This page has only limited features, please log in for full access.
Few studies examine the distribution of food insecurity in advanced capitalist nations. This research investigates cross-national food insecurity in the world’s largest economies by estimating the impact of welfare spending and income inequality on food availability (measured by the FAO’s Dietary Energy and Protein Supply indicators) and food accessibility (measured by the Food Insecurity Experience Scale) in 36 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries between the years of 2000 and 2018. Using a series of regression models on panel and cross-sectional data this research found that increases in state spending on social and health care are associated with (1) increases in food availability and (2) increases in food access. However, the findings also suggest that increases in food supplies do not produce more food security. Thus, for the OECD countries in this analysis, food availability is unrelated to food accessibility. We conclude by suggesting that high income countries that seek to promote global health should not only focus their efforts on poverty reduction polices that increase food accessibility within their own boarders, but must simultaneously ensure a more equitable global distribution of food.
Belal Hossain; Michael Long; Paul Stretesky. Welfare State Spending, Income Inequality and Food Insecurity in Affluent Nations: A Cross-National Examination of OECD Countries. Sustainability 2020, 13, 324 .
AMA StyleBelal Hossain, Michael Long, Paul Stretesky. Welfare State Spending, Income Inequality and Food Insecurity in Affluent Nations: A Cross-National Examination of OECD Countries. Sustainability. 2020; 13 (1):324.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBelal Hossain; Michael Long; Paul Stretesky. 2020. "Welfare State Spending, Income Inequality and Food Insecurity in Affluent Nations: A Cross-National Examination of OECD Countries." Sustainability 13, no. 1: 324.
This research examines psychosocial stress associated with shale gas development through the narratives of residents and the Revised Impact of Event Scale (IES-R). We carried out our research in three of England’s communities impacted by shale gas development. To gather data, we conducted qualitative interviews and engaged in participant observation in all three communities and conducted a quantitative survey of residents. From our qualitative interviews it was apparent that the residents we spoke with experienced significant levels of stress associated with shale gas development in each community. Importantly, residents reported that stress was not only a reaction to development, but a consequence of interacting with industry and decision makers. Our quantitative findings suggest that a significant portion of residents 14.1% living near the shale gas sites reported high levels of stress (i.e., scoring 24 or more points) even while the mean IES-R score of residents living around the site is relatively low (i.e., 9.6; 95% CI 7.5–11.7). We conclude that the experiences, of the three English communities, reported in the qualitative interviews and quantitative survey are consistent with the reports of stress in the United States for those residents who live in shale gas communities. We therefore suggest that psychosocial stress is an important negative externality, which needs to be taken seriously by local planning officers and local planning committees when considering exploration and development permits for shale gas.
Feizel Aryee; Anna Szolucha; Paul B. Stretesky; Damien Short; Michael A. Long; Liesel A. Ritchie; Duane A. Gill. Shale Gas Development and Community Distress: Evidence from England. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 5069 .
AMA StyleFeizel Aryee, Anna Szolucha, Paul B. Stretesky, Damien Short, Michael A. Long, Liesel A. Ritchie, Duane A. Gill. Shale Gas Development and Community Distress: Evidence from England. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (14):5069.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFeizel Aryee; Anna Szolucha; Paul B. Stretesky; Damien Short; Michael A. Long; Liesel A. Ritchie; Duane A. Gill. 2020. "Shale Gas Development and Community Distress: Evidence from England." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 14: 5069.
This systematic review summarizes the relationship between shale gas development and crime. A comprehensive search uncovered 25 shale–crime quantitative studies published between 2005 and 2019. These outputs suggest the study of shale gas development and crime is multidisciplinary, increasing rapidly and mainly carried out in the United States. When considered in aggregate these studies provide clear evidence that shale gas development is likely to increase crime. A majority of studies find that shale gas development increases total crime, violent crime, property crime, social disorganization crimes and violence against women. We conclude by suggesting that these findings should be considered by policymakers and planners when determining whether and how shale development should be allowed.
Paul Stretesky; Philipp Grimmer. Shale gas development and crime: A review of the literature. The Extractive Industries and Society 2020, 7, 1147 -1157.
AMA StylePaul Stretesky, Philipp Grimmer. Shale gas development and crime: A review of the literature. The Extractive Industries and Society. 2020; 7 (3):1147-1157.
Chicago/Turabian StylePaul Stretesky; Philipp Grimmer. 2020. "Shale gas development and crime: A review of the literature." The Extractive Industries and Society 7, no. 3: 1147-1157.
Summer is a stressful time of year for many parents as they struggle to meet household expenses and feed children. The aim of the present study is to determine if there is an association between summertime food insecurity (i.e., holiday hunger) and parental stress among a sample of UK parents with school age children living in North East England. A cross-sectional sample of (n = 252) parents are analyzed using holiday hunger as the independent variable and a subjective measure of stress that treats summer as a ‘stressful event’ as the dependent variable. Of the parents in the sample, 64.8% reported at least some level of holiday hunger. We find parents facing any holiday hunger scored substantively higher on the overall 75-point Impact of Event Scale (mean difference = 30.4, 95% confidence interval ((CI) 24.2–36.6), the 35-point intrusion subscale (13.7, 95% CI 10.8–16.5), and the 40-point avoidance subscale (16.7, 95% CI 13.3–20.2). These findings are replicated in a regression analysis. In addition, we find that holiday hunger partially mediates the association between economic hardship (i.e., unemployment and poverty) and parental stress. We conclude by suggesting that government policies addressing economic hardship are not only likely to reduce holiday hunger, but also improve mental wellbeing.
Paul B. Stretesky; Margaret Anne Defeyter; Michael A. Long; Liesel A. Ritchie; Duane A. Gill. Holiday Hunger and Parental Stress: Evidence from North East England. Sustainability 2020, 12, 4141 .
AMA StylePaul B. Stretesky, Margaret Anne Defeyter, Michael A. Long, Liesel A. Ritchie, Duane A. Gill. Holiday Hunger and Parental Stress: Evidence from North East England. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (10):4141.
Chicago/Turabian StylePaul B. Stretesky; Margaret Anne Defeyter; Michael A. Long; Liesel A. Ritchie; Duane A. Gill. 2020. "Holiday Hunger and Parental Stress: Evidence from North East England." Sustainability 12, no. 10: 4141.
Food insecurity is a substantial problem in nearly every advanced capitalist nation, with sizable portions of residents in many affluent countries struggling to eat healthily every day. Over time, a very large literature has developed that documents food insecurity, evaluates programs meant to reduce that insecurity, and proposes solutions to attenuate the problem. The purpose of the current review is to provide a very broad overview of the food insecurity literature, including definitions, measurement, areas of study, and impacts on health. Importantly, this review suggests there are two major causes of food insecurity in the advanced nations: economic inequality and neoliberalism. The food insecurity literature suggests that diminished government responsibility in advanced capitalist nations corresponds to an increase in feeding programs run by non-profit and charitable organizations. This review concludes by suggesting that, while a massive amount of research on food insecurity currently exists, more research is still needed to address gaps in the literature when it comes to significant events, coping strategies and disadvantaged populations.
Michael A. Long; Lara Gonçalves; Paul B. Stretesky; Margaret Anne Defeyter. Food Insecurity in Advanced Capitalist Nations: A Review. Sustainability 2020, 12, 3654 .
AMA StyleMichael A. Long, Lara Gonçalves, Paul B. Stretesky, Margaret Anne Defeyter. Food Insecurity in Advanced Capitalist Nations: A Review. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (9):3654.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichael A. Long; Lara Gonçalves; Paul B. Stretesky; Margaret Anne Defeyter. 2020. "Food Insecurity in Advanced Capitalist Nations: A Review." Sustainability 12, no. 9: 3654.
It has been argued that the temperature increase caused by anthropogenic climate change will produce a significant increase in violent crime. Support for that prediction is often based on statistical analyses of seasonal temperature and crime data cycles across days, months, and quarters and sometimes on large geographic areas. Within-year temperature changes are very large, however, relative to the 30-yr temperature increases employed to measure climate change. In addition, because temperature trends associated with climate change vary geographically, analyses should employ small geographic units for which temperature changes are measured over yearly intervals and for long periods of time. To address these conditions, this study examined the long-term temperature–crime association for homicides in New York and London for 1895–2015. Consistent with previous studies examining seasonal weather and crime patterns, we found a positive correlation between annual homicide rates and temperature, but only at the bivariate level. This relationship became statistically insignificant in both New York and London when gross domestic product is controlled. Moreover, the bivariate relationship between temperature and homicide is statistically insignificant when correcting for nonstationarity. Thus, it does not appear that climate change has led to higher rates of homicide in New York and London over the long term. These nonfindings are important because they suggest that studies of climate change and violence might do well to consider alternative mechanisms that mediate the relationship between climate change and violence.
Michael J. Lynch; Paul B. Stretesky; Michael A. Long. Climate Change, Temperature, and Homicide: A Tale of Two Cities, 1895–2015. Weather, Climate, and Society 2020, 12, 171 -181.
AMA StyleMichael J. Lynch, Paul B. Stretesky, Michael A. Long. Climate Change, Temperature, and Homicide: A Tale of Two Cities, 1895–2015. Weather, Climate, and Society. 2020; 12 (1):171-181.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichael J. Lynch; Paul B. Stretesky; Michael A. Long. 2020. "Climate Change, Temperature, and Homicide: A Tale of Two Cities, 1895–2015." Weather, Climate, and Society 12, no. 1: 171-181.
In response to the problem of holiday hunger, hundreds of local “holiday clubs” have recently been established across the UK. This research examines the spatial relationship between income, childhood deprivation, ethnicity and holiday clubs across 32,844 Lower Super Output Areas (LSOAs) in England to determine if these clubs are currently operating in an inclusive fashion. Data on the location of holiday clubs comes from a national survey. Binary logistic regression results suggest that holiday clubs are likely to operate in economically disadvantaged areas. At the same time, clubs are not distributed equally by ethnicity. That is, holiday clubs operated by voluntary organisations are more likely to be situated in LSOAs that are disproportionately white and English\British and less likely to be situated in LSOAs that are disproportionately ethnic minority. This finding has important implications for the pursuit of holiday clubs as a policy mechanism for addressing access to food in light of the state’s failure to adequately feed all of the country’s children.
Emily Mann; Michael A. Long; Paul B. Stretesky; Margaret Anne DeFeyter. A question of justice: are holiday clubs serving the most deprived communities in England? Local Environment 2018, 23, 1008 -1022.
AMA StyleEmily Mann, Michael A. Long, Paul B. Stretesky, Margaret Anne DeFeyter. A question of justice: are holiday clubs serving the most deprived communities in England? Local Environment. 2018; 23 (10):1008-1022.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmily Mann; Michael A. Long; Paul B. Stretesky; Margaret Anne DeFeyter. 2018. "A question of justice: are holiday clubs serving the most deprived communities in England?" Local Environment 23, no. 10: 1008-1022.
During the development of green criminology, little attention has been paid to how Indigenous/Native Peoples (INP) are victimized by green crime and how they employ environmental activism to resist externally imposed ecological destruction. In the past decade, news services and environmental interest groups have reported on the killing of INP environmental activists who have resisted ecological destruction across the world. Here, we begin to develop a green criminological view of INP victimization and resistance to ecological destruction within the context of the global capitalist treadmill of production, while drawing upon concepts of colonization, imperialism, genocide and ecocide. Our analysis suggests that in the contemporary capitalist world system, expansion of the treadmill of production’s ecological withdrawal process (i.e. the withdrawal of raw materials used in production) not only accelerates ecological disorganization in developing/underdeveloped nations, but may be harmful in nations where INP are dependent on access to nature for survival.
Michael J Lynch; Paul B Stretesky; Michael A Long. Green criminology and native peoples: The treadmill of production and the killing of indigenous environmental activists. Theoretical Criminology 2018, 22, 318 -341.
AMA StyleMichael J Lynch, Paul B Stretesky, Michael A Long. Green criminology and native peoples: The treadmill of production and the killing of indigenous environmental activists. Theoretical Criminology. 2018; 22 (3):318-341.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichael J Lynch; Paul B Stretesky; Michael A Long. 2018. "Green criminology and native peoples: The treadmill of production and the killing of indigenous environmental activists." Theoretical Criminology 22, no. 3: 318-341.
Situational crime prevention theory suggests the need for innovative, non-criminal-justice polices to control crime, but that approach has not been widely employed by criminologists addressing the control of environmental crime. Numerous examples of innovative environmental social control practices can be found outside of the criminological literature; but within criminology, such studies have most often been undertaken by conservation criminologists, while green criminologists have undertaken empirical studies illustrating the ineffectiveness of traditional, punitive responses to environmental crime. Here, we briefly review the use of situational crime prevention theory and research by conservation criminologists and provide examples of environmental social control policies used by various nations that are consistent with situational crime prevention arguments. We also note that research and theory in other disciplines suggest that crime is produced by larger structural economic forces, indicating that situational crime prevention alone is likely not sufficient to control environmental crime.
Michael J. Lynch; Paul B. Stretesky; Michael A. Long. Situational Crime Prevention and the Ecological Regulation of Green Crime: A Review and Discussion. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 2018, 679, 178 -196.
AMA StyleMichael J. Lynch, Paul B. Stretesky, Michael A. Long. Situational Crime Prevention and the Ecological Regulation of Green Crime: A Review and Discussion. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 2018; 679 (1):178-196.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichael J. Lynch; Paul B. Stretesky; Michael A. Long. 2018. "Situational Crime Prevention and the Ecological Regulation of Green Crime: A Review and Discussion." The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 679, no. 1: 178-196.
There is a renewed interest in expanding domestic oil and gas development in the United Kingdom (UK). However, the potential social consequences of this expansion are still unknown. Thus, the current study assesses whether the number of spudded oil and gas wells are correlated with violent and property crime rates within 69 local authorities between 2004 and 2015 (n = 828). Fixed effects regression analyses indicate that wells are positively correlated with violent crime rates. That is, each additional well is associated with a 1.5% increase in violent crime. When the analysis is limited to those local authorities that have constructed the most wells, the correlation between wells and crime increases as the boomtown literature might suggest. In particular, each additional well is associated with a 4.9% increase in violent crime and a 4.9% increase in property crime. We conclude by pointing out that this study stands as the first to empirically examine the relationship between oil and gas development and crime within UK local authorities over time and suggest that results have important implications for crime, social disorganisation and environmental justice.
Paul B. Stretesky; Michael A. Long; Ruth E. McKie; Feizel A. Aryee. Does oil and gas development increase crime within UK local authorities? The Extractive Industries and Society 2018, 5, 356 -365.
AMA StylePaul B. Stretesky, Michael A. Long, Ruth E. McKie, Feizel A. Aryee. Does oil and gas development increase crime within UK local authorities? The Extractive Industries and Society. 2018; 5 (3):356-365.
Chicago/Turabian StylePaul B. Stretesky; Michael A. Long; Ruth E. McKie; Feizel A. Aryee. 2018. "Does oil and gas development increase crime within UK local authorities?" The Extractive Industries and Society 5, no. 3: 356-365.
Michael A. Long; Michael J. Lynch; Paul B. Stretesky. The Great Recession, the Treadmill of Production and Ecological Disorganization: Did the Recession Decrease Toxic Releases Across US States, 2005–2014? Ecological Economics 2018, 146, 184 -192.
AMA StyleMichael A. Long, Michael J. Lynch, Paul B. Stretesky. The Great Recession, the Treadmill of Production and Ecological Disorganization: Did the Recession Decrease Toxic Releases Across US States, 2005–2014? Ecological Economics. 2018; 146 ():184-192.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichael A. Long; Michael J. Lynch; Paul B. Stretesky. 2018. "The Great Recession, the Treadmill of Production and Ecological Disorganization: Did the Recession Decrease Toxic Releases Across US States, 2005–2014?" Ecological Economics 146, no. : 184-192.
The present study examines the association between employment and offending for a sample of young offenders who are paid to work in a pilot programme known as the Skill Mill. First, we analyse a sample of 39 youths over a period of 10 years (40 quarters) to determine whether Skill Mill employed youth are more likely to desist from offending than a control group of youth who are not employed in the Skill Mill. Those youths employed by the Skill Mill committed 1.12 fewer offences per quarter than the control group (p < 0.001). In addition, offending rates among the Skill Mill youths decreased by 0.99 offences per quarter after they began work (p < 0.001). Next, we review results from semi-structured interviews with current Skill Mill employees and their supervisor that helps to unpack why the Skill Mill has been successful in promoting desistance. We conclude that programmes like the Skill Mill can mark an important turning point, and more specifically, a hook for change in the lives of young offenders.
Michael A. Long; Rebecca Oswald; Paul B. Stretesky; Sarah Soppitt. Do Flood Mitigation and Natural Habitat Protection Employment Reduce Youth Offending? European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research 2018, 25, 135 -151.
AMA StyleMichael A. Long, Rebecca Oswald, Paul B. Stretesky, Sarah Soppitt. Do Flood Mitigation and Natural Habitat Protection Employment Reduce Youth Offending? European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research. 2018; 25 (2):135-151.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichael A. Long; Rebecca Oswald; Paul B. Stretesky; Sarah Soppitt. 2018. "Do Flood Mitigation and Natural Habitat Protection Employment Reduce Youth Offending?" European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research 25, no. 2: 135-151.
Paul B. Stretesky; Ruth E. McKie; Michael J. Lynch; Michael A. Long; Kimberly L. Barrett. Where have all the falcons gone? Saker falcon (falco cherrug) exports in a global economy. Global Ecology and Conservation 2018, 13, e00372 .
AMA StylePaul B. Stretesky, Ruth E. McKie, Michael J. Lynch, Michael A. Long, Kimberly L. Barrett. Where have all the falcons gone? Saker falcon (falco cherrug) exports in a global economy. Global Ecology and Conservation. 2018; 13 ():e00372.
Chicago/Turabian StylePaul B. Stretesky; Ruth E. McKie; Michael J. Lynch; Michael A. Long; Kimberly L. Barrett. 2018. "Where have all the falcons gone? Saker falcon (falco cherrug) exports in a global economy." Global Ecology and Conservation 13, no. : e00372.
Biodiversity has become a topic of study in a variety of disciplines. Within criminology the study of biodiversity loss is often emphasised in the poaching literature. However, an alternative perspective on the political economy of biodiversity loss exists within criminology. While both approaches to biodiversity provide important information for the discipline of criminology, the implications of those approaches have very different implications for environmental discourse related to poverty and social justice. We suggest that poaching studies be viewed with caution as there is a possibility that those studies can be used to ‘blame the poor’ for biodiversity loss.
Michael J Lynch; Paul B Stretesky; Michael A Long. Blaming the poor for biodiversity loss: a political economic critique of the study of poaching and wildlife trafficking. Journal of Poverty and Social Justice 2017, 25, 263 -275.
AMA StyleMichael J Lynch, Paul B Stretesky, Michael A Long. Blaming the poor for biodiversity loss: a political economic critique of the study of poaching and wildlife trafficking. Journal of Poverty and Social Justice. 2017; 25 (3):263-275.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichael J Lynch; Paul B Stretesky; Michael A Long. 2017. "Blaming the poor for biodiversity loss: a political economic critique of the study of poaching and wildlife trafficking." Journal of Poverty and Social Justice 25, no. 3: 263-275.
This research investigates whether holiday clubs have the potential to reduce food insecurity among households in the United Kingdom. We survey parents (n = 38) of children attending seven different holiday clubs to estimate the percentage of children in those programmes who come from food insecure households. Results suggest that 42% (16 out of 38 respondents) of children come from households defined as "food insecure" and 24% (9 out of 38 respondents) come from households that are "food insecure with hunger." When secure and insecure households are compared, we discover that food insecure households benefit the most from holiday clubs, which suggests that they may play an important role in mitigating household food insecurity.
Michael A. Long; Paul B. Stretesky; Pamela Louise Graham; Katie Jane Palmer; Eileen Steinbock; Margaret Anne DeFeyter. The impact of holiday clubs on household food insecurity—A pilot study. Health & Social Care in the Community 2017, 26, e261 -e269.
AMA StyleMichael A. Long, Paul B. Stretesky, Pamela Louise Graham, Katie Jane Palmer, Eileen Steinbock, Margaret Anne DeFeyter. The impact of holiday clubs on household food insecurity—A pilot study. Health & Social Care in the Community. 2017; 26 (2):e261-e269.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichael A. Long; Paul B. Stretesky; Pamela Louise Graham; Katie Jane Palmer; Eileen Steinbock; Margaret Anne DeFeyter. 2017. "The impact of holiday clubs on household food insecurity—A pilot study." Health & Social Care in the Community 26, no. 2: e261-e269.
Ruth E. McKie; Paul B. Stretesky; Michael J. Lynch; Michael A. Long. Green criminology and the prevention of ecological destruction. Forging a Socio-Legal Approach to Environmental Harms 2017, 38 -57.
AMA StyleRuth E. McKie, Paul B. Stretesky, Michael J. Lynch, Michael A. Long. Green criminology and the prevention of ecological destruction. Forging a Socio-Legal Approach to Environmental Harms. 2017; ():38-57.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRuth E. McKie; Paul B. Stretesky; Michael J. Lynch; Michael A. Long. 2017. "Green criminology and the prevention of ecological destruction." Forging a Socio-Legal Approach to Environmental Harms , no. : 38-57.
According to modernization theory, enforcement schemes that rely on end-of-the-pipe regulation are not as effective at achieving improved environmental performance as market-based approaches that encourage pollution prevention. Consistent with that observation, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency transitioned to the use of self-policing to encourage pollution prevention. Other studies note that environmental compliance is significantly affected by traditional “command-and-control” strategies. Using Prais Winston regression we examine these contrasting views by estimating the relationship between toxic releases, self-policing, and criminal prosecutions from 1988 through 2014. Initial correlations suggest that (1) self-policing is not associated with toxic releases but that (2) criminal prosecutions may reduce toxic releases through general deterrence signals. Subsequent analyses controlling for gross domestic product revealed that neither self-policing nor criminal enforcement correlate with toxic releases but that gross domestic product was the strongest predictor of emissions. The implications of these findings for the control of toxic emissions are discussed.
Paul B. Stretesky; Michael J. Lynch; Michael A. Long; Kimberly L. Barrett. Does the Modernization of Environmental Enforcement Reduce Toxic Releases? An Examination of Self-policing, Criminal Prosecutions, and Toxic Releases in the United States, 1988–2014. Sociological Spectrum 2016, 37, 48 -62.
AMA StylePaul B. Stretesky, Michael J. Lynch, Michael A. Long, Kimberly L. Barrett. Does the Modernization of Environmental Enforcement Reduce Toxic Releases? An Examination of Self-policing, Criminal Prosecutions, and Toxic Releases in the United States, 1988–2014. Sociological Spectrum. 2016; 37 (1):48-62.
Chicago/Turabian StylePaul B. Stretesky; Michael J. Lynch; Michael A. Long; Kimberly L. Barrett. 2016. "Does the Modernization of Environmental Enforcement Reduce Toxic Releases? An Examination of Self-policing, Criminal Prosecutions, and Toxic Releases in the United States, 1988–2014." Sociological Spectrum 37, no. 1: 48-62.
Paul B. Stretesky; Michael A. Long; Michael J. Lynch. Trends in the Formation of Environmental Enforcement International Non-Governmental Organizations, 1950–2010. Globalizations 2016, 14, 627 -642.
AMA StylePaul B. Stretesky, Michael A. Long, Michael J. Lynch. Trends in the Formation of Environmental Enforcement International Non-Governmental Organizations, 1950–2010. Globalizations. 2016; 14 (4):627-642.
Chicago/Turabian StylePaul B. Stretesky; Michael A. Long; Michael J. Lynch. 2016. "Trends in the Formation of Environmental Enforcement International Non-Governmental Organizations, 1950–2010." Globalizations 14, no. 4: 627-642.
Countries that rely on natural resource rents (that is, the revenue generated from the sale of natural resources) may suffer from a variety of social problems. This exploratory study reviews the natural resource extraction literature to derive a ‘natural resource rents–homicide’ hypothesis. Data for 173 countries for the years 2000 to 2012 are examined to determine if there is a correlation between natural resource rents and homicide rates. Multilevel growth models suggest that natural resource rents are positively correlated with homicide rates within countries (level 1) but not between them (level 2). Importantly, the correlation between natural resource rents and homicide is strongest when natural resource rents are lagged. We conclude by suggesting that increasing natural resource rents may be counterproductive over the long run and sow the seeds for a future increase in homicide.
Paul B. Stretesky; Michael A. Long; Michael J. Lynch. A cross-national study of the association between natural resource rents and homicide rates, 2000–12. European Journal of Criminology 2016, 14, 393 -414.
AMA StylePaul B. Stretesky, Michael A. Long, Michael J. Lynch. A cross-national study of the association between natural resource rents and homicide rates, 2000–12. European Journal of Criminology. 2016; 14 (4):393-414.
Chicago/Turabian StylePaul B. Stretesky; Michael A. Long; Michael J. Lynch. 2016. "A cross-national study of the association between natural resource rents and homicide rates, 2000–12." European Journal of Criminology 14, no. 4: 393-414.
Numerous studies observe a decrease in environmental crimes following imposition of fines or penalties potentially due to general and specific deterrent effects. Here we explore whether those deterrent effects appear plausible by estimating the probability of a USEPA criminal case occurring each year between 1983 through 2013. Our analysis shows that there is an extremely low probability of an environmental crime case being prosecuted criminally by USEPA, casting doubt that these criminal cases are sufficiently widespread to generate a deterrent effect. We suggested that alternative theoretical orientations and policy initiatives be employed in studying and responding to environmental infractions.
Michael J. Lynch; Kimberly L. Barrett; Paul Stretesky; Michael Long. The Weak Probability of Punishment for Environmental Offenses and Deterrence of Environmental Offenders: A Discussion Based on USEPA Criminal Cases, 1983–2013. Deviant Behavior 2016, 37, 1095 -1109.
AMA StyleMichael J. Lynch, Kimberly L. Barrett, Paul Stretesky, Michael Long. The Weak Probability of Punishment for Environmental Offenses and Deterrence of Environmental Offenders: A Discussion Based on USEPA Criminal Cases, 1983–2013. Deviant Behavior. 2016; 37 (10):1095-1109.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichael J. Lynch; Kimberly L. Barrett; Paul Stretesky; Michael Long. 2016. "The Weak Probability of Punishment for Environmental Offenses and Deterrence of Environmental Offenders: A Discussion Based on USEPA Criminal Cases, 1983–2013." Deviant Behavior 37, no. 10: 1095-1109.