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Ann C. Wilkie
Soil and Water Sciences Department, University of Florida-IFAS, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA

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Journal article
Published: 11 July 2020 in Science of The Total Environment
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A system dynamics modeling approach was used to assess the potential impact of intentional struvite crystallization recovery on wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) allocation of N and P in effluent and biosolids outputs. Struvite crystallization has been used to recover wastewater N and P and produce valuable fertilizer. However, it is often overlooked whether additional benefits may be realized by diverting N and P from other fates. A system dynamics model was used with operational data from three activated-sludge WWTPs in North Florida. Incorporating struvite crystallization reduced the effluent P load by 37 to 100%, dependent upon the WWTP. This may translate into substantial savings for systems facing severe restrictions in effluent P release outside the plant. Additionally, biosolids P load reductions ranged from 17 to 46%. The model also predicted a 37% average increase in the biosolids N:P ratio. Increasing the N:P ratio may allow for greater biosolids land-application rates where P fertilizer restrictions exist. In comparison, the N load reductions were much less dramatic, i.e. below 10% reduction from the effluent and 14% from the biosolids. Most N inputs into an activated-sludge type WWTP are likely lost through denitrification during wastewater processing and struvite does not appear to be a significant means of recovering N from small WWTPs. However, incorporating struvite recovery into even the simplest WWTPs reduces effluent post-treatment needs and results in a more useful biosolids product.

ACS Style

John F. Hallas; Cheryl L. Mackowiak; Ann C. Wilkie. Mitigating rural WWTP impacts: System dynamics modeling of downstream nutrient outputs. Science of The Total Environment 2020, 744, 140809 .

AMA Style

John F. Hallas, Cheryl L. Mackowiak, Ann C. Wilkie. Mitigating rural WWTP impacts: System dynamics modeling of downstream nutrient outputs. Science of The Total Environment. 2020; 744 ():140809.

Chicago/Turabian Style

John F. Hallas; Cheryl L. Mackowiak; Ann C. Wilkie. 2020. "Mitigating rural WWTP impacts: System dynamics modeling of downstream nutrient outputs." Science of The Total Environment 744, no. : 140809.

Journal article
Published: 09 March 2020 in Agriculture
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Nutrient concentration and availability vary substantially among composts depending on the materials used and the production process. Composts produced from agricultural operations typically utilize animal wastes such as manures, whereas composts produced in urban areas mainly incorporate food and yard waste. Our objective was to assess how different composts affect nutrient availability and cycling, mostly carbon (C) and nitrogen (N). In a laboratory incubation, we compared three composts derived from cow manure (composted dairy manure solids, vermicompost made from those manure solids, and Black KowTM) and two composts derived from food waste (composted food waste from the UF-IFAS Compost Cooperative and EcoscrapsTM). We used two sandy soils from Gainesville, FL: one from an area under perennial grasses and a second heavily-tilled soil lower in organic matter. Incubations were conducted for eight weeks at 24 and 30 °C, i.e., the annual and July mean soil temperature for the area. The composted and vermicomposted cow manure solids had the greatest CO2 emissions relative to the unamended soils. Soil nitrate was highest with composted food waste, whereas all three cow manure-derived composts resulted in lower soil nitrate compared to the unamended soils. This suggests that N was immobilized with cow manure-derived composts, consistent with the high CO2 emissions measured with these amendments. We found similar results for both soils. Our results indicate a greater potential for food-waste compost as a nutrient source than compost derived primarily from cow manure solids, which could be more beneficial to building soil C.

ACS Style

Alicia Kelley; Ann C. Wilkie; Gabriel Maltais-Landry. Food-Based Composts Provide More Soil Fertility Benefits Than Cow Manure-Based Composts in Sandy Soils. Agriculture 2020, 10, 69 .

AMA Style

Alicia Kelley, Ann C. Wilkie, Gabriel Maltais-Landry. Food-Based Composts Provide More Soil Fertility Benefits Than Cow Manure-Based Composts in Sandy Soils. Agriculture. 2020; 10 (3):69.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alicia Kelley; Ann C. Wilkie; Gabriel Maltais-Landry. 2020. "Food-Based Composts Provide More Soil Fertility Benefits Than Cow Manure-Based Composts in Sandy Soils." Agriculture 10, no. 3: 69.

Journal article
Published: 12 February 2019 in Science of The Total Environment
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Improper disposal of arsenic-rich biomass and the lack of efficient methods to treat it may cause contamination in the environment. We developed an efficient method for arsenic (As) removal and biomass reduction of As-rich biomass of the As-hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata by coupling ethanol extraction with anaerobic digestion. This study assessed As partitioning among the three phases (gas, liquid and solid) after anaerobic digestion of P. vittata biomass. Biomass with and without As was first extracted with ethanol. Ethanol extraction removed ~93% As, with remaining As concentration at 197 mg kg−1. The extracted biomass was then digested at 35 °C under anaerobic conditions for 35 d. Arsenic in the digested biomass was reduced by 89%, with remaining As concentration at 60 mg kg−1. In addition, anaerobic digestion reduced the biomass by 64–71% and decreased the volatile solids content from 94 to 15–18%. Methane production was 145 and 160 LNCH4/kgVS after 35 d for As-rich and control biomass, respectively. As a final step, As concentration in anaerobic digestate supernatant was reduced to 0.26 mg L−1 by As-Mg precipitation. Overall, coupling ethanol extraction with anaerobic digestion decreased As concentration in P. vittata biomass from 2665 to 60 mg kg−1, or by 98%. At this level (<100 mg As kg−1), P. vittata biomass can be considered a safe material based on USEPA regulations. Effective As removal from P. vittata biomass prior to disposal improves the phytoremediation process and lowers biomass transport and landfill disposal costs.

ACS Style

Evandro B. da Silva; Wendy A. Mussoline; Ann C. Wilkie; Lena Q. Ma. Arsenic removal and biomass reduction of As-hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata: Coupling ethanol extraction with anaerobic digestion. Science of The Total Environment 2019, 666, 205 -211.

AMA Style

Evandro B. da Silva, Wendy A. Mussoline, Ann C. Wilkie, Lena Q. Ma. Arsenic removal and biomass reduction of As-hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata: Coupling ethanol extraction with anaerobic digestion. Science of The Total Environment. 2019; 666 ():205-211.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Evandro B. da Silva; Wendy A. Mussoline; Ann C. Wilkie; Lena Q. Ma. 2019. "Arsenic removal and biomass reduction of As-hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata: Coupling ethanol extraction with anaerobic digestion." Science of The Total Environment 666, no. : 205-211.

Journal article
Published: 13 January 2019 in Sustainability
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Small, municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) that use aerobic digestion treat approximately 40% of the discharged wastewater in the USA, and yet they are an overlooked source of recoverable P. There are no known reports of small, aerobic WWTPs recovering P through struvite (MgNH4PO4·6H2O) precipitation for repurposing as a mineral fertilizer, even though some large WWTPs with anaerobic digestion are. Four small WWTPs in north Florida, USA, with treatment capacities from 371 to 2650 m3 wastewater d−1 and incoming P loads from 2 to 14 kg d−1 were investigated for their potential to produce struvite from digester filtrates. A chemical equilibrium model was used to predict the feasibility of struvite production and the results compared with actual WWTP filtrate measurements. Filtrates from aerobic digesters were able to form struvite if solution pH was increased by ≤1 pH unit. Depending on the WWTP, P recovery in filtrates through struvite precipitation ranged from 27–57% by mass at pH 8.5, via NaOH additions or air sparging. Increasing filtrate Mg concentrations improved P recovery up to 97%. Based upon these results, small WWTPs using aerobic digestion will be able to lower their P waste output through recovery as struvite fertilizer.

ACS Style

John Hallas; Cheryl Mackowiak; Ann Wilkie; Willie Harris. Struvite Phosphorus Recovery from Aerobically Digested Municipal Wastewater. Sustainability 2019, 11, 376 .

AMA Style

John Hallas, Cheryl Mackowiak, Ann Wilkie, Willie Harris. Struvite Phosphorus Recovery from Aerobically Digested Municipal Wastewater. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (2):376.

Chicago/Turabian Style

John Hallas; Cheryl Mackowiak; Ann Wilkie; Willie Harris. 2019. "Struvite Phosphorus Recovery from Aerobically Digested Municipal Wastewater." Sustainability 11, no. 2: 376.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2016 in Industrial Biotechnology
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Due to their high starch content, industrial sweetpotatoes can serve as feedstocks for the manufacture of biofuels and value-added chemicals, with sugar syrup being a viable intermediate product. The potato remnants are also useful as a potential supplement for animal feed or as feedstocks for anaerobic digestion into biogas. In the present study, CX-1 variant industrial sweetpotatoes were converted into flour and enzymatically saccharified at a concentration of 20% (w/v). The sugar-rich liquid fraction was separated and concentrated through evaporation to a final density of 1.26 g/mL. The process had a yield of 0.85 kg syrup/dry-kg potato. Using the mass and sugar profile of the syrup, an estimated 81% of the total glucose available in the potato starch was extracted into the syrup. The residual solids were also evaluated for methane potential via anaerobic digestion, resulting in 428 LNCH4/kg VS added which correlates to 100% of the theoretical yield on a chemical oxygen demand (COD) basis. The recovered CX-1 glucose syrup residue was lower in fiber and richer in total protein and most of the essential amino acids compared to the original CX-1 feedstock, which makes it an attractive supplementary ingredient for animal feeds. The CX-1 industrial sweetpotato is not only a valuable feedstock for bio-based fuels, but syrup processing and the syrup residuals provide value-added products from this industrial crop.

ACS Style

Parisa Fallahi; Wendy A. Mussoline; Arun Athmanathan; Sabrina Trupia; Ann C. Wilkie. Potential Value-Added Products from Industrial Sweetpotato Syrup Processing. Industrial Biotechnology 2016, 12, 343 -349.

AMA Style

Parisa Fallahi, Wendy A. Mussoline, Arun Athmanathan, Sabrina Trupia, Ann C. Wilkie. Potential Value-Added Products from Industrial Sweetpotato Syrup Processing. Industrial Biotechnology. 2016; 12 (6):343-349.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Parisa Fallahi; Wendy A. Mussoline; Arun Athmanathan; Sabrina Trupia; Ann C. Wilkie. 2016. "Potential Value-Added Products from Industrial Sweetpotato Syrup Processing." Industrial Biotechnology 12, no. 6: 343-349.

Journal article
Published: 11 August 2016 in Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture
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Sustainable agricultural systems must support nutritional requirements, meet energy demands of a growing population, preserve environmental resources, and mitigate climate change. The sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas L.) is a high-yielding crop that requires minimal fertilization and irrigation, and the CX-1 industrial cultivar offers superior potential for feed and fuel. CX-1 had the highest agronomic fresh vine yield (51.5 t ha−1) averaged over two cropping seasons compared with Hernandez (33.7) and Beauregard (21.8) varieties. CX-1 vines were more nutritional than the table varieties, specifically in regards to relative feed value (205), water-soluble carbohydrates (171 g kg−1 DM), total digestible nutrients (643 g kg−1 DM), metabolizable energy (10.2 MJ kg−1 DM), and organic matter digestibility. Their lower fiber and lignin concentrations contributed to their freshness and digestibility throughout maturity. Significantly higher iron concentrations make the CX-1 vines a valuable, low-fat iron supplement for animal feed. The CX-1 roots also showed the highest bioethanol potential (82.3 g ethanol kg−1 fresh root) compared to Hernandez (64.5) and Beauregard (48.1). The CX-1 industrial sweetpotato is an ideal dual-purpose crop for tropical/subtropical climates that can be utilized as a non-grain-based feedstock for bioethanol production while contributing a valuable, high-yielding nutritional supplement for animal feed.

ACS Style

Wendy A. Mussoline; Ann C. Wilkie. Feed and fuel: the dual-purpose advantage of an industrial sweetpotato. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 2016, 97, 1567 -1575.

AMA Style

Wendy A. Mussoline, Ann C. Wilkie. Feed and fuel: the dual-purpose advantage of an industrial sweetpotato. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2016; 97 (5):1567-1575.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wendy A. Mussoline; Ann C. Wilkie. 2016. "Feed and fuel: the dual-purpose advantage of an industrial sweetpotato." Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 97, no. 5: 1567-1575.

Journal article
Published: 27 January 2015 in Sustainability
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School cafeterias are a significant source of food waste and represent an ideal opportunity for diverting food waste from landfills. In this study, cafeteria waste audits were conducted at three Florida schools. Food waste comprised the largest fraction of school cafeteria waste streams, ranging from 47% to 58%, followed by milk, paper products (tissue, milk cartons, pasteboard, paper plates, and cardboard), and plastics (plastic wrap, packaging, and utensils). Metal and glass comprised the smallest fraction of the waste stream. Average total waste generation ranged from 50.5 to 137.6 g·student−1·day−1. The mean generation rates for food waste ranged from 24.7 to 64.9 g·student−1·day−1. The overall average for cafeteria waste generation among all three schools was 102.3 g·student−1·day−1, with food waste alone contributing 52.2 g·student−1·day−1. There are two primary approaches to diverting school food waste from landfills: reduction and recycling. Food waste can be reduced through educating students and staff in order to change behaviors that cause food waste. Food waste can be collected and recycled through composting or anaerobic digestion in order to generate beneficial end products, including soil amendments and bioenergy. Over 75% of the cafeteria waste measured in this study could be recycled in this manner.

ACS Style

Ann C. Wilkie; Ryan E. Graunke; Camilo Cornejo. Food Waste Auditing at Three Florida Schools. Sustainability 2015, 7, 1370 -1387.

AMA Style

Ann C. Wilkie, Ryan E. Graunke, Camilo Cornejo. Food Waste Auditing at Three Florida Schools. Sustainability. 2015; 7 (2):1370-1387.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ann C. Wilkie; Ryan E. Graunke; Camilo Cornejo. 2015. "Food Waste Auditing at Three Florida Schools." Sustainability 7, no. 2: 1370-1387.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2014 in International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation
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ACS Style

Ryan E. Graunke; Ann C. Wilkie. Examining the mechanisms of short-term solubilization of ground food waste for high-rate anaerobic digestion. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 2014, 86, 327 -333.

AMA Style

Ryan E. Graunke, Ann C. Wilkie. Examining the mechanisms of short-term solubilization of ground food waste for high-rate anaerobic digestion. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation. 2014; 86 ():327-333.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ryan E. Graunke; Ann C. Wilkie. 2014. "Examining the mechanisms of short-term solubilization of ground food waste for high-rate anaerobic digestion." International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 86, no. : 327-333.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2013 in Environmental Technology
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There is a pressing need for sustainable renewable fuels that do not negatively impact food and water resources. Algae have great potential for the production of renewable biofuels but require significant water and fertilizer resources for large-scale production. Municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill leachate (LL) was evaluated as a cultivation medium to reduce both water and elemental fertilizer demands of algae cultivation. Daily growth rate and cell yield of two isolated species of algae (Scenedesmus cf. rubescens and Chlorella cf. ellipsoidea) were cultivated in MSW LL and compared with Bold's Basal Medium (BBM). Results suggest that LL can be used as a nutrient resource and medium for the cultivation of algae biomass. S. cf. rubescens grew well in 100% LL, when pH was regulated, with a mean growth rate and cell yield 91.2% and 92.8% of those observed in BBM, respectively. S. cf. rubescens was more adaptable than C. cf. ellipsoidea to the LL tested. The LL used in this study supported a maximum volumetric productivity of 0.55 g/L/day of S. cf. rubescens biomass. The leachate had sufficient nitrogen to supply 17.8 g/L of algae biomass, but was limited by total phosphorus. Cultivation of algae on LL offsets both water and fertilizer consumption, reducing the environmental footprint and increasing the potential sustainability of algae-based biofuels.

ACS Style

Scott J. Edmundson; Ann C. Wilkie. Landfill leachate – a water and nutrient resource for algae-based biofuels. Environmental Technology 2013, 34, 1849 -1857.

AMA Style

Scott J. Edmundson, Ann C. Wilkie. Landfill leachate – a water and nutrient resource for algae-based biofuels. Environmental Technology. 2013; 34 (13-14):1849-1857.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Scott J. Edmundson; Ann C. Wilkie. 2013. "Landfill leachate – a water and nutrient resource for algae-based biofuels." Environmental Technology 34, no. 13-14: 1849-1857.

Journal article
Published: 31 December 2011 in Energy for Sustainable Development
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Photosynthetic algae represent a large and diverse group of organisms that have only a limited history of characterization and exploitation. The application of resource production from algae is relatively untapped, with the potential to produce fuels, food, fibers and nutraceuticals on a large scale. Methods to screen for indigenous species of algae have improved and can allow communities to prospect for algae suited to regional needs. When cultured locally, indigenous algae are adapted to the prevailing regional abiotic and biotic factors. Native algae commonly inhabit local waste resources and pose no risk of becoming noxious invasives. Methods for culturing algae can utilize anthropogenic waste resources including wastewater nutrients and CO2 from fossil fuel combustion. While genetic engineering may have a role in helping future algae production succeed, the majority of algae species have yet to be identified or characterized and the genetic diversity of these unknown species may offer significant but currently unknown benefits for bioresource production. Recalcitrant problems of culture stability, biomass density, harvesting, and product refining may be overcome by exploring native biological material. Selecting indigenous algae with intrinsic characteristics amenable to bioresource production and waste mitigation – phycoprospecting – is the most sustainable path forward for widespread algae-based bioresource development. Our recent efforts in phycoprospecting of local habitats revealed a diversity of algae with significant lipid content.

ACS Style

Ann C. Wilkie; Scott J. Edmundson; James G. Duncan. Indigenous algae for local bioresource production: Phycoprospecting. Energy for Sustainable Development 2011, 15, 365 -371.

AMA Style

Ann C. Wilkie, Scott J. Edmundson, James G. Duncan. Indigenous algae for local bioresource production: Phycoprospecting. Energy for Sustainable Development. 2011; 15 (4):365-371.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ann C. Wilkie; Scott J. Edmundson; James G. Duncan. 2011. "Indigenous algae for local bioresource production: Phycoprospecting." Energy for Sustainable Development 15, no. 4: 365-371.

Journal article
Published: 31 December 2010 in Energy for Sustainable Development
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Energy for Sustainable Development 14 (2010) 256-266. doi:10.1016/j.esd.2010.09.008Received by publisher: 2010-09-27Harvest Date: 2016-01-04 12:23:10DOI: 10.1016/j.esd.2010.09.008Page Range: 256-26

ACS Style

Camilo Cornejo; Ann C. Wilkie. Greenhouse gas emissions and biogas potential from livestock in Ecuador. Energy for Sustainable Development 2010, 14, 256 -266.

AMA Style

Camilo Cornejo, Ann C. Wilkie. Greenhouse gas emissions and biogas potential from livestock in Ecuador. Energy for Sustainable Development. 2010; 14 (4):256-266.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Camilo Cornejo; Ann C. Wilkie. 2010. "Greenhouse gas emissions and biogas potential from livestock in Ecuador." Energy for Sustainable Development 14, no. 4: 256-266.

Journal article
Published: 31 December 2010 in Journal of Environmental Management
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Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata) is one of the world’s most problematic invasive aquatic plants. Although management of hydrilla overgrowth has often been based on use of chemical herbicides, issues such as the emergence of herbicide-resistant hydrilla biotypes and the need for in situ nutrient remediation strategies have together raised interest in the use of harvester machines as an alternative management approach. Using a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach, we calculated a range of net energy and economic benefits associated with hydrilla harvests and the utilization of biomass for biogas and compost production. Base case scenarios that used moderate data assumptions showed net energy benefit ratios (NEBRs) of 1.54 for biogas production and 1.32 for compost production pathways. NEBRs for these respective pathways rose to 2.11 and 2.68 when labor was excluded as a fossil fuel input. Base case biogas and compost production scenarios respectively showed a monetary benefit cost ratio (BCR) of 1.79 and 1.83. Moreover, very high NEBRs (3.94 for biogas; 6.37 for compost) and BCRs (>11 for both biogas and compost) were found for optimistic scenarios in which waterways were assumed to have high hydrilla biomass density, high nutrient content in biomass, and high priority for nutrient remediation. Energy and economic returns were largely decoupled, with biogas and fertilizer providing the bulk of output energy, while nutrient remediation and herbicide avoidance dominated the economic output calculations. Based on these results, we conclude that hydrilla harvest is likely a suitable and cost-effective management program for many nutrient-impaired waters. Additional research is needed to determine how hydrilla harvesting programs may be most effectively implemented in conjunction with fish and wildlife enhancement objectives.

ACS Style

Jason M. Evans; Ann C. Wilkie. Life cycle assessment of nutrient remediation and bioenergy production potential from the harvest of hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata). Journal of Environmental Management 2010, 91, 2626 -2631.

AMA Style

Jason M. Evans, Ann C. Wilkie. Life cycle assessment of nutrient remediation and bioenergy production potential from the harvest of hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata). Journal of Environmental Management. 2010; 91 (12):2626-2631.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jason M. Evans; Ann C. Wilkie. 2010. "Life cycle assessment of nutrient remediation and bioenergy production potential from the harvest of hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata)." Journal of Environmental Management 91, no. 12: 2626-2631.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2010 in Biofuels
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Ann C Wilkie; Jason M Evans. Aquatic plants: an opportunity feedstock in the age of bioenergy. Biofuels 2010, 1, 311 -321.

AMA Style

Ann C Wilkie, Jason M Evans. Aquatic plants: an opportunity feedstock in the age of bioenergy. Biofuels. 2010; 1 (2):311-321.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ann C Wilkie; Jason M Evans. 2010. "Aquatic plants: an opportunity feedstock in the age of bioenergy." Biofuels 1, no. 2: 311-321.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2008 in Sustainability
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ACS Style

Ryan E. Graunke; Ann C. Wilkie. Research and Solutions: AASHE Student Award-Winning Paper: Converting Food Waste to Biogas. Sustainability 2008, 1, 391 -394.

AMA Style

Ryan E. Graunke, Ann C. Wilkie. Research and Solutions: AASHE Student Award-Winning Paper: Converting Food Waste to Biogas. Sustainability. 2008; 1 (6):391-394.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ryan E. Graunke; Ann C. Wilkie. 2008. "Research and Solutions: AASHE Student Award-Winning Paper: Converting Food Waste to Biogas." Sustainability 1, no. 6: 391-394.

Journal article
Published: 18 November 2008 in Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics
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Our recent paper advocating adaptive management of invasive nonnative species (INS) in Kings Bay, Florida received detailed responses from both Daniel Simberloff, a prominent invasion biologist, and Mark Sagoff, a prominent critic of invasion biology. Simberloff offers several significant lines of criticism that compel detailed rebuttals, and, as such, most of this reply is dedicated to this purpose. Ultimately, we find it quite significant that Simberloff, despite his other stated objections to our paper, apparently agrees with our argument that proposals for alternative management of established INS (i.e., alternatives to minimization/eradication) should not be rejected on an a␣priori basis. We argue that more specific development and application of adaptive approaches toward INS management, whether in Kings Bay or other appropriate case studies, would be facilitated if ecosystem managers and invasion biologists follow Simberloff’s lead on this key point. While Sagoff largely shares (and, indeed, served as a primary source for developing) our general arguments that challenge common moral and scientific assumptions associated with invasion biology, he does question our suggestion that participatory adaptive management provides an appropriate framework for approaching environmental problems in which science and politics are inherently entangled. We attempt to answer this criticism through a brief sketch of what participatory adaptive management might look like for Kings Bay and how such an approach would differ from past management approaches.

ACS Style

J. M. Evans; A. C. Wilkie; J. Burkhardt. Beneath the Straw: In Defense of Participatory Adaptive Management. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 2008, 22, 169 -180.

AMA Style

J. M. Evans, A. C. Wilkie, J. Burkhardt. Beneath the Straw: In Defense of Participatory Adaptive Management. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics. 2008; 22 (2):169-180.

Chicago/Turabian Style

J. M. Evans; A. C. Wilkie; J. Burkhardt. 2008. "Beneath the Straw: In Defense of Participatory Adaptive Management." Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 22, no. 2: 169-180.

Journal article
Published: 19 August 2008 in Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics
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This paper develops the outlines of a pragmatic, adaptive management-based approach toward the control of invasive nonnative species (INS) through a case study of Kings Bay/Crystal River, a large artesian springs ecosystem that is one of Florida’s most important habitats for endangered West Indian manatees (Trichechus manatus). Building upon recent critiques of invasion biology, principles of adaptive management, and our own interview and participant–observer research, we argue that this case study represents an example in which rigid application of invasion biology’s a␣priori imperative to minimize INS has produced counterproductive results from both an ecological and social standpoint. As such, we recommend that INS control in Kings Bay should be relaxed in conjunction with an overall program of adaptive ecosystem management that includes meaningful participation and input from non-institutional stakeholders. However, we also note that adaptive management and INS control are by no means mutually exclusive, in Kings Bay or elsewhere. Instead, we suggest that adaptive management offers a means by which INS control efforts can emerge from—and be evaluated through—ongoing scientific research and participatory dialogue about the condition of specific places, rather than non-contextual assumptions about the harmfulness of INS as a general class.

ACS Style

Jason M. Evans; Ann C. Wilkie; Jeffrey Burkhardt. Adaptive Management of Nonnative Species: Moving Beyond the “Either-Or” Through Experimental Pluralism. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 2008, 21, 521 -539.

AMA Style

Jason M. Evans, Ann C. Wilkie, Jeffrey Burkhardt. Adaptive Management of Nonnative Species: Moving Beyond the “Either-Or” Through Experimental Pluralism. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics. 2008; 21 (6):521-539.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jason M. Evans; Ann C. Wilkie; Jeffrey Burkhardt. 2008. "Adaptive Management of Nonnative Species: Moving Beyond the “Either-Or” Through Experimental Pluralism." Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 21, no. 6: 521-539.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2006 in Water Science and Technology
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The adsorption of viruses in untreated flushed dairy manure wastewater (FDMW), anaerobically digested flushed dairy manure wastewater (ADFDMW) and groundwater to sandy soil was investigated. Batch adsorption studies showed differential adsorption of viruses in groundwater to soil. Less than 75% of PRD1 and MS2 added to groundwater adsorbed after 1 h, but greater than 95% of ΦX174 and poliovirus 1 adsorbed to the soil. Adsorption differences in groundwater were related to the isoelectric points of the viruses. Suspending phages in untreated and treated wastewater reduced adsorption compared with groundwater. For MS2, more phages were adsorbed using ADFDMW than with FDMW. Adsorption of poliovirus 1 was not affected by FDMW and ADFDMW. Small column studies (6×2.5 cm) produced a similar trend in that adsorption was observed with groundwater and both FDMW and ADFDMW reduced virus adsorption. Groundwater, FDMW or ADFDMW did not affect the adsorption of poliovirus 1 in column studies. The major difference between FDMW and ADFDMW was in mobilisation of adsorbed viruses. The application of FDMW to soil columns with adsorbed viruses caused significantly more viruses to be mobilised than did the application of rainwater or ADFDMW. These results showed that treating FDMW by anaerobic digestion increased the adsorption of viruses to soil and decreased detachment of adsorbed viruses. As the potential for new zoonotic pathogens becomes known, the treatment of animal wastes may become mandatory. The assessment and management of viruses in manure for addressing possible risk to animal and human health is of interest.

ACS Style

J.A. Davis; S.R. Farrah; A.C. Wilkie. Adsorption of viruses to soil: impact of anaerobic treatment. Water Science and Technology 2006, 54, 161 -167.

AMA Style

J.A. Davis, S.R. Farrah, A.C. Wilkie. Adsorption of viruses to soil: impact of anaerobic treatment. Water Science and Technology. 2006; 54 (3):161-167.

Chicago/Turabian Style

J.A. Davis; S.R. Farrah; A.C. Wilkie. 2006. "Adsorption of viruses to soil: impact of anaerobic treatment." Water Science and Technology 54, no. 3: 161-167.

Evaluation study
Published: 25 April 2006 in Letters in Applied Microbiology
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Aims: To investigate the use of mannitol salt agar (MSA) supplemented with acriflavine for selective growth and quantification of Staphylococcus aureus from flushed dairy manure wastewater (FDMW). Methods and Results: Minimal inhibitory concentrations of acriflavine in MSA were determined by comparing the growth of S. aureus subsp. aureus (ATCC 33591) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 155) in pure culture. Acriflavine concentrations of 1·3, 1·4 and 1·5 mg l−1 reduced CFU of S. epidermidis by 43%, 55% and 87%, respectively, while CFU of S. aureus subsp. aureus were only reduced by 15%, 20% and 26% at the respective concentrations of acriflavine. MSA supplemented with 1·5 mg l−1 acriflavine was tested for selective growth of indigenous S. aureus from three grab samples of FDMW. Acriflavine concentrations of 1·5 mg l−1 reduced background flora without significantly reducing (P < 0·05) indigenous S. aureus counts. Conclusions: Acriflavine‐supplemented MSA provides an effective media for selective growth and quantification of indigenous S. aureus from FDMW in the presence of high levels of background microflora. Significance and Impact of the Study: S. aureus is implicated for mastitis infections in dairy cows. Therefore, a reliable means for monitoring and detecting the organism in FDMW provides a tool for measuring the effectiveness of treatment for reducing S. aureus levels and implementing flushwater recycling without affecting herd health.

ACS Style

J.A. Davis; S.R. Farrah; A.C. Wilkie. Selective growth of Staphylococcus aureus from flushed dairy manure wastewater using acriflavine-supplemented mannitol salt agar. Letters in Applied Microbiology 2006, 42, 606 -611.

AMA Style

J.A. Davis, S.R. Farrah, A.C. Wilkie. Selective growth of Staphylococcus aureus from flushed dairy manure wastewater using acriflavine-supplemented mannitol salt agar. Letters in Applied Microbiology. 2006; 42 (6):606-611.

Chicago/Turabian Style

J.A. Davis; S.R. Farrah; A.C. Wilkie. 2006. "Selective growth of Staphylococcus aureus from flushed dairy manure wastewater using acriflavine-supplemented mannitol salt agar." Letters in Applied Microbiology 42, no. 6: 606-611.