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The era of Industry 4.0 is characterized by the use of new telecommunications ICT technologies and networking of the economy. This results in changes both in the way businesses operate and in customer expectations of products offered on the market. The use of modern ICT technologies has made it possible to create cyber-physical systems based on intelligent machines and devices that communicate with each other in real time and allow the integration of resources from different companies to carry out joint production projects. Today’s consumer expects products tailored to their needs and expectations. These expectations can be met by leveraging the potential of highly specialized manufacturing service companies centered around e-business platforms. The article presents the results of research using bibliometric analysis and the results of surveys conducted among small and medium-sized enterprises. The concept of e-business platforms supporting rapid prototyping of temporary networks of companies capable of manufacturing personalized products in the environment of Industry 4.0 is presented. The task of the platform is to integrate a customer expecting personalized production with a network of companies having adequate production resources.
Sebastian Saniuk; Sandra Grabowska. The Concept of Cyber-Physical Networks of Small and Medium Enterprises under Personalized Manufacturing. Energies 2021, 14, 5273 .
AMA StyleSebastian Saniuk, Sandra Grabowska. The Concept of Cyber-Physical Networks of Small and Medium Enterprises under Personalized Manufacturing. Energies. 2021; 14 (17):5273.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSebastian Saniuk; Sandra Grabowska. 2021. "The Concept of Cyber-Physical Networks of Small and Medium Enterprises under Personalized Manufacturing." Energies 14, no. 17: 5273.
In this chapter, the Business Model 4.0 concept of small- and medium-sized enterprises cooperating within an e-business platform that supports the creation of temporary production networks that guarantee personalized product execution in the Industry 4.0 environment is presented. The considerations presented in this chapter are especially dedicated to the SMEs sector and especially their managers, who are facing changes that are being determined by the Fourth Industrial Revolution and wish to build a business model based on the e-business platform that supports the creation of temporary production networks focused on personalized products execution. The main conclusion is that building business model 4.0 based on a collaborative network gives entrepreneurs the opportunity to create spectacular effects.
Sebastian Saniuk; Sandra Grabowska. Challenges of Business Model Concept of Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprise Cooperation. Industry 4.0 2021, 31 -47.
AMA StyleSebastian Saniuk, Sandra Grabowska. Challenges of Business Model Concept of Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprise Cooperation. Industry 4.0. 2021; ():31-47.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSebastian Saniuk; Sandra Grabowska. 2021. "Challenges of Business Model Concept of Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprise Cooperation." Industry 4.0 , no. : 31-47.
The considerations presented in this chapter show the need to build relationships and cooperation between the consumer and the producer in the process of designing, manufacturing, and evaluating products—especially those that are personalized. This chapter is addressed to the people involved in marketing in various industries. The results of the research show the expectations of customers in Industry 4.0, which will help facilitate the design of products and the creation of all marketing activities. The considerations presented in this chapter show the need to build relationships and cooperation between the consumer and the producer in the process of designing, manufacturing, and evaluating products—especially those that are personalized.
Sandra Grabowska; Sebastian Saniuk. Modern Marketing for Customized Products Under Conditions of Fourth Industrial Revolution. Industry 4.0 2021, 159 -171.
AMA StyleSandra Grabowska, Sebastian Saniuk. Modern Marketing for Customized Products Under Conditions of Fourth Industrial Revolution. Industry 4.0. 2021; ():159-171.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSandra Grabowska; Sebastian Saniuk. 2021. "Modern Marketing for Customized Products Under Conditions of Fourth Industrial Revolution." Industry 4.0 , no. : 159-171.
The epidemic is affecting the global economy, plunging many industries. The global scale of the epidemic and government controls, restrictions and constraints have led to imbalances in world trade and have put many companies under pressure. The epidemic is a test of individual companies’ ability to operate effectively under new conditions, including occupational risk management. The research was conducted using a questionnaire method, the study was attended by 199 respondents. The research is burdened with an error in the selection of statistical sample units, which resulted from the respondents’ involvement and their truthfulness. The research was burdened with an estimation error of 0.07. The research was divided into two parts related to freezing the economy and social life and their defrosting. The aim of the article is to assess the occupational risk management activities that determine the prevention of OSH in an extreme situation, which was the immediate freezing of the economy and social activity in connection with the epidemic and then their gradual unfreezing. The conducted research allowed confirming the accepted hypothesis that the effectiveness of actions protecting the health of employees, and thus the production capacity of enterprises in a crisis situation, is related to the size of the plant, and this may be indirectly related to the system of organization of occupational health and safety services in the country.
Krzysztof Nowacki; Sandra Grabowska; Karolina Łakomy; Wioletta Ocieczek. Occupational Risk Management at Production Plants in Poland during the Covid-19 Epidemic. Management Systems in Production Engineering 2021, 29, 193 -202.
AMA StyleKrzysztof Nowacki, Sandra Grabowska, Karolina Łakomy, Wioletta Ocieczek. Occupational Risk Management at Production Plants in Poland during the Covid-19 Epidemic. Management Systems in Production Engineering. 2021; 29 (3):193-202.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKrzysztof Nowacki; Sandra Grabowska; Karolina Łakomy; Wioletta Ocieczek. 2021. "Occupational Risk Management at Production Plants in Poland during the Covid-19 Epidemic." Management Systems in Production Engineering 29, no. 3: 193-202.
In recent years, there has been dynamic changes in the industrial environment as a result of further innovations called Industry 4.0 (I.4.0), especially in the field of digital technology and manufacturing. Despite numerous examples of the implementation of Industry 4.0 in enterprises, there is no general framework for the implementation of Industry 4.0 with a detailed schedule. Researching the ways of implementing Industry 4.0 is still a current and unexplored area of research. The main aim of the paper is to present the concept of the theoretical framework for Industry 4.0 implementation based on selected schedules of the Industry 4.0 implementation. The paper was based on information from literature review and analysis of pilot enterprise projects to Industry 4.0 (case study) that were conducted in selected enterprises. The paper presents the key components of the framework of Industry 4.0 and the basic stage of implementing the concept in the enterprises, paying attention to their sequence and time frames. The proposed approach is dedicated to researchers and practitioners who implement the concept of Industry 4.0 in enterprises.
Bożena Gajdzik; Sandra Grabowska; Sebastian Saniuk. A Theoretical Framework for Industry 4.0 and Its Implementation with Selected Practical Schedules. Energies 2021, 14, 940 .
AMA StyleBożena Gajdzik, Sandra Grabowska, Sebastian Saniuk. A Theoretical Framework for Industry 4.0 and Its Implementation with Selected Practical Schedules. Energies. 2021; 14 (4):940.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBożena Gajdzik; Sandra Grabowska; Sebastian Saniuk. 2021. "A Theoretical Framework for Industry 4.0 and Its Implementation with Selected Practical Schedules." Energies 14, no. 4: 940.
Sustainability is among the most important directions in global development. The challenge today is to reconcile the fastest possible economic growth and the pursuit of prosperity with concern for the environment. One of the important problems of modern economies and societies is to reduce overall consumption and implement new patterns of sustainable consumption and production. The main aim of this article was to analyze consumer preferences in terms of purchasing personalized production offered by implementing the concept of Industry 4.0 and ensuring sustainable consumption and production (SCP). Based on the analysis of the literature and the results of our own research, an attempt was made to estimate the impact of personalized production offered by the Industry 4.0 concept on SCP and thus the sustainable development of the economy. This article presents the results of a survey conducted on a selected group of consumers, focusing on learning about expectations, consumer preferences for personalized products and conscious consumption, and the results of a survey conducted using the Servqual method, determining the level of customer satisfaction with the purchase of personalized products. The most important achievement was to demonstrate a high level of consumer satisfaction with buying personalized products and the positive impact of personalized production on sustainable consumption. At the same time, the importance of developing the Industry 4.0 concept for supporting sustainable consumption-oriented consumer behavior is emphasized.
Sebastian Saniuk; Sandra Grabowska; Bożena Gajdzik. Personalization of Products in the Industry 4.0 Concept and Its Impact on Achieving a Higher Level of Sustainable Consumption. Energies 2020, 13, 5895 .
AMA StyleSebastian Saniuk, Sandra Grabowska, Bożena Gajdzik. Personalization of Products in the Industry 4.0 Concept and Its Impact on Achieving a Higher Level of Sustainable Consumption. Energies. 2020; 13 (22):5895.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSebastian Saniuk; Sandra Grabowska; Bożena Gajdzik. 2020. "Personalization of Products in the Industry 4.0 Concept and Its Impact on Achieving a Higher Level of Sustainable Consumption." Energies 13, no. 22: 5895.
The main aim of the manuscript is the identification of key research problems in the field of sustainable development, in the era of implementing the Industry 4.0 concept. The manuscript presents results of the bibliometric analysis in the subject: “Sustainable Industry 4.0”. The bibliometric analysis was realized in three segments: Sustainability, Industry 4.0 and Sustainable Industry 4.0. In the analysis, the following databases were used: Web of Science (WoS), Scopus, Google Scholar. The main purpose of the analysis was to outline the dynamics of publications in the categories: citation, author, country, type document, science field, research area. The review of sources carried out in this way allowed us to identify key research areas and confirm the research thesis adopted in the manuscript. The research thesis: Sustainable Industry 4.0 allows the integration of the Industry 4.0 concept with sustainable development goals. The article is dedicated especially to scientists looking for still unsolved research problems in the implementation of sustainable Industry 4.0. Furthermore, the manuscript could be an inspiration for scientists, stakeholders, practitioners and governments to complete today’s knowledge about the problems of sustainability in Industry 4.0.
Bożena Gajdzik; Sandra Grabowska; Sebastian Saniuk; Tadeusz Wieczorek. Sustainable Development and Industry 4.0: A Bibliometric Analysis Identifying Key Scientific Problems of the Sustainable Industry 4.0. Energies 2020, 13, 4254 .
AMA StyleBożena Gajdzik, Sandra Grabowska, Sebastian Saniuk, Tadeusz Wieczorek. Sustainable Development and Industry 4.0: A Bibliometric Analysis Identifying Key Scientific Problems of the Sustainable Industry 4.0. Energies. 2020; 13 (16):4254.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBożena Gajdzik; Sandra Grabowska; Sebastian Saniuk; Tadeusz Wieczorek. 2020. "Sustainable Development and Industry 4.0: A Bibliometric Analysis Identifying Key Scientific Problems of the Sustainable Industry 4.0." Energies 13, no. 16: 4254.
The epidemic is affecting the global economy, plunging many industries. The global extent of the epidemic and government controls, restrictions and constraints have led to imbalances in world trade and have put many companies under pressure. The epidemic is a test of individual companies' ability to operate effectively in the new environment. It is up to managers to mitigate its impact on business. The aim of the article is to identify the activities of employers in Poland related to the protection of workers with the developing epidemic COVID-19. A survey was carried out among the employees of OHS services employed in enterprises in Poland. The research was conducted in three stages at two-week intervals. The obtained results were subjected to statistical analyses. In the analysed three periods a total of 588 answers were obtained, which allowed to formulate conclusions. The research showed that in connection with the COVID-19 epidemic, about 30% of the plants updated their occupational risk assessment, about 40% updated their safety instructions, about 90% of the plants equipped their employees with additional personal protective equipment. The COVID-19 outbreak in Poland resulted in taking additional actions by employers to protect workers. Systematicity (methodicality) of these activities depended mainly on the seniority of the OHS service. As a border internship indicating a different approach to an emergency situation related to the epidemic, 7 years were set.
Krzysztof Nowacki; Sandra Grabowska; Karolina Łakomy. Activities of employers and OHS services during the developing COVID-19 epidemic in Poland. Safety Science 2020, 131, 104935 -104935.
AMA StyleKrzysztof Nowacki, Sandra Grabowska, Karolina Łakomy. Activities of employers and OHS services during the developing COVID-19 epidemic in Poland. Safety Science. 2020; 131 ():104935-104935.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKrzysztof Nowacki; Sandra Grabowska; Karolina Łakomy. 2020. "Activities of employers and OHS services during the developing COVID-19 epidemic in Poland." Safety Science 131, no. : 104935-104935.
The steel sector is crucial for the national economy of Poland and the global economy. In response to the challenges of the global steel market and the need to increase the sector’s competitiveness, a number of actions have been taken to increase the energy efficiency of steel production. Based on the synthesis of the literature and our own research, we describe the issues related to energy efficiency and the Industry 4.0 concept. The main aim of this paper is to identify energy efficiency trends in enterprises, especially those that focus on increasing the energy efficiency of production processes, and to make recommendations for investment policy for the Polish steel sector in the era of Industry 4.0. To achieve our goals and answer the research question, we used data from 2000–2019 for the Polish steel industry. The calculations and models in this paper were made by using Gretl software. Using direct research, an econometric model was built that verified the hypothesis regarding the relationship between investment in new technologies and the energy efficiency of steel production. Future investment policies should take the implementation of Industry 4.0 tools in the steel sector into account, which, according to the authors, will measurably improve energy efficiency.
Radosław Wolniak; Sebastian Saniuk; Sandra Grabowska; Bożena Gajdzik. Identification of Energy Efficiency Trends in the Context of the Development of Industry 4.0 Using the Polish Steel Sector as an Example. Energies 2020, 13, 2867 .
AMA StyleRadosław Wolniak, Sebastian Saniuk, Sandra Grabowska, Bożena Gajdzik. Identification of Energy Efficiency Trends in the Context of the Development of Industry 4.0 Using the Polish Steel Sector as an Example. Energies. 2020; 13 (11):2867.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRadosław Wolniak; Sebastian Saniuk; Sandra Grabowska; Bożena Gajdzik. 2020. "Identification of Energy Efficiency Trends in the Context of the Development of Industry 4.0 Using the Polish Steel Sector as an Example." Energies 13, no. 11: 2867.
Summary After three industrial revolutions, the fourth comes, which transfers production to sophisticated networks of companies equipped with intelligent devices, machines, means of transport, communicating with each other using modern technologies. It creates new challenges for industrial enterprises, it requires redefining existing business models. The development of the concept of Industry 4.0 forces modern enterprises to quickly and flexibly adapt to the changing conditions of the technological environment. This is reflected in the changes taking place in the area of social and technical architecture of business models. Industry 4.0 contributes to creating a new kind of interaction between people and machines. These interactions significantly affect the way work is done and the resource allocation in the social and technical architecture of business models. The aim of the article is to identyfy the changes taking place in the area of social architecture of the business model in the era of Industry 4.0.
Sandra Grabowska. Changes in the social architecture of business model in the perspective of the Industry 4.0 concept. Management 2020, 24, 130 -142.
AMA StyleSandra Grabowska. Changes in the social architecture of business model in the perspective of the Industry 4.0 concept. Management. 2020; 24 (1):130-142.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSandra Grabowska. 2020. "Changes in the social architecture of business model in the perspective of the Industry 4.0 concept." Management 24, no. 1: 130-142.
Over the last few years, the Industry 4.0 concept (called the Fourth Industrial Revolution) has attracted attention among both academics and practitioners. Industry 4.0 is a very broad domain including production processes, efficiency, data management, relationship with consumers, competitiveness, and much more. Therefore, the aim of the paper is to present new factory archetypes. The manuscript uses a synthesis of literature (scientific studies and industrial reports). Based on the results obtained, the archetypes of factories of Industry 4.0 are described. The presented manuscript contributes to the development of literature on the concept of Industry 4.0. The results obtained from the analysis of the literature not only summarize the existing knowledge about Smart Factories, but also indicate the directions of potential research.
Sandra Grabowska. Smart Factories in the Age of Industry 4.0. Management Systems in Production Engineering 2020, 28, 90 -96.
AMA StyleSandra Grabowska. Smart Factories in the Age of Industry 4.0. Management Systems in Production Engineering. 2020; 28 (2):90-96.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSandra Grabowska. 2020. "Smart Factories in the Age of Industry 4.0." Management Systems in Production Engineering 28, no. 2: 90-96.
There are more and more talks in the community of scientists and business practitioners about new challenges for industry in connection with the fourth industrial revolution. Industry 4.0 is the result of the development of cyber-physical generation systems as part of the fourth industrial revolution. Industry 4.0 sets new areas of change in the sphere of production and management but also exerts an impact on various aspects of society’s life. It is a transformational challenge for enterprises of the present age. Industry 4.0 is present in economic studies at the macroeconomic level and business at the microeconomic level. Scientists discuss the essence of change, and specialized research centers and consulting companies carry out research on various aspects of this industrial revolution. The article presents the range of expectations and changes in society towards the development of the concept of Industry 4.0. The work was based on a literature study and direct research in the field of social change in the Industry 4.0 era. The aim of the article is to identify social expectations of development changes related to the implementation of the Industry 4.0 concept. The article devotes a lot of attention to customization because it is one of the keys of Industry 4.0, leading to a change of the paradigm from mass production to personalized production. This simple change will affect customers, producers, and employees. Based on the synthesis of literature and secondary research, authors identify opportunities and threats to the broadly understood society functioning in the Industry 4.0 environment. Social conditions were analyzed from the point of view of the consumer, producer, and employee. In the cited direct studies, the basic area of analysis was product personalization and pre-recognition of the opinions of potential consumers about customization in Industry 4.0. The limitation of the research area to the consumer segment resulted from the importance of product personalization in Industry 4.0 and its impact on producer behavior and effects for employees.
Sebastian Saniuk; Sandra Grabowska; Bożena Gajdzik. Social Expectations and Market Changes in the Context of Developing the Industry 4.0 Concept. Sustainability 2020, 12, 1362 .
AMA StyleSebastian Saniuk, Sandra Grabowska, Bożena Gajdzik. Social Expectations and Market Changes in the Context of Developing the Industry 4.0 Concept. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (4):1362.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSebastian Saniuk; Sandra Grabowska; Bożena Gajdzik. 2020. "Social Expectations and Market Changes in the Context of Developing the Industry 4.0 Concept." Sustainability 12, no. 4: 1362.
Industry 4.0 is the result of the development of cyber-physical generation systems as a part of the fourth industrial revolution. Industry 4.0 sets new areas for change in the sphere of production and management but also influences various aspects of society. Industry 4.0 is focused on continuous improvement of production processes. This is a turnaround in the production control methodology, as the growing expectations of customers in the modern market cause, along with the increase in production efficiency, customisation of the product. In this trend, the customer decides about the product, personalising it as much as possible and in the best possible way. These are new challenges in the field of inventory management. The article aims to present a method of calculating the optimal amount of the cost of a rotating stock in a production enterprise with an unevenly distributed demand, which is the case with personalised orders.
Sandra Grabowska. Personalisation of production in the era of Industry 4.0 as a challenge for inventory management in small and medium-sized production enterprises. Operations Research and Decisions 2020, 30, 1 .
AMA StyleSandra Grabowska. Personalisation of production in the era of Industry 4.0 as a challenge for inventory management in small and medium-sized production enterprises. Operations Research and Decisions. 2020; 30 (2):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSandra Grabowska. 2020. "Personalisation of production in the era of Industry 4.0 as a challenge for inventory management in small and medium-sized production enterprises." Operations Research and Decisions 30, no. 2: 1.
Development of the concept Industry 4.0, dictated by the need to reverse the downward trend in industrial production of European enterprises, forces modern enterprises to adapt quickly and flexibly. These adaptations affect demand conditions, production costs, and the search for new business solutions. The dynamic development of industrial digitization and telecommunications technologies allows for better integration of processes, machines, employees and individual products within the framework of intelligent network structures. Industry 4.0 facilitates data collection and analysis, evaluation of productivity and continuous improvement of processes. The development of the Industry 4.0 concept was needed to develop new competitive business models. These business models need to be based on cooperation and better use of the available resources. As a result, enterprises could achieve a competitive advantage through the personalization of products and low production costs. This fourth industrial revolution affects the operational activity of enterprises and results in new strategic thinking. The basis of new business models modified value chains within the network of cooperating enterprises. Supply chains equipped with the latest cyber–physical solutions ensure fast reorganization of logistics processes and a very flexible adaptation of commercialization. These new forms of supply chains offer the most personalized customer expectations. With the development of the Industry 4.0 concept, questions arise: what new forms will business models adopt? What will the cooperation of enterprises that are inherently competitors be? What tools will be able to support network cooperation of enterprises? The aim of this study is to identify the challenges related to the adaptation of business models. The Industry 4.0 concept, includes issues such as reconfiguration of value chains, customization and sharing resources in the network of companies operating under flexible supply chains.
Sandra Grabowska; Bożena Gajdzik; Sebastian Saniuk. The Role and Impact of Industry 4.0 on Business Models. Happy City - How to Plan and Create the Best Livable Area for the People 2019, 31 -49.
AMA StyleSandra Grabowska, Bożena Gajdzik, Sebastian Saniuk. The Role and Impact of Industry 4.0 on Business Models. Happy City - How to Plan and Create the Best Livable Area for the People. 2019; ():31-49.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSandra Grabowska; Bożena Gajdzik; Sebastian Saniuk. 2019. "The Role and Impact of Industry 4.0 on Business Models." Happy City - How to Plan and Create the Best Livable Area for the People , no. : 31-49.
Dynamically changing conditions of business activity, rapid development of new technologies, increasing intensity of competition, progressing globalisation pose for entrepreneurs new, much more difficult principles than before, especially due to the increase of intensity and complexity of the environment. It is reflected in the necessity of continuous improvement of processes and their quick reorganisation. The aim of the article is to present research conducted in metallurgical enterprise. In the article individual stages of heat treatment process, taking into consideration complications, errors and quality defects of the product arising at the stage of manufacturing the product were described. In order to minimize resulting defects, quality improvement system was implemented, using, among others Ishikawa diagram. In view of the fact that the world stands on the threshold of next industrial revolution, directions of improvement of heat treatment process in the context of Industry 4.0 were indicated.
Sandra Grabowska. Improvement of the Production Process in the Industry 4.0 Context. Multidisciplinary Aspects of Production Engineering 2018, 1, 55 -62.
AMA StyleSandra Grabowska. Improvement of the Production Process in the Industry 4.0 Context. Multidisciplinary Aspects of Production Engineering. 2018; 1 (1):55-62.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSandra Grabowska. 2018. "Improvement of the Production Process in the Industry 4.0 Context." Multidisciplinary Aspects of Production Engineering 1, no. 1: 55-62.
Sandra Grabowska; Wydział Inżynierii Materiałowej i Metalurgii Politechnika Śląska. E-learning at the Silesian University from perspective of the course and e-teacher. Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization and Management Series 2018, 2018, 253 -261.
AMA StyleSandra Grabowska, Wydział Inżynierii Materiałowej i Metalurgii Politechnika Śląska. E-learning at the Silesian University from perspective of the course and e-teacher. Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization and Management Series. 2018; 2018 (132):253-261.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSandra Grabowska; Wydział Inżynierii Materiałowej i Metalurgii Politechnika Śląska. 2018. "E-learning at the Silesian University from perspective of the course and e-teacher." Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization and Management Series 2018, no. 132: 253-261.
Sandra Grabowska; Wydział Inżynierii Materiałowej i Metalurgii Politechnika Śląska. E-learning as a desired form of education in the area of Industry 4.0. Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization and Management Series 2018, 2018, 171 -180.
AMA StyleSandra Grabowska, Wydział Inżynierii Materiałowej i Metalurgii Politechnika Śląska. E-learning as a desired form of education in the area of Industry 4.0. Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization and Management Series. 2018; 2018 (118):171-180.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSandra Grabowska; Wydział Inżynierii Materiałowej i Metalurgii Politechnika Śląska. 2018. "E-learning as a desired form of education in the area of Industry 4.0." Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization and Management Series 2018, no. 118: 171-180.
Sandra Grabowska. Key performance indicators – case study. Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization and Management Series 2017, 2017, 105 -111.
AMA StyleSandra Grabowska. Key performance indicators – case study. Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization and Management Series. 2017; 2017 (108):105-111.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSandra Grabowska. 2017. "Key performance indicators – case study." Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization and Management Series 2017, no. 108: 105-111.
Sandra Grabowska. Balanced Scorecard as instrument performance measurement of competitiveness and efficiency of business processes. Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization and Management Series 2017, 2017, 145 -153.
AMA StyleSandra Grabowska. Balanced Scorecard as instrument performance measurement of competitiveness and efficiency of business processes. Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization and Management Series. 2017; 2017 (100):145-153.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSandra Grabowska. 2017. "Balanced Scorecard as instrument performance measurement of competitiveness and efficiency of business processes." Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization and Management Series 2017, no. 100: 145-153.
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Sandra Grabowska. Reengineering business processes in manufacturing company. HUTNIK - WIADOMOŚCI HUTNICZE 2015, 1, 33 -36.
AMA StyleSandra Grabowska. Reengineering business processes in manufacturing company. HUTNIK - WIADOMOŚCI HUTNICZE. 2015; 1 (6):33-36.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSandra Grabowska. 2015. "Reengineering business processes in manufacturing company." HUTNIK - WIADOMOŚCI HUTNICZE 1, no. 6: 33-36.