors, viz. deforestation, intensive cultivation, land use change, management practices, etc. These activities lead to increase the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), etc., popularly known as the “greenhouse gases” (GHGs), and rise up the temperature. These GHGs cause regional and global changes in the climate-related parameters such as rainfall, soil moisture, and sea level. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projected temperature rise from 0.5 to 1.2 ° C by 2020, 0.88 to 3.16 °C by 2050, and 1.56–5.44 °C by 2080 for India. To mitigate this climate change, among the different means, soil is also one of the key components of the agricultural production system, and it needs to be relooked in the view of the environment. Soil not only acts as a sink for GHGs but also as a source from agriculture. In this regard, concerted efforts are necessary for adverse climate change impact to reduce the vulnerability of agriculture. To meet out these issues, sources and mitigation options for individual gases from the soil are discussed in this chapter. Sources of CH4 emission are due to microbial decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM) under the submerged condition, burning of crop residue, and the enteric fermentation. The N2O is through fertilizers by the process of nitrification and denitrification. The major carbon (C) sources are tillage, burning of crop residue, and fossil fuel combustion. To overcome the emission of GHGs from the soil, the nature of the release of individual gas and its specific management can give an idea of sustaining soil health to safeguard the environment. Hence, reducing these GHGs emission from the soil through light to overcome the climate change effect. Reduction of CH4 gas mainly from rice can be done by the adoption of intermittent irrigation, planting methods, fertilizer type, etc. Nitrification inhibitors from plant-derived organics such as neem oil, neem cake, and Karanja seed extract could also reduce the N2O emission. Also, the demand-driven nitrogen (N) application using a leaf colour chart (LCC) reduces N2O emission. By using legume crops in rotation helps to reduce the N2O emission besides fixing long time C in the belowground. To reduce CO2 emission from the agriculture, sequestering C through agroforestry system, conservation agriculture, perennial crops, etc. could be the effective strategies for assimilating and storing C for a long time in soil.

ACS Style

Sathiya Bama Kaliappan; Yazhini Gunasekaran; R. Smyrna; Ram Swaroop Meena. Soil and Environmental Management. Sustainable Management of Soil and Environment 2019, 1 -27.

AMA Style

Sathiya Bama Kaliappan, Yazhini Gunasekaran, R. Smyrna, Ram Swaroop Meena. Soil and Environmental Management. Sustainable Management of Soil and Environment. 2019; ():1-27.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sathiya Bama Kaliappan; Yazhini Gunasekaran; R. Smyrna; Ram Swaroop Meena. 2019. "Soil and Environmental Management." Sustainable Management of Soil and Environment , no. : 1-27.

Chapter
Published: 03 October 2019 in Sustainable Management of Soil and Environment
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Rising population and decreasing cultivable land pose a great challenge to modern agriculture. The agricultural production has to be balanced with the ever-increasing population to meet the demands of food supply. These changes have led to intensification of agriculture resulting into conversion of natural vegetation areas to agricultural land. This continued overexploitation of land resources in combination with climatic factors results in removal of the top fertile layer of soil. On the global scale, the period of the earliest significant change in land use corresponds to a first wave of the soil erosion. The areas with human intervention have high rate of soil erosion of 2.92 tha−1 year−1. In order to strike a balance between agricultural output and conservation, soil erosion control becomes very essential component. The control and prevention of soil erosion necessitate the development of an integral soil erosion control system with the incorporating methods based on the engineering, agricultural cultivation technology, law enforcement, biological methods, land planning, and management. Soil conservation structures along with advanced soil loss models would be prerequisite toward land management. This chapter addresses the dynamics of erosion and agricultural sustainability through different soil management strategies, which poses challenges similar to those of quantification of future changes in climate or agricultural systems. The chapter is focused on the analyzing and quantifying the effects of changes in land use and management of the eroded soils in the agriculture.

ACS Style

Shakeel Ahmad Bhat; Mehraj U. Din Dar; Ram Swaroop Meena. Soil Erosion and Management Strategies. Sustainable Management of Soil and Environment 2019, 73 -122.

AMA Style

Shakeel Ahmad Bhat, Mehraj U. Din Dar, Ram Swaroop Meena. Soil Erosion and Management Strategies. Sustainable Management of Soil and Environment. 2019; ():73-122.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shakeel Ahmad Bhat; Mehraj U. Din Dar; Ram Swaroop Meena. 2019. "Soil Erosion and Management Strategies." Sustainable Management of Soil and Environment , no. : 73-122.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2019 in Ecological Indicators
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Gulab Singh Yadav; Rattan Lal; Ram Swaroop Meena; Subhash Babu; Anup Das; S.N. Bhowmik; Mrinmoy Datta; Jayanta Layak; Poulami Saha. Conservation tillage and nutrient management effects on productivity and soil carbon sequestration under double cropping of rice in north eastern region of India. Ecological Indicators 2019, 105, 303 -315.

AMA Style

Gulab Singh Yadav, Rattan Lal, Ram Swaroop Meena, Subhash Babu, Anup Das, S.N. Bhowmik, Mrinmoy Datta, Jayanta Layak, Poulami Saha. Conservation tillage and nutrient management effects on productivity and soil carbon sequestration under double cropping of rice in north eastern region of India. Ecological Indicators. 2019; 105 ():303-315.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gulab Singh Yadav; Rattan Lal; Ram Swaroop Meena; Subhash Babu; Anup Das; S.N. Bhowmik; Mrinmoy Datta; Jayanta Layak; Poulami Saha. 2019. "Conservation tillage and nutrient management effects on productivity and soil carbon sequestration under double cropping of rice in north eastern region of India." Ecological Indicators 105, no. : 303-315.

Chapter
Published: 07 September 2019 in Nutrient Dynamics for Sustainable Crop Production
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Availability of soil micronutrient is a major limiting factor in crop productivity and its quality. The micronutrient deficiencies of zinc (Zn) 40%, iron (Fe) 12.6%, copper (Cu) 4.5%, manganese (Mn) 6.0%, and boron (B) 22.8% in soils have been reported across the country. The manganese deficiency is emerging extremely fast, particularly in wheat crops grown after rice in Haryana (12%) and Punjab (18%) due to leaching of Mn from the upper surface of the coarse-textured soils. In acid soils of India, the majority of the soil samples indicated a sufficient supply of Cu, Fe, and Mn, low deficiencies of Zn (30%), and higher deficiencies of B (46%) and Mo (50%). Application of soil or foliar spray of Zn, Mo, and B and foliar spray of Fe and Mn has been recommended as the most suitable method for the management of micronutrients for the better nutrition of the crops. The average response of Zn application to cereals, oilseeds, and pulses was around 20, 18, and 24%, respectively. The average yield increase due to iron (ferrous sulfate) has been recorded as 450 kg ha−1 in chickpea, 780 kg ha−1 in wheat, and up to 1500 kg ha−1 in paddy. The average yield increase recorded in paddy and wheat is 360 kg ha−1 and 560 kg ha−1, respectively, due to Mn supplementation in Punjab. The average yield increase in cereals and pulses crops was recorded up to 400 kg ha−1 due to boron application in the northeast region. Cereals, mainly rice and wheat, are inherently very low in concentration of Zn and Fe in grain, particularly when grown under Zn- and Fe-deficient soils. Deficiency of these nutrients in soil is affecting crop productivity, quality of food, and human nutrition. In rice out of the total micronutrients absorbed by the crop, only 31% Zn, 33% B, 18% Fe, 9% Mn, and 67% Cu remain in grains, and they are removed from the field. In cereals, Fe uptake varies from 150 to 1200 g ha−1 year−1. Micronutrient malnutrition now afflicts over two billion peoples across the world which causes health problems especially in women and children in developing countries. Besides agronomic strategy, microbial and physiological interventions help to mobilize micronutrients from source to sink and resulted in micronutrient-dense grain production with an increase in crop yields which helps to combat malnutrition in animals and humans. Hence, there is need to improve micronutrient quality through fortifying the grains with micronutrients.

ACS Style

Dileep Kumar; K. P. Patel; V. P. Ramani; A. K. Shukla; Ram Swaroop Meena. Management of Micronutrients in Soil for the Nutritional Security. Nutrient Dynamics for Sustainable Crop Production 2019, 103 -134.

AMA Style

Dileep Kumar, K. P. Patel, V. P. Ramani, A. K. Shukla, Ram Swaroop Meena. Management of Micronutrients in Soil for the Nutritional Security. Nutrient Dynamics for Sustainable Crop Production. 2019; ():103-134.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dileep Kumar; K. P. Patel; V. P. Ramani; A. K. Shukla; Ram Swaroop Meena. 2019. "Management of Micronutrients in Soil for the Nutritional Security." Nutrient Dynamics for Sustainable Crop Production , no. : 103-134.

Chapter
Published: 07 September 2019 in Nutrient Dynamics for Sustainable Crop Production
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The carbon (C) sequestration potential of global soils are estimated between 0.4 and 1.2 Gt C year−1 or 5–15 % (1Pg = 1 × 105 g). The C emission is rising rapidly by 2.3% every year. If the emissions continue to rise, warming could reach the levels that are dangerous for the society, but it looks like global emissions might now be taking a different turn in the last few years. As we know the sustainability of agroecosystem largely depends on its C footprint as the soil organic carbon (SOC) stock; it is an indicator of soil health and quality and plays a key role to soil sustainability. At the same time, continuing unsustainable agricultural approaches under intensive farming have depleted most of the SOC pool of global agricultural lands. Still, the terrestrial ecosystem has enormous potential to store the atmospheric C for a considerable period of time. Therefore, promoting the cultivation of crops sustainably offers multiple advantages, e.g. augmenting crop and soil productivity, adapting climate change resilience, and high turnover of above- and below-ground biomass into the soil system, thus sequestering atmospheric C and dropping concentration of GHGs from the atmosphere. The continuous vegetation on soil surface ensures good soil health and soil C concentration at variable soil depth as per the specific crop. The C sequestration potential and the amount of organic C returned by crop plants rest on specific plant species, depending on the nature of growth, root morphology and physiology, leaf morphology, climatic conditions, soil texture, structure and aggregation, prevailing cropping system, and agronomic interventions during crop growth period. The above-ground plant biomass, e.g. plant leaves, branches, stem, foliage, fruits, wood, litter-fall, etc., and below-ground plant biomass, e.g. dead roots, released substances from root exudates, rhizospheric deposition, and plant-promoted microbial biomass C, directly contribute to the SOC buildup. Sustainable crop management practice that ensures the increased nitrogen (N) availability accelerates the C input in the soil ecosystem. Farming practices that improve nitrogen and water use efficiency (NUE and WUE) reduce soil disturbance and erosion, increase plant biomass, and together affect N availability and SOC stock. Conservation tillage together with surface residue retention and legume-based sensible crop rotation reduces soil disturbances, surface runoff, and erosion; increases N availability and SOC sequestration; increases soil sustainability by mixed cropping, intercropping, crop rotation, cover cropping, multiple cropping, and relay cropping; and generates and adds greater amount of qualitative plant biomass into the soil. The N addition, especially from bulky organic manure, green manures, leguminous crops, cover crops, biological N-fixing microbes, and farm and kitchen waste materials, is essential for agricultural productivity and SOC sequestration. The C sequestration benefits from addition of chemical nitrogenous fertilizers are compensated by the release of carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) during manufacturing, transportation, storage, and application of fertilizers. Therefore, approaching integrated nutrient management (INM) encompassing manures and other C-rich resources sustains soil health and increases N availability and SOC sequestration. Moreover, location-specific scientific research is needed to point out the best management practices that enhance NUE, maintain/improve soil health, boost crop production and SOC sequestration, and minimize greenhouse gas (GHG) release in the biosphere. In the view of above, in this chapter, quantifying the C sequestration potential with higher degree of confidence is required in agriculture management. The present book chapter is critically analyses the C sequestration potential of different soil and crop management practices under diverse ecological conditions for sustainable crop productivity.

ACS Style

Ram Swaroop Meena; Sandeep Kumar; Gulab Singh Yadav. Soil Carbon Sequestration in Crop Production. Nutrient Dynamics for Sustainable Crop Production 2019, 1 -39.

AMA Style

Ram Swaroop Meena, Sandeep Kumar, Gulab Singh Yadav. Soil Carbon Sequestration in Crop Production. Nutrient Dynamics for Sustainable Crop Production. 2019; ():1-39.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ram Swaroop Meena; Sandeep Kumar; Gulab Singh Yadav. 2019. "Soil Carbon Sequestration in Crop Production." Nutrient Dynamics for Sustainable Crop Production , no. : 1-39.