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The objective of this study is the simulation of the most affected design factors and variables of the clutch pack for the power-shift transmission (PST) of a tractor based measured data. The simulation model, the mathematical model of sliding velocity, a moment of inertia, and clutch engagement pressure of clutch pack were developed using the powertrain and configurations of the real PST tractor. In this study, the sensor fusion method was used to precisely measure the proportional valve pressure by test bench, which was applied to the simulation model. The clutch engagement times were found 1.20 s at all temperatures for determined factors. The engagement pressures have a significant difference at various temperatures (25 to 100 °C) of the hydraulic oils after the 1.20 s but the most affected factors were satisfied with the simulation conditions that ensure the clutch engagement on time. Finally, this sensor fusion method is believed to be helpful in realizing precision agriculture through minimization of power loss and maximum energy efficiency of tractors.
Abu Ayub Siddique; Wan-Soo Kim; Yeon-Soo Kim; Seung-Yun Baek; Seung-Min Baek; Yong-Joo Kim; Seong-Un Park; Chang-Hyun Choi. Simulation of Design Factors of a Clutch Pack for Power-Shift Transmission for an Agricultural Tractor. Sensors 2020, 20, 7293 .
AMA StyleAbu Ayub Siddique, Wan-Soo Kim, Yeon-Soo Kim, Seung-Yun Baek, Seung-Min Baek, Yong-Joo Kim, Seong-Un Park, Chang-Hyun Choi. Simulation of Design Factors of a Clutch Pack for Power-Shift Transmission for an Agricultural Tractor. Sensors. 2020; 20 (24):7293.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbu Ayub Siddique; Wan-Soo Kim; Yeon-Soo Kim; Seung-Yun Baek; Seung-Min Baek; Yong-Joo Kim; Seong-Un Park; Chang-Hyun Choi. 2020. "Simulation of Design Factors of a Clutch Pack for Power-Shift Transmission for an Agricultural Tractor." Sensors 20, no. 24: 7293.
The spiral bevel gear in a tractor, unlike the other gears in the transmission, is one of the most vulnerable gears in terms of fatigue life, as it is consistently driven throughout the operations of the tractor. Conventional fatigue life tests of transmission gears require expensive equipment and repeated tests, and do not reflect dynamic field loads. The aim of this study is to develop a simulation model which can replace conventional fatigue life tests for actual gears, in order to evaluate the fatigue life of a tractor using dynamic field load data. A transmission simulation model including a spiral bevel gear was developed using commercial software. In order to measure the dynamic load of the tractor according to various field operations, an axle torque measurement system was developed, and field experiments were performed for major agricultural operations occurring in the field. Fatigue life was calculated using Rainflow cycle counting (RFC), the Smith–Watson–Topper (SWT) model, and S–N curves based on torque data measured in the field. The fatigue life under moldboard plow tillage, subsoiler tillage, rotary tillage, and baler operation were 13,599, 285, 278,884, and 525,977 h, respectively. The fatigue life of the tractor, according to subsoiler tillage and baler operation, was 0.104 and 192 times the service life, respectively, where the difference between these two operations was about 1846 times. The fatigue life of the tractor, according to the attached implement type, was significantly different. Therefore, it can be seen that the fatigue life of a tractor can be significantly different, depending on agricultural operation type which the farmer uses most often; this can be used as basic data for tractor design and evaluation. In addition, it is considered that the developed simulation model can be applied to fatigue life evaluation using dynamic field load data.
Wan-Soo Kim; Yong-Joo Kim; Seung-Min Baek; Seok-Pyo Moon; Nam-Gyu Lee; Yeon-Soo Kim; Seong-Un Park; Yong Choi; Young-Keun Kim; Il-Su Choi; Duck-Kyu Choi; Chang-Hyun Choi. Fatigue Life Simulation of Tractor Spiral Bevel Gear According to Major Agricultural Operations. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 8898 .
AMA StyleWan-Soo Kim, Yong-Joo Kim, Seung-Min Baek, Seok-Pyo Moon, Nam-Gyu Lee, Yeon-Soo Kim, Seong-Un Park, Yong Choi, Young-Keun Kim, Il-Su Choi, Duck-Kyu Choi, Chang-Hyun Choi. Fatigue Life Simulation of Tractor Spiral Bevel Gear According to Major Agricultural Operations. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (24):8898.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWan-Soo Kim; Yong-Joo Kim; Seung-Min Baek; Seok-Pyo Moon; Nam-Gyu Lee; Yeon-Soo Kim; Seong-Un Park; Yong Choi; Young-Keun Kim; Il-Su Choi; Duck-Kyu Choi; Chang-Hyun Choi. 2020. "Fatigue Life Simulation of Tractor Spiral Bevel Gear According to Major Agricultural Operations." Applied Sciences 10, no. 24: 8898.
In order to optimize tractor design and optimize efficiency during tillage operation, it is essential to verify the impact through field tests on factors affecting the tractor load. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of tillage depth on power transmission efficiency of 42 kW power agricultural tractor during moldboard plowing. A load measurement system and a tillage depth measurement system were configured for field tests. To analyze the effect of tillage depth on power transmission efficiency and fuel consumption, the data measured in the three-repeated field test were classified according to tillage depth. As the tillage depth increased from 11 cm at the top of the hardpan to 23 cm at the deepest, the required power of the engine increased by approximately 13% from 35.48 kW to 40.11 kW, and the power transmission efficiency also increased significantly from 66% to 95%. Among them, the power transmission efficiency of the rear axle was significantly increased from 38% to 59%, which was the most affected. As the tillage depth increased, the overall power requirement is greatly increased due to the resulting workload, but the fuel consumption and the specific fuel consumption are reduced because the engine speed of the tractor is reduced. As the tillage depth increased from 11 cm to 23 cm, the fuel consumption rate was rather reduced by 13.5% as the engine rotational speed decreased 11.3% due to the increase work load of tractor. In addition, the specific fuel consumption decreased from 302.44 g/kWh to 236.93 g/kWh, showing a fuel consumption saving of up to 21.7% during moldboard plow. In addition, as the tillage depth increased, the ratio of the value excluding the mechanical and hydraulic power requirements has significantly decreased from 34% to 5% as the power transmission efficiency increases. This study considers the soil properties according to the soil depth, as well as the power transmission efficiency and fuel consumption rate. The research results can provide useful information for research on power transmission efficiency and selection of an appropriate power source of agricultural tractor according to tillage depth during moldboard plowing and are expected to be used in various ways as basic studies of digital farming research in agricultural machinery.
Yeon-Soo Kim; Wan-Soo Kim; Abu Ayub Siddique; Seung-Yun Baek; Seung-Min Baek; Su-Hwan Cheon; Sang-Dae Lee; Kyeong-Hwan Lee; Dong-Hyuck Hong; Seong-Un Park; Yong-Joo Kim. Power Transmission Efficiency Analysis of 42 kW Power Agricultural Tractor According to Tillage Depth During Moldboard Plowing. Agronomy 2020, 10, 1263 .
AMA StyleYeon-Soo Kim, Wan-Soo Kim, Abu Ayub Siddique, Seung-Yun Baek, Seung-Min Baek, Su-Hwan Cheon, Sang-Dae Lee, Kyeong-Hwan Lee, Dong-Hyuck Hong, Seong-Un Park, Yong-Joo Kim. Power Transmission Efficiency Analysis of 42 kW Power Agricultural Tractor According to Tillage Depth During Moldboard Plowing. Agronomy. 2020; 10 (9):1263.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYeon-Soo Kim; Wan-Soo Kim; Abu Ayub Siddique; Seung-Yun Baek; Seung-Min Baek; Su-Hwan Cheon; Sang-Dae Lee; Kyeong-Hwan Lee; Dong-Hyuck Hong; Seong-Un Park; Yong-Joo Kim. 2020. "Power Transmission Efficiency Analysis of 42 kW Power Agricultural Tractor According to Tillage Depth During Moldboard Plowing." Agronomy 10, no. 9: 1263.
In general, the tractor axle torque is used as an indicator for making various decisions when engineers perform transmission fatigue life analysis, optimal design, and accelerated life testing. Since the existing axle torque measurement method requires an expensive torque sensor, an alternative method is required. Therefore, the aim of this study is to develop a prediction model for the tractor axle torque during tillage operation that can replace expensive axle torque sensors. A prediction model was proposed through regression analysis using key variables affecting the tractor axle torque. The engine torque, engine speed, tillage depth, slip ratio, and travel speed were selected as explanatory variables. In order to collect explanatory and dependent variable data, a load measurement system was developed, and a field experiment was performed on moldboard plow tillage using a tractor with a load measurement system. A total of eight axle torque prediction regression models were proposed using the measured calibration dataset. The adjusted coefficient of determination (R2) of the proposed regression model showed a range of 0.271 to 0.925. Among them, the prediction model E showed an adjusted R2 of 0.925. All of the prediction models were verified using a validation set. All of the axle torque prediction models showed an mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of less than 2.8%. In particular, Model E, adopting engine torque, engine speed, and travel speed as variables, and Model H, adopting engine torque, tillage depth and travel speed as variables, showed MAPEs of 1.19 and 1.30%, respectively. Therefore, it was found that the proposed prediction models are applicable to actual axle torque prediction.
Wan-Soo Kim; Yong-Joo Kim; Seung-Yun Baek; Yeon-Soo Kim; Seong-Un Park. Development of a Prediction Model for Tractor Axle Torque during Tillage Operation. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 4195 .
AMA StyleWan-Soo Kim, Yong-Joo Kim, Seung-Yun Baek, Yeon-Soo Kim, Seong-Un Park. Development of a Prediction Model for Tractor Axle Torque during Tillage Operation. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (12):4195.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWan-Soo Kim; Yong-Joo Kim; Seung-Yun Baek; Yeon-Soo Kim; Seong-Un Park. 2020. "Development of a Prediction Model for Tractor Axle Torque during Tillage Operation." Applied Sciences 10, no. 12: 4195.
This study was conducted to develop a simulation model of a 120 kW class electric all-wheel-drive (AWD) tractor and verify the model by comparing the measurement and simulation results. The platform was developed based on the power transmission system, including batteries, electric motors, reducers, wheels, and a charging system composed of a generator, an AC/DC converter, and chargers on each axle. The data measurement system was installed on the platform, consisting of an analog (current) and a digital part (rotational speed of electric motors and voltage and SOC (state of charge) level of batteries) by a CAN (controller area network) bus. The axle torque was calculated using the current and torque curves of the electric motor. The simulation model was developed by 1D simulation software and used axle torque and vehicle velocity data to create the simulation conditions. To compare the results of the simulation, a driving test using the platform was performed at a ground speed of 10 km/h in off- and on-road conditions. The similarities between the results were analyzed using statistical software and we found no significant difference in axle torque data. The simulation model was considered to be highly reliable given the change rate and average value of the SOC level. Using the simulation model, the workable time of driving operation was estimated to be about six hours and the workable time of plow tillage was estimated to be about 2.4 h. The results showed that the capacity of the battery is slightly low for plow tillage. However, in future studies, the electric AWD tractor performance could be improved through battery optimization through simulation under various conditions.
Seung-Yun Baek; Yeon-Soo Kim; Wan-Soo Kim; Yong-Joo Kim. Development and Verification of a Simulation Model for 120 kW Class Electric AWD (All-Wheel-Drive) Tractor during Driving Operation. Energies 2020, 13, 2422 .
AMA StyleSeung-Yun Baek, Yeon-Soo Kim, Wan-Soo Kim, Yong-Joo Kim. Development and Verification of a Simulation Model for 120 kW Class Electric AWD (All-Wheel-Drive) Tractor during Driving Operation. Energies. 2020; 13 (10):2422.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSeung-Yun Baek; Yeon-Soo Kim; Wan-Soo Kim; Yong-Joo Kim. 2020. "Development and Verification of a Simulation Model for 120 kW Class Electric AWD (All-Wheel-Drive) Tractor during Driving Operation." Energies 13, no. 10: 2422.
This study was conducted to analyze the effects of tillage depth and gear selection on the mechanical load and fuel efficiency of an agricultural tractor during plow tillage. In order to analyze these effects, we developed an agricultural field measuring system consisting of a load measurement part (wheel torque meter, proximity sensor, and real-time kinematic (RTK) global positioning system (GPS)) and a tillage depth measurement part (linear potentiometer and inclinometer). Field tests were carried out using moldboard plows with a maximum tillage depth of 20 cm and three gear selections (M2H, M3L, and M3H) in a rice stubble paddy field for plow tillage. The average travel speed and slip ratio had the lowest M2H and the highest M3L. M3H had the highest theoretical speed, but the travel speed was 0.13 km/h lower than M3L due to the reduction in the axle rotational speed at deep tillage depth. Regarding engine load, the higher the gear, the greater the torque and the lower the axle rotation speed. The front axle load was not significantly affected by the tillage depth as compared to other mechanical parts, except for the M3H gear. The rear axle load generated about twice the torque of the front wheel and overall, it tended to show a higher average rear axle torque at higher gear selection. The rear axle load and fuel rate were found to be most affected by the combination of the tillage depth and gear selection combination. Overall, field test results show that the M3H had the highest fuel efficiency and a high working speed while overcoming high loads at the same tillage depth. In conclusion, M3H is the most suitable gear stage for plow cultivation, and the higher the gear stage and the deeper the tillage depth during plowing, the higher the fuel efficiency. The results of this study will be useful for analyzing mechanical load and fuel efficiency during farm operations. In a future study, we will conduct load analysis studies in other farming operations that consider various soil mechanics factors as well as tillage depths and gear selections.
Yeon-Soo Kim; Wan-Soo Kim; Seung-Yun Baek; Young-Joo Kim; Sang-Dae Lee. Analysis of Tillage Depth and Gear Selection for Mechanical Load and Fuel Efficiency of an Agricultural Tractor Using an Agricultural Field Measuring System. Sensors 2020, 20, 2450 .
AMA StyleYeon-Soo Kim, Wan-Soo Kim, Seung-Yun Baek, Young-Joo Kim, Sang-Dae Lee. Analysis of Tillage Depth and Gear Selection for Mechanical Load and Fuel Efficiency of an Agricultural Tractor Using an Agricultural Field Measuring System. Sensors. 2020; 20 (9):2450.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYeon-Soo Kim; Wan-Soo Kim; Seung-Yun Baek; Young-Joo Kim; Sang-Dae Lee. 2020. "Analysis of Tillage Depth and Gear Selection for Mechanical Load and Fuel Efficiency of an Agricultural Tractor Using an Agricultural Field Measuring System." Sensors 20, no. 9: 2450.
This study aims to develop and evaluate an automated manual transmission (AMT) for agricultural tractors with high efficiency and high convenience by using electric actuators. An AMT system to control manual-type shuttle gearboxes and transmissions for tractors is developed by adding a shuttle shifting actuator, a clutch actuator, and a control system to a conventional manual transmission (MT). The clutch actuator is designed using an electric motor and a reduction gear. The AMT control system is developed and experimental tests are conducted to evaluate the performance of the AMT. The results of the performance of the actuator position control demonstrate that the shuttle shifting actuator and clutch actuator are controlled appropriately, achieving a maximum overshoot of less than 5% and 0%, a settling time of less than 0.500 s and 1.50 s, and a steady-state error of less than 1% and 1%, respectively. The performance of the automatic forward and reverse control demonstrates a shift control time of less than 2.50 s and target revolutions per minute (RPM) reaching time of less than 3.00 s. Thus, AMT systems for tractors can be easily developed by applying shuttle shifting actuators, clutch actuators, and a control system to conventional manual transmissions.
Wan-Soo Kim; Yong-Joo Kim; Yeon-Soo Kim; Seung-Yun Baek; Dae-Hyun Lee; Kyu-Chul Nam; Tae-Bum Kim; Hyo-Jai Lee. Development of Control System for Automated Manual Transmission of 45-kW Agricultural Tractor. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 2930 .
AMA StyleWan-Soo Kim, Yong-Joo Kim, Yeon-Soo Kim, Seung-Yun Baek, Dae-Hyun Lee, Kyu-Chul Nam, Tae-Bum Kim, Hyo-Jai Lee. Development of Control System for Automated Manual Transmission of 45-kW Agricultural Tractor. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (8):2930.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWan-Soo Kim; Yong-Joo Kim; Yeon-Soo Kim; Seung-Yun Baek; Dae-Hyun Lee; Kyu-Chul Nam; Tae-Bum Kim; Hyo-Jai Lee. 2020. "Development of Control System for Automated Manual Transmission of 45-kW Agricultural Tractor." Applied Sciences 10, no. 8: 2930.