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Mrs. Carmen Ruiz-Puente
Associate Professor (Universidad de Cantabria)

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0 Complexity
0 Sustainability
0 circular economy
0 industrial symbiosis
0 modelling and simulations

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industrial symbiosis
Sustainability
circular economy

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Short Biography

Carmen Ruiz-Puente is an Associate Professor of Engineering and Industrial Ecology at the University of Cantabria, Spain. She holds a degree and a PhD in Industrial Engineering. She has spent 20 years working in a variety of subjects from different engineering disciplines such as Chemical Engineering and Project Engineering and Management, both of which have contributed to addressing a comprehensive systemic understanding of sustainability issues. With this mindset, she led the design and the development of the novel subjects of ‘Management and Industrial Ecology’, ‘Engineering Projects and Environment’, and ‘Sustainable Industrial Systems’ within the Industrial Engineering Degree and Master’s Degree at the University of Cantabria. Her research interests include industrial symbiosis and the modeling of circular industrial systems with a focus on the socio-technical systemic thinking and complexity. She is the author of more than 100 publications in articles, book chapters, and conferences. She has been a visiting researcher at the Universities of Cambridge (UK, 2013) and Cincinnati (USA, 1998) and at the Instituto Nacional de Catálisis y Petroquímica (Argentina, 1995). She has experience leading projects as a Principal Investigator, and she also collaborates as a Senior Academic in different European research networks related to Industrial Sustainability and Circular Economy.

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Journal article
Published: 18 August 2021 in Sustainability
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The adoption of Industrial Symbiosis (IS) practices within urban areas is gaining interest due to the environmental impacts entailed by the development of cities. However, there is still a lack of knowledge about how the relationships between industrial and urban areas can be modelled. In this context, this research aimed at posing a conceptual model to understand and represent Urban-Industrial Systems (UIS). To this end, a set of worldwide previous UIS experiences were overviewed to identify the agents, dynamics, and collaboration opportunities that characterize them. The multi-perspective analysis of these cases indicated that UIS are complex systems, which means that they are autonomous, self-organized, responsive, nonlinear, and willing to consolidate their resilience. As such, Agent-Based Models (ABM) were suggested to be the most suitable approach for their representation.

ACS Style

Carmen Ruiz-Puente. Proposal of a Conceptual Model to Represent Urban-Industrial Systems from the Analysis of Existing Worldwide Experiences. Sustainability 2021, 13, 9292 .

AMA Style

Carmen Ruiz-Puente. Proposal of a Conceptual Model to Represent Urban-Industrial Systems from the Analysis of Existing Worldwide Experiences. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (16):9292.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carmen Ruiz-Puente. 2021. "Proposal of a Conceptual Model to Represent Urban-Industrial Systems from the Analysis of Existing Worldwide Experiences." Sustainability 13, no. 16: 9292.

Journal article
Published: 19 July 2020 in Sustainability
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Resource efficiency is a strategy with great potential to make progress towards the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), since it can contribute to meeting a variety of economic, environmental and social targets. In this context, this investigation developed a systemic analysis of co-located Industrial Symbiosis (IS) synergies in an industrial park formed of four companies. To this end, public data showing that the main activity in this park concerned materials, water and steam flows were supported with short visits to the companies for verification purposes. Then, the effects of nine exchange and twelve share synergies were analysed at different scales according to their impacts on sustainable development. The changes caused by these synergies in the flows in the industrial park enabled saving more than 10 k tonnes of raw materials and waste disposal and almost 10 Mm3 of raw water per year, as well as six auxiliary service systems. In the end, these figures might be translated into more than 200 kt CO2 eq. and EUR 6M saved per year, which in turn corresponds to 0.05% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the region in which the park is located. In terms of sustainable development, these modifications were translated into contributions to nine SDGs and 14 of their specific targets, proving the domino effect associated with the application of IS policies by governments and public entities.

ACS Style

Carmen Ruiz-Puente; Daniel Jato-Espino. Systemic Analysis of the Contributions of Co-Located Industrial Symbiosis to Achieve Sustainable Development in an Industrial Park in Northern Spain. Sustainability 2020, 12, 5802 .

AMA Style

Carmen Ruiz-Puente, Daniel Jato-Espino. Systemic Analysis of the Contributions of Co-Located Industrial Symbiosis to Achieve Sustainable Development in an Industrial Park in Northern Spain. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (14):5802.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carmen Ruiz-Puente; Daniel Jato-Espino. 2020. "Systemic Analysis of the Contributions of Co-Located Industrial Symbiosis to Achieve Sustainable Development in an Industrial Park in Northern Spain." Sustainability 12, no. 14: 5802.

Journal article
Published: 28 January 2020 in Sustainability
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Digital evolution underwent great progress in the late 20th century, democratizing the use of the Internet and, therefore, access to public sources of information. This technological shift caused great impacts on different fields, including Industrial Symbiosis (IS). IS stems from the concept of Circular Economy and requires well-structured information to encourage waste reuse. Under these premises, this investigation aimed at processing and analyzing existing open-access IS databases from several perspectives, including types of business areas, waste and new uses involved. In addition, existing IS data were explored with the support of different tools, such as correspondence, network and correlation analyses. The application of this methodology to a set of 496 shortlisted IS exchanges led to several findings, highlighting the strong relationship between metallurgy and the production of cement, the key role played by the electricity production sector both as a donor and a recipient, the versatility of the agriculture area due to their capacity for reusing a variety of waste as fertilizers and the importance of chemical products and steam and hot water as new uses. Overall, these results provide companies with efficient and understandable knowledge to donate or receive materials.

ACS Style

Daniel Jato-Espino; Carmen Ruiz-Puente. Fostering Circular Economy Through the Analysis of Existing Open Access Industrial Symbiosis Databases. Sustainability 2020, 12, 952 .

AMA Style

Daniel Jato-Espino, Carmen Ruiz-Puente. Fostering Circular Economy Through the Analysis of Existing Open Access Industrial Symbiosis Databases. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (3):952.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daniel Jato-Espino; Carmen Ruiz-Puente. 2020. "Fostering Circular Economy Through the Analysis of Existing Open Access Industrial Symbiosis Databases." Sustainability 12, no. 3: 952.

Original paper
Published: 22 October 2016 in Waste and Biomass Valorization
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The European Commission is focusing its efforts on boosting the circular economy, and industrial symbiosis is one of the main strategies to be used. Businesses, consumers and administrations must learn to efficiently use resources and identify new forms of cooperation. The aim of this contribution is to present SymbioSyS, a tool based on ICT-web systems to promote the sustainable use of resources through IS strategies and to facilitate networking among companies and businesses. The SymbioSyS tool supports the following objectives: (1) The building of a large database that stores both tacit knowledge of experiences and practices and explicit information about activities (2). The detection of potential synergies for substitution and mutuality and providing a feasibility study. An ontological framework has been developed to set hierarchical classifications to process the information and identify synergies (3). The visualization and mapping of IS by georeferencing to analyse variables such as distances, transportation routes and optimal locations for new facilities. This has been implemented as a client–server model that allows multiple users to simultaneously connect and store large amounts of information; users access the application from a web-service. The tool has been tested within an industrial park community consisting of 25 small and medium sized enterprises from different industrial sectors (e.g., automotive, building sector), allowing the visualization of both types of synergies, the exchange of resources and joint waste management opportunities. The functions and performance of the tool are demonstrated through the case study.

ACS Style

Roberto Álvarez; Carmen Ruiz-Puente. Development of the Tool SymbioSyS to Support the Transition Towards a Circular Economy Based on Industrial Symbiosis Strategies. Waste and Biomass Valorization 2016, 8, 1521 -1530.

AMA Style

Roberto Álvarez, Carmen Ruiz-Puente. Development of the Tool SymbioSyS to Support the Transition Towards a Circular Economy Based on Industrial Symbiosis Strategies. Waste and Biomass Valorization. 2016; 8 (5):1521-1530.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Roberto Álvarez; Carmen Ruiz-Puente. 2016. "Development of the Tool SymbioSyS to Support the Transition Towards a Circular Economy Based on Industrial Symbiosis Strategies." Waste and Biomass Valorization 8, no. 5: 1521-1530.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2015 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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ACS Style

M.C. Ruiz Puente; E. Romero Arozamena; S. Evans. Industrial symbiosis opportunities for small and medium sized enterprises: preliminary study in the Besaya region (Cantabria, Northern Spain). Journal of Cleaner Production 2015, 87, 357 -374.

AMA Style

M.C. Ruiz Puente, E. Romero Arozamena, S. Evans. Industrial symbiosis opportunities for small and medium sized enterprises: preliminary study in the Besaya region (Cantabria, Northern Spain). Journal of Cleaner Production. 2015; 87 ():357-374.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M.C. Ruiz Puente; E. Romero Arozamena; S. Evans. 2015. "Industrial symbiosis opportunities for small and medium sized enterprises: preliminary study in the Besaya region (Cantabria, Northern Spain)." Journal of Cleaner Production 87, no. : 357-374.

Book chapter
Published: 11 March 2014 in Soil and Recycling Management in the Anthropocene Era
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This chapter describes a planning application designed in EMDS to evaluate land areas for their suitability to industrial park siting. The search for sustainable development approaches to park siting and for improving future viability of existing parks necessitated a structured decision-making process, which took into account all the phases of development, and anticipated uses of the neighboring land and resources. This chapter analyzes key factors in siting, and proposes a multi-criteria decision tool that is useful to considering the viability of present and future industrial areas, and their integration with their surroundings. The inherently spatial characteristics of our planning problem necessitated the use of an application development tool like EMDS to assist us in planning. EMDS was an appropriate platform for developing this application and for assessing the relative suitability of different land areas to siting. Our application was developed for a 646.2 km2 district in the Cantabria region of northern Spain. We specified and integrated the sustainability criteria and the resulting maps clearly identified suitable zones for industrial park siting. The tool we developed is also extensible to evaluating existing industrial parks and opportunities for retrofitting.

ACS Style

Mª Carmen Ruiz Puente. Planning for Urban Growth and Sustainable Industrial Development. Soil and Recycling Management in the Anthropocene Era 2014, 253 -276.

AMA Style

Mª Carmen Ruiz Puente. Planning for Urban Growth and Sustainable Industrial Development. Soil and Recycling Management in the Anthropocene Era. 2014; ():253-276.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mª Carmen Ruiz Puente. 2014. "Planning for Urban Growth and Sustainable Industrial Development." Soil and Recycling Management in the Anthropocene Era , no. : 253-276.

Comparative study
Published: 01 January 2014 in Science of The Total Environment
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The transformation of industrial areas towards greater sustainability results from a strategic objective to address the effects of economic and environmental crisis. Such transformation, however, requires methodologies and tools that support and facilitate the process. This paper proposes an analytical model that favours the redesign of industrial areas based on sustainable strategies for eco-industrial parks. The proposed model is enhanced by the definition of building blocks of an agent-based modelling method. The methodology that was followed favours the detailed description of the objectives of the system, with individual elements and adaptation to the surrounding environment, amongst other features. The proposed model integrates a knowledge database that supports the process of identification of cooperative strategies such as material exchange networks in industrial areas. The underlying theory for the assessment of cooperative interactions is game theory, which supports the resolution of problems with strategic choices. This work covers the stage of analytical model formulation that is essential for advancement towards the inference process based on simulation models.

ACS Style

Elena Romero; M. Carmen Ruiz. Proposal of an agent-based analytical model to convert industrial areas in industrial eco-systems. Science of The Total Environment 2014, 468-469, 394 -405.

AMA Style

Elena Romero, M. Carmen Ruiz. Proposal of an agent-based analytical model to convert industrial areas in industrial eco-systems. Science of The Total Environment. 2014; 468-469 ():394-405.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elena Romero; M. Carmen Ruiz. 2014. "Proposal of an agent-based analytical model to convert industrial areas in industrial eco-systems." Science of The Total Environment 468-469, no. : 394-405.

Journal article
Published: 06 June 2013 in Journal of Industrial Ecology
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ACS Style

Elena Romero; Carmen Ruiz-Puente. Framework for Applying a Complex Adaptive System Approach to Model the Operation of Eco-Industrial Parks. Journal of Industrial Ecology 2013, 17, 731 -741.

AMA Style

Elena Romero, Carmen Ruiz-Puente. Framework for Applying a Complex Adaptive System Approach to Model the Operation of Eco-Industrial Parks. Journal of Industrial Ecology. 2013; 17 (5):731-741.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elena Romero; Carmen Ruiz-Puente. 2013. "Framework for Applying a Complex Adaptive System Approach to Model the Operation of Eco-Industrial Parks." Journal of Industrial Ecology 17, no. 5: 731-741.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2012 in Automation in Construction
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ACS Style

Carmen Ruiz-Puente; Elena Romero; M.A. Pérez; Inmaculada Fernandez. Development and application of a multi-criteria spatial decision support system for planning sustainable industrial areas in Northern Spain. Automation in Construction 2012, 22, 320 -333.

AMA Style

Carmen Ruiz-Puente, Elena Romero, M.A. Pérez, Inmaculada Fernandez. Development and application of a multi-criteria spatial decision support system for planning sustainable industrial areas in Northern Spain. Automation in Construction. 2012; 22 ():320-333.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carmen Ruiz-Puente; Elena Romero; M.A. Pérez; Inmaculada Fernandez. 2012. "Development and application of a multi-criteria spatial decision support system for planning sustainable industrial areas in Northern Spain." Automation in Construction 22, no. : 320-333.

Journal article
Published: 28 February 2012 in Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture
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ACS Style

Mª Carmen Ruiz Puente; Elena Romero Arozamena. Urban and Industrial Metabolism: Towards Sustainable Planning. Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture 2012, 6, 1 .

AMA Style

Mª Carmen Ruiz Puente, Elena Romero Arozamena. Urban and Industrial Metabolism: Towards Sustainable Planning. Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture. 2012; 6 (2):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mª Carmen Ruiz Puente; Elena Romero Arozamena. 2012. "Urban and Industrial Metabolism: Towards Sustainable Planning." Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture 6, no. 2: 1.

Journal article
Published: 30 November 2011 in Energy and Buildings
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ACS Style

M.C. Ruiz; E. Romero. Energy saving in the conventional design of a Spanish house using thermal simulation. Energy and Buildings 2011, 43, 3226 -3235.

AMA Style

M.C. Ruiz, E. Romero. Energy saving in the conventional design of a Spanish house using thermal simulation. Energy and Buildings. 2011; 43 (11):3226-3235.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M.C. Ruiz; E. Romero. 2011. "Energy saving in the conventional design of a Spanish house using thermal simulation." Energy and Buildings 43, no. 11: 3226-3235.

Journal article
Published: 31 December 2009 in Automation in Construction
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This research proposes a Spatial Decision Support System based on the Geographical Information System (GIS) to evaluate the environmental performance in construction. The system has been designed to add a spatial component to the current tools for the inspection and management of the sustainability of buildings and to assist the planners in their decision-making. The multi-criteria evaluation method developed in the Green Building Challenge and implemented in the software SbTool has been used as a reference. The evaluation method presents a hierarchical structure of criteria and variables which is applied to buildings spatially indexed in GIS and the environmental data of the buildings comes from an external data-base developed in Access. In order to validate the system, the environmental assessment of a group of residential, industrial and public service buildings during the phases of operation was simulated. The application of this tool in the inspection and environmental assessment of buildings allows the geographical scale of analysis to be extended to a group of buildings within the area of interest and consequently to extend the limits of its usefulness within the field of planning and environmental assessment.

ACS Style

Carmen Ruiz-Puente; Inmaculada Fernandez. Environmental assessment in construction using a Spatial Decision Support System. Automation in Construction 2009, 18, 1135 -1143.

AMA Style

Carmen Ruiz-Puente, Inmaculada Fernandez. Environmental assessment in construction using a Spatial Decision Support System. Automation in Construction. 2009; 18 (8):1135-1143.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carmen Ruiz-Puente; Inmaculada Fernandez. 2009. "Environmental assessment in construction using a Spatial Decision Support System." Automation in Construction 18, no. 8: 1135-1143.

Journal article
Published: 30 May 2009 in Journal of Hazardous Materials
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An environmental problem of the foundry activities is the management of industrial waste generated in different processes. The foundry sludge from gas wet cleaning treatment that contains organic and inorganic compounds and a high content of water is an interesting example. Due to their characteristics, they can be managed using different stabilisation/solidification (S/S) technologies prior to land disposal. The purpose of this work is to study S/S formulations in order to improve the control of the mobility of the pollutants and the ecotoxicity of the samples. Different mixtures of cement or lime as binders and additives (foundry sand, silica fume, sodium silicate, silicic acid, activated carbon and black carbon) have been used in order to reduce the mobility of the chemical and ecotoxicological regulated parameters and to compare the results for commercial and residual additives. The best results have been obtained with sorbents (activated carbon and black carbon) or sodium silicate. The results of the foundry sand ash as additive can conclude that it can be used as replacement in the cement products. However, silica fume in the samples with lime and siliceous resin sand as additives gives products that do not fulfil the regulated limits. Finally, some linear expressions between the chemical parameters and the quantity of material used in the samples have been obtained.

ACS Style

Alberto Coz; A. Andres; S. Soriano; J.R. Viguri; M.C. Ruiz; J.A. Irabien. Influence of commercial and residual sorbents and silicates as additives on the stabilisation/solidification of organic and inorganic industrial waste. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2009, 164, 755 -761.

AMA Style

Alberto Coz, A. Andres, S. Soriano, J.R. Viguri, M.C. Ruiz, J.A. Irabien. Influence of commercial and residual sorbents and silicates as additives on the stabilisation/solidification of organic and inorganic industrial waste. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2009; 164 (2-3):755-761.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alberto Coz; A. Andres; S. Soriano; J.R. Viguri; M.C. Ruiz; J.A. Irabien. 2009. "Influence of commercial and residual sorbents and silicates as additives on the stabilisation/solidification of organic and inorganic industrial waste." Journal of Hazardous Materials 164, no. 2-3: 755-761.

Journal article
Published: 31 January 2009 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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The application of the industrial ecology to industrial areas implies re-defining the design and development process of these areas to minimize the environmental impacts along its life cycle. The development of industrial areas include several phases, one of them is the location decision that is one of the most important, since it will determine the park operation. For a long time, the location theories have only considered the proximity to raw materials, existence of basic infrastructures and qualified manpower. Nevertheless, the new model of sustainable development demands to realize a planning that defines and integrates the different subsystems and influential aspects. The aim of this work is to create a conceptual descriptive model to locate sustainable industrial areas. This model is based on long-established factors and new strategies and experiences of sustainability. The second step is the establishment of a diffuse evaluation system that determines the fulfilment of defined sustainable criteria. This model makes the planning process for the decision-makers easier through a system that considers multiple criteria that converge in order to get the balance of industrial activities with the environment.

ACS Style

I. Fernández; Carmen Ruiz-Puente. Descriptive model and evaluation system to locate sustainable industrial areas. Journal of Cleaner Production 2009, 17, 87 -100.

AMA Style

I. Fernández, Carmen Ruiz-Puente. Descriptive model and evaluation system to locate sustainable industrial areas. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2009; 17 (1):87-100.

Chicago/Turabian Style

I. Fernández; Carmen Ruiz-Puente. 2009. "Descriptive model and evaluation system to locate sustainable industrial areas." Journal of Cleaner Production 17, no. 1: 87-100.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2004 in Journal of Hazardous Materials
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A series of experiments were conducted to stabilize the inorganic and organic pollutants in a foundry sludge from a cast iron activity using Portland cement as binder and three different types of additives, organophilic bentonite, lime and coal fly ash. Ecotoxicological and chemical behavior of stabilized mixes of foundry sludge were analyzed to assess the feasibility to immobilize both types of contaminants, all determined on the basis of compliance leaching tests. The incorporation of lime reduces the ecotoxicity of stabilized mixes and enhances stabilization of organic pollutants obtaining better results when a 50% of cement is replaced by lime. However, the alkalinity of lime increases slightly the leached zinc up to concentrations above the limit set under neutral conditions by the European regulations. The addition of organophilic bentonite and coal fly ash can immobilize the phenolic compounds but are inefficient to reduce the ecotoxicity and mobility of zinc of final products.

ACS Style

M.C Ruiz; A Irabien. Environmental behavior of cement-based stabilized foundry sludge products incorporating additives. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2004, 109, 45 -52.

AMA Style

M.C Ruiz, A Irabien. Environmental behavior of cement-based stabilized foundry sludge products incorporating additives. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2004; 109 (1-3):45-52.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M.C Ruiz; A Irabien. 2004. "Environmental behavior of cement-based stabilized foundry sludge products incorporating additives." Journal of Hazardous Materials 109, no. 1-3: 45-52.

Original articles
Published: 01 May 2003 in Environmental Technology
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This work deals with the environmental assessment of products based on cement and a waste from a cast iron activity. The waste is a foundry sludge from wastewater treatment, previously characterized. This industrial waste shows a high water content (62.4%) and a hazardous behavior due to its metallic content, mainly Zn (16.5%), together with a low fraction of organic pollutants, mainly phenolic compounds. The feasibility of immobilizing both types of contaminants was studied using Portland cement as binder at different cement/waste ratios. The parameters of environmental control were the ecotoxicity and mobilization of zinc and phenolic compounds, all determined on the basis of compliance leaching tests. The acid neutralization capacity of the cement/waste products was measured in order to obtain information on their buffering capacity. Experimental results from chemical analysis of leachates led to a non ecotoxic character of cement/waste products. Although the metallic ions were immobilized within the cement matrices, the organic matter did not allow the formation of monolithic forms and an efficient immobilization of phenolic compounds. Concerning the acid neutralization capacity, this parameter was shown to depend mainly on the quantity of cement, although a decrease in alkalinity was observed when the amount of water in the cement/waste products increased

ACS Style

M.C. Ruiz; A. Andres; A. Irabien. Environmental assessment of cement/foundry sludge products. Environmental Technology 2003, 24, 589 -596.

AMA Style

M.C. Ruiz, A. Andres, A. Irabien. Environmental assessment of cement/foundry sludge products. Environmental Technology. 2003; 24 (5):589-596.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M.C. Ruiz; A. Andres; A. Irabien. 2003. "Environmental assessment of cement/foundry sludge products." Environmental Technology 24, no. 5: 589-596.

Journal article
Published: 31 July 2001 in Journal of Hazardous Materials
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Iron wire drawing processes involve the use of solid lubricants made of powdered raw materials, which lead to industrial wastes after being used. These wastes, based on stearates, have a negative effect on the environment. This study deals with the environmental assessment of some lubricants before and after the wire drawing process in a Spanish factory. The parameters evaluated for this study have been total organic carbon (TOC), mobility of zinc and lead, and ecotoxicity (EC(50)). Results show that wastes have more ecotoxicity than the original lubricants due to the content of metals that lubricants pick up from the wire, as pickling, patenting and galvanising take part in the manufacture. The capture of metallic particles leads to a reduction of TOC and an increase in ecotoxicity.

ACS Style

M C Ruiz; J Verde; A Andrés; J Viguri; A Irabien. Environmental assessment of lubricants before and after wire drawing process. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2001, 85, 181 -191.

AMA Style

M C Ruiz, J Verde, A Andrés, J Viguri, A Irabien. Environmental assessment of lubricants before and after wire drawing process. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2001; 85 (3):181-191.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M C Ruiz; J Verde; A Andrés; J Viguri; A Irabien. 2001. "Environmental assessment of lubricants before and after wire drawing process." Journal of Hazardous Materials 85, no. 3: 181-191.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2001 in Process Safety and Environmental Protection
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ACS Style

J. Viguri; A. Andrés; C. Ruiz; A. Irabien; Fernando Castro. Cement-Waste and Clay-Waste Derived Products from Metal Wastes. Process Safety and Environmental Protection 2001, 79, 38 -44.

AMA Style

J. Viguri, A. Andrés, C. Ruiz, A. Irabien, Fernando Castro. Cement-Waste and Clay-Waste Derived Products from Metal Wastes. Process Safety and Environmental Protection. 2001; 79 (1):38-44.

Chicago/Turabian Style

J. Viguri; A. Andrés; C. Ruiz; A. Irabien; Fernando Castro. 2001. "Cement-Waste and Clay-Waste Derived Products from Metal Wastes." Process Safety and Environmental Protection 79, no. 1: 38-44.

Journal article
Published: 16 October 2000 in Journal of Hazardous Materials
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Metal finishing sludges are classified as metal hydroxide hazardous wastes due to the heavy metal release to the environment. This release, commonly determined by compliance lixiviation tests based on the equilibrium conditions at the end of the leaching experiment, is mainly dependent on the pH of the solution. In this work, the leaching behaviour of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn, of the 32 metal finishing sludges coming from 16 European industrial facilities, and using the distilled water compliance test DIN 38414-S4, have been studied. The concentrations of chromium and copper in the leachates do not follow the solubility evolution of their hydroxide with the pH. The simple assumption of a heavy metal concentration in the leachate directly related to the solubility of the hydroxide is not in good agreement with the experimental results of the distilled water leaching test, probably due to the presence of different species, which can contribute to the metal mobility depending on the sludge composition. An experimental evaluation of the easily available amount of metals in real wastes seems to be necessary for disposal assessment. This paper contains valuable information, from orderly handling metal finishing wastes to the statistical studies of production and management of wastes suggested recently by the Commission of the European Community.

ACS Style

J. Viguri; A. Andrés; R. Ibañez; C. Ruiz Puente; A. Irabien. Characterization of metal finishing sludges: influence of the pH. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2000, 79, 63 -75.

AMA Style

J. Viguri, A. Andrés, R. Ibañez, C. Ruiz Puente, A. Irabien. Characterization of metal finishing sludges: influence of the pH. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2000; 79 (1-2):63-75.

Chicago/Turabian Style

J. Viguri; A. Andrés; R. Ibañez; C. Ruiz Puente; A. Irabien. 2000. "Characterization of metal finishing sludges: influence of the pH." Journal of Hazardous Materials 79, no. 1-2: 63-75.

Original articles
Published: 01 August 2000 in Environmental Technology
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Manufacturing processes at steel and iron foundries generate a wide range of wastes. In order to establish a proper management policy for these wastes from an environmental point of view, an ecotoxicological and chemical characterisation of the wastes generated in two different Spanish factories was performed. Taking into account the manufacturing processes, the Spanish and European regulations and waste management trends, the parameter EC50 related to ecotoxicity and the metals Cr, Zn, Cd, Pb, Ni, Fe and Cu concentration were determined on TCLP and DIN 38414-S4 leachates respectively. Results showed a good qualitative agreement between the ecotoxicity of the samples and mobility of metals, with one exception, foundry sludges, where hazardous behaviour was related to the presence of phenolic species rather than the concentration of heavy metals.

ACS Style

M. C. Ruiz; A. Andres; A. Irabien. Environmental Characterisation of Ferrous Foundry Wastes. Environmental Technology 2000, 21, 891 -899.

AMA Style

M. C. Ruiz, A. Andres, A. Irabien. Environmental Characterisation of Ferrous Foundry Wastes. Environmental Technology. 2000; 21 (8):891-899.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. C. Ruiz; A. Andres; A. Irabien. 2000. "Environmental Characterisation of Ferrous Foundry Wastes." Environmental Technology 21, no. 8: 891-899.