The empirical research on the COVID-19 epidemic’s consequences suggests a major drop in human mobility and a significant shift in travel patterns across all forms of transportation. We can observe a shift from public transport and an increase in car use, and in some cases also increase of cycling and (less often) walking. Furthermore, it seems that micromobility and, more generally, environmentally friendly and comanaged mobility (including shared services), are gaining ground. In previous research, much attention was paid to the mode choice preferences during lockdown, or early stages of the SARS-CoV-2 situation. The blind spot, and aim of this work, is how long observed changes in mode choice last and when or if we can expect the mode choice to shift back to the situation before the SARS-CoV-2 episodes. The research sample consisted of 636 cases; in total, 10 countries contributed to the sample examined in this study. The data were collected in two phases: the first in the spring of 2020 and the second in the fall of the same year. Results showed that respondents reduced mobility by car, local public transport and walking, but not bicycling during the lockdown, compared to the time before the pandemic started. When the easing came, respondents assessed their own use of the car and walking as almost back to normal. They also reported an increase in the use of public transport, but not reaching the level prior the pandemic by far. It seems that cycling was affected least by the pandemic; use of a bicycle hardly changed at all. As for the implication of our study, it is evident that special attention and actions will be needed to bring citizens back to public transport, as it seems that the impact of the pandemic on public transport use will last much longer than the pandemic itself.

The Patterns of Drivers' Traffic Behavior: Evidence From Three Countries

Objectives. The purpose of the article is approbation the method for evaluation of drivers’ risky traffic behaviour, its structure and main patterns. Background. Psychological research of risky traffic behaviour of drivers is especially acute. It is a very important to measure and identify the features of the traffic behaviour of drivers as high-risk behaviour. In this context, the study of risky traffic behaviour is of particular interest. Study design. The structure and patterns of risky traffic behavior of three groups of Russian drivers with different driving experience were studied. It was using a special questionnaire for evaluation of patterns of risky traffic behaviour of drivers, which has been implemented in Traffic Offenders Prevention Program in Estonia. The data analysis used comparative, correlation and exploratory factor analysis. Participants. 398 drivers with various driving experience, including: 114 — novice drivers; 80 — taxi drivers; 204 — drivers of commercial transportation. Measurements. The structure of drivers’ risky traffic behaviour was studied using a special questionnaire “Traffic Risk Evaluation Model” (Meinhard G., 2018), that includes AUDIT (Babor T., Hig¬gins-Biddle J., Saunders J., Monteiro, 2010). Results. Data on the structure of drivers risky traffic behaviour was obtained. It was found that this structure includes three main patterns: “Attitudes towards alcohol and drunk driving”, “Proneness to violations of law” and “Evaluation of risks and threats in the course of driving”. Correlations were found between patterns of risky traffic behaviour and road accident rates. Conclusions. The research has shown that the consideration of drivers’ risky traffic behaviour structure can become a promising area of research required in the psychological practice of road crash prevention.

This article is devoted to an informative characteristic of the main areas of traffic psychology. The article attempts to outline the “subject area” of this field and to characterize the relationship with other branches of psychology. This article highlights applied researches in traffic psychology help for understanding the role of human factor in the formation and development of the transport environment and road safety. The article provides an overview of some socio-psychological problems caused by the specifics of modern transport environment. Solving these problems can help ensure road safety, minimize the risks of traffic behavior and reduce social tensions in road traffic. It is a very important and necessity for solving of transport problems in modern megalopolises. The possible directions of prospective studies of traffic psychology in Russia are considered.

The article analyses foreign scientific data and looks into the medical and psychological aspect of modern system of prevention of recurring crimes arising from drunk driving. Eco-nomically developed countries are shown to have obligatory medical and psychological in-terventions as part of their process of re-authorization to drive, and the scale and duration of such interventions depend on the legal framework of a particular state. Generalization of the material studied by the authors of the article led to formulation of a few organizational work models for medical practitioners and psychologists to help them prevent recurring drunk driving. The first model suggests that preventive measures are only aimed to raise of-fending drivers’ awareness of alcohol and drug addiction. The second model demands that the authorities assess the mental health and psychological preparedness for safe driving in offending drivers. The compulsory therapeutic and rehabilitation measures for persons ad-dicted to psychoactive substances in these countries are not included in drunk driving pre-vention system. The third model involves extended and long-term therapeutic and rehabili-tation programs for persons who indulged in drunk driving. Such programs include reveal-ing one’s unconscious motivations along with subsequent transformation of one’s former convictions and customary behavioral patterns. The authors believe that the "extended out-come" of these programs can be seen as an advantage of this model, since overcoming one’s addiction has a positive impact on all social aspects of one’s life activity. The authors point out the social and economical effectiveness of the models under discussion and sub-stantiate their applicability in the domestic system of recurrent drunk driving prevention.

This publication is a translation (with detailed comments) of a multidisciplinary model of support and promotion of mobility in the EU countries – Psychologische en medische hulp voor een veilige mobiliteit (germ.), Psychological and Medical Assistance for Safe Mobility (Engl.) - PASS, which was developed in Germany. This model serves as the basis for the definition of an "object field” of psychology of traffic in Europe, and helps to highlight the most important and significant aspects, both for applied research and various kinds of psychological practices in this area. Model authors: A. Allhof-Cramer, B. Krohn, G. Laub, W.Nickel, C. Rolfing, B. Rothenberger, W. Schubert, E. Stephan. It is the first presentation of this model in Russia which is made with a consent of the members of the Organizational Committee of the “Traffic Psychology International” (the German version is presented below)