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Bo Zhu
Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China

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Journal article
Published: 26 August 2021 in Atmosphere
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Agriculture’s goal to meet the needs of the increasing world population while reducing the environmental impacts of nitrogen (N) fertilizer use without compromising output has proven to be a challenge. Manure and composts have displayed the potential to increase soil fertility. However, their potential effects on nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) emissions have not been properly understood. Using field-scaled lysimeter experiments, we conducted a one-year study to investigate N2O and CH4 emissions, their combined global warming potential (GWP: N2O + CH4) and yield-scaled GWP in a wheat-maize system. One control and six different organic fertilizer treatments receiving different types but equal amounts of N fertilization were used: synthetic N fertilizer (NPK), 30% pig manure + 70% synthetic N fertilizer (PM30), 50% pig manure + 50% synthetic N fertilizer (PM50), 70% pig manure + 30% synthetic N fertilizer (PM70), 100% pig manure (PM100), 50% cow manure-crop residue compost + 50% synthetic N fertilizer (CMRC), and 50% pig manure-crop residue compost + 50% synthetic N fertilizer (PMRC). Seasonal cumulative N2O emissions ranged from 0.39 kg N ha−1 for the PMRC treatment to 0.93 kg N ha−1 for the NPK treatment. Similar CH4 uptakes were recorded across all treatments, with values ranging from −0.68 kg C ha−1 for the PM50 treatment to −0.52 kg C ha−1 for the PM30 treatment. Compared to the NPK treatment, all the organic-amended treatments significantly decreased N2O emission by 32–58% and GWP by 30–61%. However, among the manure-amended treatments, only treatments that consisted of inorganic N with lower or equal proportions of organic manure N treatments were found to reduce N2O emissions while maintaining crop yields at high levels. Moreover, of all the organic-amended treatments, PMRC had the lowest yield-scaled GWP, owing to its ability to significantly reduce N2O emissions while maintaining high crop yields, highlighting it as the most suitable organic fertilization treatment in Sichuan basin wheat-maize systems.

ACS Style

Dayo George Oladipo; Kai Wei; Lei Hu; Ayodeji Medaiyese; Hamidou Bah; Lanre Anthony Gbadegesin; Bo Zhu. Short-Term Assessment of Nitrous Oxide and Methane Emissions on a Crop Yield Basis in Response to Different Organic Amendment Types in Sichuan Basin. Atmosphere 2021, 12, 1104 .

AMA Style

Dayo George Oladipo, Kai Wei, Lei Hu, Ayodeji Medaiyese, Hamidou Bah, Lanre Anthony Gbadegesin, Bo Zhu. Short-Term Assessment of Nitrous Oxide and Methane Emissions on a Crop Yield Basis in Response to Different Organic Amendment Types in Sichuan Basin. Atmosphere. 2021; 12 (9):1104.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dayo George Oladipo; Kai Wei; Lei Hu; Ayodeji Medaiyese; Hamidou Bah; Lanre Anthony Gbadegesin; Bo Zhu. 2021. "Short-Term Assessment of Nitrous Oxide and Methane Emissions on a Crop Yield Basis in Response to Different Organic Amendment Types in Sichuan Basin." Atmosphere 12, no. 9: 1104.

Journal article
Published: 07 June 2021 in Atmosphere
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Adoption of crop residue amendments has been increasingly recommended as an effective management practice for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions while enhancing soil fertility, thereby increasing crop production. However, the effect of biochar and straw on nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) emissions in soils of differing pH remains poorly understood. Three treatments (control (i.e., no amendment), maize straw, and biochar derived from maize straw) were therefore established separately in soils with different pH levels, classified as follows: acidic, neutral, and alkaline. N2O and CH4 were investigated using a static chamber–gas chromatography system during 57 days of a mesocosm study. The results showed that cumulative N2O emissions were significantly higher in acidic soils than in other experimental soils, with the values ranging from 7.48 to 11.3 kg N ha−1, while CH4 fluxes ranged from 0.060 to 0.089 kg C ha−1, with inconclusive results. However, a weak negative correlation was observed between log N2O and log NO3-N in acidic soil with either biochar or straw, while the same parameters with CH4 showed a moderate negative correlation, suggesting a likelihood that these amendments could mitigate GHGs as a result of the NO3-N increase in acidic soils. It is also possible, given the alkaline nature of the biochar, that incorporation had a significant buffer effect on soil acidity, effectively increasing soil pH by >0.5 pH units. Our findings suggest that for the rates of application for biochar and straw used in this study, the magnitude of reductions in the emissions of N2O and CH4 are dependent in part on initial soil pH.

ACS Style

Tite Ntacyabukura; Ernest Uwiringiyimana; Minghua Zhou; Bowen Zhang; Bo Zhu; Barthelemy Harerimana; Jean Nambajimana; Gratien Nsabimana; Pascal Nsengumuremyi. Effect of Biochar and Straw Application on Nitrous Oxide and Methane Emissions from Eutric Regosols with Different pH in Sichuan Basin: A Mesocosm Study. Atmosphere 2021, 12, 729 .

AMA Style

Tite Ntacyabukura, Ernest Uwiringiyimana, Minghua Zhou, Bowen Zhang, Bo Zhu, Barthelemy Harerimana, Jean Nambajimana, Gratien Nsabimana, Pascal Nsengumuremyi. Effect of Biochar and Straw Application on Nitrous Oxide and Methane Emissions from Eutric Regosols with Different pH in Sichuan Basin: A Mesocosm Study. Atmosphere. 2021; 12 (6):729.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tite Ntacyabukura; Ernest Uwiringiyimana; Minghua Zhou; Bowen Zhang; Bo Zhu; Barthelemy Harerimana; Jean Nambajimana; Gratien Nsabimana; Pascal Nsengumuremyi. 2021. "Effect of Biochar and Straw Application on Nitrous Oxide and Methane Emissions from Eutric Regosols with Different pH in Sichuan Basin: A Mesocosm Study." Atmosphere 12, no. 6: 729.

Original article
Published: 26 April 2021 in Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems
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Dissolved unreactive phosphorus (DUP) loss can increase the risk of water organic and inorganic compound pollution. Because DUP loss under different fertilizers has not been evaluated, selecting a fertilizer that decreases losses but maintains yields remains challenging. Therefore, we compared DUP losses via overland flow, leaching, and sediment in lysimeter plots (8 m × 4 m × 0.6 m) with mineral and organic fertilizers for two years. The six treatments, with three replicates, included no fertilizer (CK), mineral fertilizer (NPK), pig manure only (OM), pig manure combined with NPK (OMNPK), crop straw only (RSD), and crop straw combined with NPK (RSDNPK). The results showed that leaching accounted for 54–89% and was the major route for DUP loss. Compared with NPK (0.074 kg ha−1 year−1), in the OM and OMNPK, the annual DUP losses via leaching were substantially increased by 11.1% and 8.6%, respectively, whereas they were decreased by 13.2% and 6.2% in the RSD and RSDNPK treatments, respectively. There was a significant positive linear relationship between the soil P surplus and the annual total DUP loss loading (r = 0.80, p = 0.05). Compared with the NPK (43.44 kg ha−1 year−1), the values of the soil P surplus under the RSD and RSDNPK treatments were greatly reduced by 122.6% and 14.5%, thereby decreasing the annual total DUP loss by 34.5% and 26.4%, respectively. In conclusion, pig manure application can increase DUP leaching risk, whereas the combination of mineral fertilizers and crop straw residues can decrease the DUP loss without compromising the crop yield.

ACS Style

Keke Hua; Bo Zhu; Congcong Li. Pathways of dissolved unreactive phosphorus loss under long-term crop straw and manure application. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 2021, 1 -15.

AMA Style

Keke Hua, Bo Zhu, Congcong Li. Pathways of dissolved unreactive phosphorus loss under long-term crop straw and manure application. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems. 2021; ():1-15.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Keke Hua; Bo Zhu; Congcong Li. 2021. "Pathways of dissolved unreactive phosphorus loss under long-term crop straw and manure application." Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems , no. : 1-15.

Journal article
Published: 23 April 2021 in Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
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Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) could improve crop yield by nutrient uptake from soil. However, how AMF of topsoil and subsoil respond to long-term differential application of mineral and organic fertilizers and how they are influenced in presence of different crops and growth stages have never been assessed together. Next generation sequencing was applied to profile soil AMF communities in both topsoil and subsoil from a typical arable soil (Eutric Regosol) in the Sichuan Base, southwest China. Soils were collected at anthesis and harvest of winter wheat and maize after 15-years of differential fertilization of an annual maize-wheat rotation (same inputs of nitrogen, N; but different in carbon, C; phosphorus, P; and potassium, K): (i) no-fertilization control (CT), (ii) 100% mineral NPK fertilizer (NPK), (iii) 60% mineral N and 100% mineral PK plus 40% N as crop residues (NPKCR); and (iv) 60% mineral N and 100% mineral PK plus 40% N as pig (organic) manure (NPKOM). Compared to CT, AMF diversity significantly decreased in topsoil, but increased in subsoil for both wheat and maize under NPK, NPKCR and NPKOM. The AMF community composition differed between NPK and CT in both topsoil and subsoil of maize and wheat. Both distance-based redundancy analysis (db-RDA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) suggested that AMF communities in topsoil and subsoil of maize and wheat responded in differences in soil available P, soil organic carbon, fertilization and climate (temperature and/or rainfall). Fertilization and available N, not AMF community, had significantly positive effects on wheat and maize aboveground dry matter and grain yield. Results from the present study shed light on how AMF communities in topsoil and subsoil respond to different soil fertility management over the long-term. Insights of this study are valuable in managing an important part of biological soil fertility.

ACS Style

Xie Luo; Songmei Shi; Yining Liu; Hongjun Yang; Nannan Li; Zhixin Dong; Bo Zhu; Xinhua He. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities of topsoil and subsoil of an annual maize-wheat rotation after 15-years of differential mineral and organic fertilization. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 2021, 315, 107442 .

AMA Style

Xie Luo, Songmei Shi, Yining Liu, Hongjun Yang, Nannan Li, Zhixin Dong, Bo Zhu, Xinhua He. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities of topsoil and subsoil of an annual maize-wheat rotation after 15-years of differential mineral and organic fertilization. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 2021; 315 ():107442.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xie Luo; Songmei Shi; Yining Liu; Hongjun Yang; Nannan Li; Zhixin Dong; Bo Zhu; Xinhua He. 2021. "Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities of topsoil and subsoil of an annual maize-wheat rotation after 15-years of differential mineral and organic fertilization." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 315, no. : 107442.

Original article
Published: 20 February 2021 in Journal of Mountain Science
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Quantification of greenhouse gases [nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4)] and nitric oxide (NO) emissions from subtropical conventional vegetable systems through multi-site field measurements are needed to obtain accurate regional and global estimates. N2O, NO and CH4 emissions from subtropical conventional vegetable systems were simultaneously measured at two different sites with hilly topography in the Sichuan basin, southwest China by using the static chamber gas chromatography technique. Results showed that annual soil N2O and NO fluxes for the treatment receiving N fertilizer ranged from 6.34–7.71 kg N ha−1 yr−1 and 0.69–0.85 kg N ha−1 yr−1, respectively, while decreased soil CH4 uptakes by 26.4% as compared with no N fertilizer addition across our two sites of experiment. Overall, the average direct N2O and NO emission factor (EFd) were 0.71% and 0.12%, respectively, which were both lower than the available EFd for subtropical conventional vegetable systems. This finding indicates that current regional and global estimates of N2O and NO emissions from vegetable fields are likely overestimated. Background N2O emissions (3.42–3.62 kg N ha−1 yr−1) from the subtropical conventional vegetable systems were relatively high as compared with available field measurements worldwide, suggesting that background N2O emissions cannot be ignored for regional estimate of N2O emissions in subtropical region. Nevertheless, the significantly intra- and inter-annual variations in N2O, CH4 and NO emissions were also observed in the present study, which could be explained by temporal variations of environmental variables (i.e. soil temperature and moisture). The differences in N2O and NO EFd and CH4 emissions between various vegetable systems in particular under subtropical conditions should be taken into account when compiling regional or global inventories and proposing mitigation practices.

ACS Style

Bo-Wen Zhang; Ming-Hua Zhou; Bo Zhu. Simultaneous quantification of greenhouse gas and nitric oxide emissions from subtropical conventional vegetable systems: a 2-site field case study in Sichuan Basin. Journal of Mountain Science 2021, 18, 671 -682.

AMA Style

Bo-Wen Zhang, Ming-Hua Zhou, Bo Zhu. Simultaneous quantification of greenhouse gas and nitric oxide emissions from subtropical conventional vegetable systems: a 2-site field case study in Sichuan Basin. Journal of Mountain Science. 2021; 18 (3):671-682.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bo-Wen Zhang; Ming-Hua Zhou; Bo Zhu. 2021. "Simultaneous quantification of greenhouse gas and nitric oxide emissions from subtropical conventional vegetable systems: a 2-site field case study in Sichuan Basin." Journal of Mountain Science 18, no. 3: 671-682.

Journal article
Published: 10 February 2021 in Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
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Shallow soils are widely distributed in mountainous and hilly areas due to severe soil erosion. However, the impacts of soil thickness on soil productivity, water and nutrient retention in shallow cropland soils have not been well documented. This study was conducted to investigate how soil thickness affects soil productivity and nitrate leaching from sloping croplands in the upper Yangtze River Basin, China. Free-drained lysimeters on sloping cropland with soil thicknesses of 20 (ST1), 40 (ST2), 60 (ST3), 80 (ST4) and 100 (ST5) cm were used to monitor soil moisture, surface runoff and nitrate leaching. The results showed that total crop yields during an entire winter wheat-summer maize rotation year (October 2017-September 2018) for ST1 to ST5 were 2.38 ± 0.07, 3.22 ± 0.01, 6.43 ± 0.61, 8.21 ± 0.56 and 8.58 ± 0.29 Mg ha−1, respectively. The annual cumulative total nitrogen (N) loss loadings via surface runoff and leaching for ST1 to ST5 were 21.09 ± 1.54, 13.08 ± 0.79, 5.61 ± 0.36, 3.49 ± 0.27 and 1.96 ± 0.22 kg N ha−1, respectively. The annual cumulative nitrate leaching loadings for ST1 to ST5 were 18.41 ± 1.07, 11.27 ± 0.56, 4.93 ± 0.45, 3.05 ± 0.32 and 1.66 ± 0.12 kg N ha−1, respectively, which accounted for more than 84 % of the cumulative total N loss through hydrological processes. This finding indicates that leaching dominates the hydrological N loss in sloping cropland. Moreover, significant differences were observed in yield-scaled nitrate leaching losses among ST1 (7.74 ± 0.62), ST2 (3.49 ± 0.18) and ST3 (0.78 ± 0.13 kg N Mg−1) (P < 0.05), while no significant differences were found among ST3 (0.78±0.13), ST4 (0.37±0.02) and ST5 (0.19±0.01 kg N Mg−1). This finding implies that if the soil thickness is greater than 60 cm, then it may be possible to maintain crop yields and mitigate nitrate leaching losses on sloping croplands. Therefore, a soil thickness of 60 cm is recommended as a threshold soil layer for basic water and nutrient retention as well as land reclamation and restoration of degraded cropland suffering from severe soil erosion. Soil thickness is a critical index for evaluating soil functions for water and nutrient retention, crop productivity improvement and agricultural non-point source pollution control.

ACS Style

Qianying Xiao; Zhixin Dong; Yang Han; Lei Hu; Dongni Hu; Bo Zhu. Impact of soil thickness on productivity and nitrate leaching from sloping cropland in the upper Yangtze River Basin. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 2021, 311, 107266 .

AMA Style

Qianying Xiao, Zhixin Dong, Yang Han, Lei Hu, Dongni Hu, Bo Zhu. Impact of soil thickness on productivity and nitrate leaching from sloping cropland in the upper Yangtze River Basin. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 2021; 311 ():107266.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qianying Xiao; Zhixin Dong; Yang Han; Lei Hu; Dongni Hu; Bo Zhu. 2021. "Impact of soil thickness on productivity and nitrate leaching from sloping cropland in the upper Yangtze River Basin." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 311, no. : 107266.

Journal article
Published: 08 January 2021 in Scientific Reports
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Soil gross nitrogen (N) transformations could be influenced by land use change, however, the differences in inherent N transformations between different land use soils are still not well understood under subtropical conditions. In this study, an 15N tracing experiment was applied to determine the influence of land uses on gross N transformations in Regosols, widely distributed soils in Southwest China. Soil samples were taken from the dominant land use types of forestland and cropland. In the cropland soils, the gross autotrophic nitrification rates (mean 14.54 ± 1.66 mg N kg−1 day−1) were significantly higher, while the gross NH4+ immobilization rates (mean 0.34 ± 0.10 mg N kg−1 day−1) were significantly lower than those in the forestland soils (mean 1.99 ± 0.56 and 6.67 ± 0.74 mg N kg−1 day−1, respectively). The gross NO3− immobilization and dissimilatory NO3− reduction to NH4+ (DNRA) rates were not significantly different between the forestland and cropland soils. In comparison to the forestland soils (mean 0.51 ± 0.24), the cropland soils had significantly lower NO3− retention capacities (mean 0.01 ± 0.01), indicating that the potential N losses in the cropland soils were higher. The correlation analysis demonstrated that soil gross autotrophic nitrification rate was negatively and gross NH4+ immobilization rate was positively related to the SOC content and C/N ratio. Therefore, effective measures should be taken to increase soil SOC content and C/N ratio to enhance soil N immobilization ability and NO3− retention capacity and thus reduce NO3− losses from the Regosols.

ACS Style

Xiao Ren; Jinbo Zhang; Hamidou Bah; Christoph Müller; Zucong Cai; Bo Zhu. Soil gross nitrogen transformations in forestland and cropland of Regosols. Scientific Reports 2021, 11, 1 -11.

AMA Style

Xiao Ren, Jinbo Zhang, Hamidou Bah, Christoph Müller, Zucong Cai, Bo Zhu. Soil gross nitrogen transformations in forestland and cropland of Regosols. Scientific Reports. 2021; 11 (1):1-11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiao Ren; Jinbo Zhang; Hamidou Bah; Christoph Müller; Zucong Cai; Bo Zhu. 2021. "Soil gross nitrogen transformations in forestland and cropland of Regosols." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1: 1-11.

Journal article
Published: 15 December 2020 in Applied Sciences
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An experimental vermicomposting system was established in purple soil present in Sichuan Basin, China. The purpose of vermicomposting (VC) was to recycle and manage organic waste materials; for instance, animal manure and crop residues are present in great quantity. A particular use of earthworms for VC is a valuable method for retrieving essential plant nutrients. Experimental vermicomposting followed by monitoring was conducted for two months in summer with an interval of fifteen days. Four treatments, COM (compost without earthworms), VCM (using cow manure), VPM (through pig manure), and VBC (using biochar), were applied with agricultural wastes such as rapeseed and wheat straw in combination with cow dung, pig manure, and biochar, respectively. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to statistically analyze and interpret the nutrient change among different treatments. Post hoc analysis was done using Tukey’s test. The experimental vermicomposting results revealed that VCM gives increased plant nutrients with a minimum C: N ratio (from 22.13 to 14.38) and a maximum increase in nitrogen concentrations (1.77 to 29.15 g kg−1). A significant decrease in ammonia volatilization was observed in the order VCM > VBC > VPM when compared to COM. It was experimentally established that vermicomposting is the most suitable method for converting organic waste into nutrient-rich fertilizer with the least environmental pollution load.

ACS Style

Syed Turab Raza; Bo Zhu; Jia Liang Tang; Zulfiqar Ali; Raheel Anjum; Hamidou Bah; Hassan Iqbal; Xiao Ren; Rida Ahmad. Nutrients Recovery during Vermicomposting of Cow Dung, Pig Manure, and Biochar for Agricultural Sustainability with Gases Emissions. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 8956 .

AMA Style

Syed Turab Raza, Bo Zhu, Jia Liang Tang, Zulfiqar Ali, Raheel Anjum, Hamidou Bah, Hassan Iqbal, Xiao Ren, Rida Ahmad. Nutrients Recovery during Vermicomposting of Cow Dung, Pig Manure, and Biochar for Agricultural Sustainability with Gases Emissions. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (24):8956.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Syed Turab Raza; Bo Zhu; Jia Liang Tang; Zulfiqar Ali; Raheel Anjum; Hamidou Bah; Hassan Iqbal; Xiao Ren; Rida Ahmad. 2020. "Nutrients Recovery during Vermicomposting of Cow Dung, Pig Manure, and Biochar for Agricultural Sustainability with Gases Emissions." Applied Sciences 10, no. 24: 8956.

Journal article
Published: 29 October 2020 in Water
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Vegetated drainage ditches (eco-ditches) have drawn much attention in recent years for the ability to remediate diffuse contaminants in rural wastewater through sediment retention, plant uptake and interception, and microbial metabolic activities. However, the effect of plant species on microbial community structure and nitrogen (N) retention in ditch sediment remains poorly understood. In this study, mesocosm plastic drums were planted with eight plant species commonly found in ditches and nurtured with wastewater for 150 days. Sediment total nitrogen (TN) was greatly increased after 150-day nurturing with rural wastewater, from 296.03 mg∙kg−1 (Iris japonica Thunb) to 607.88 mg∙kg−1 (Acorus gramineusO). This study also presents the effect of different plant species on sediment microbial communities, thus providing insight into N removal mechanisms in eco-ditch. Fifty-eight differentially abundant taxa were identified, and sediment microbial community structure for no plant (CK), Acg, Canna indica (Cai), and Typha latifolia L. (Tyl) was primarily linked to sediment NH4+-N and TN. Extremely small proportions of ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrifying bacteria were detected for all treatments, but large proportions of Crenarchaeota, which comprises the widely existent ammonium oxidized archaea (AOA), were found in CK, Acg and Cai. The abundance of Nitrosotalea from Crenarchaeota presented positive correlations with sediment NH4+-N contents and ammonia oxidation function predicted by Faprotax, indicating Nitrosotalea might be the dominant ammonium-oxidizing microbes in sediment samples. The probable NH4+-N removal pathway in wastewater sediment was through a combined effect of AOA, nitrifying bacteria, and anammox.

ACS Style

Zhixin Dong; Lei Hu; Jianmei Li; Mathieu Nsenga Kumwimba; Jialiang Tang; Bo Zhu. Nitrogen Retention in Mesocosm Sediments Received Rural Wastewater Associated with Microbial Community Response to Plant Species. Water 2020, 12, 3035 .

AMA Style

Zhixin Dong, Lei Hu, Jianmei Li, Mathieu Nsenga Kumwimba, Jialiang Tang, Bo Zhu. Nitrogen Retention in Mesocosm Sediments Received Rural Wastewater Associated with Microbial Community Response to Plant Species. Water. 2020; 12 (11):3035.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhixin Dong; Lei Hu; Jianmei Li; Mathieu Nsenga Kumwimba; Jialiang Tang; Bo Zhu. 2020. "Nitrogen Retention in Mesocosm Sediments Received Rural Wastewater Associated with Microbial Community Response to Plant Species." Water 12, no. 11: 3035.

Journal article
Published: 25 September 2020 in Sustainability
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Soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions are influenced by land use adjustment and management practices. To meet the increasing socioeconomic development and sustainable demands for food supply, forestland conversion to cropland occurs around the world. However, the effects of forestland conversion to cropland as well as of tillage and fertilization practices on soil N2O emissions are still not well understood, especially in subtropical regions. Therefore, field experiments were carried out to continuously monitor soil N2O emissions after the conversion of forestland to cropland in a subtropical region in Southwest China. One forestland site and four cropland sites were selected: forestland (CK), short-term croplands (tillage with and without fertilization, NC-TF and NC-T), and long-term croplands (tillage with and without fertilization, LC-TF and LC-T). The annual cumulative N2O flux was 0.21 kg N ha−1 yr−1 in forestland. After forestland conversion to cropland, the annual cumulative N2O flux significantly increased by 76‒491%. In the short-term and long-term croplands, tillage with fertilization induced cumulative soil N2O emissions that were 94% and 235% higher than those from tillage without fertilization. Fertilization contributed 63% and 84% to increased N2O emissions in the short-term and long-term croplands, respectively. A stepwise regression analysis showed that soil N2O emissions from croplands were mainly influenced by soil NO3− and NH4+ availability and WFPS (water-filled pore space). Fertilization led to higher soil NH4+ and NO3− concentrations, which thus resulted in larger N2O fluxes. Thus, to reduce soil N2O emissions and promote the sustainable development of the eco-environment, we recommend limiting the conversion of forestland to cropland, and meanwhile intensifying the shift from grain to green or applying advanced agricultural management practices as much as possible.

ACS Style

Xiao Ren; Bo Zhu; Hamidou Bah; Syed Raza. How Tillage and Fertilization Influence Soil N2O Emissions after Forestland Conversion to Cropland. Sustainability 2020, 12, 7947 .

AMA Style

Xiao Ren, Bo Zhu, Hamidou Bah, Syed Raza. How Tillage and Fertilization Influence Soil N2O Emissions after Forestland Conversion to Cropland. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (19):7947.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiao Ren; Bo Zhu; Hamidou Bah; Syed Raza. 2020. "How Tillage and Fertilization Influence Soil N2O Emissions after Forestland Conversion to Cropland." Sustainability 12, no. 19: 7947.

Journal article
Published: 29 July 2020 in Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
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Eutrophication of the surface water in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) area in response to anthropogenically derived nutrients is a serious concern. Widespread cultivation in the riparian zone could lead to a large amount of nitrogen and phosphorus being transported via runoff during the cropland cultivation period or being released during the submerging period into the water of the TGR. However, little is known about the nutrient release fluxes from slope cropland into water during the submerging period. It is also not clear which process is critical. The experimental site in this study is representative of arable land on slopes in the riparian zone in the TGR area. Free-drainage lysimeters were constructed on a block of intact sandstone at a water level of 165 m in the riparian zone in the TGR area. The treatments were as follows: (1) no fertilizer (NF), (2) reduced nitrogen fertilizer treatment (RFT), and (3) conventional fertilizer treatment (CFT). The experimental plots were cropped conventionally with summer maize (Zea mays L.) from March to early September, and the experimental plots were submerged in water from October to March of the next year. Runoff water samples were collected during the 3-year experimental period (March 2016-October 2018). The results from this study indicate that nitrogen losses via interflow and phosphorus losses via overland flow are the dominant processes in the slope cropland in the riparian zone in the TGR area during the cropland cultivation period. In the CFT treatment, the average annual total nitrogen (TN) loss fluxes were 4.28 ± 0.10 kg hm−2 via overland flow and 26.17 ± 3.68 kg hm−2 via interflow. Additionally, the average annual total phosphorus (TP) loss fluxes in the conventional fertilizer treatment were 0.83 ± 0.43 kg hm−2 via overland flow and 0.15 ± 0.02 kg hm−2 via interflow. Before submerging, there were significant seasonal changes in the nutrient loss flux in every treatment. During the submerging period, the NO3--N, NH4+-N, and available phosphorus release fluxes from soil to water in the CFT treatment were 5.40 ± 0.75 kg hm−2, 4.38 ± 3.30 kg hm−2, and 12.09 ± 11.08 kg hm−2, respectively. The NO3--N release fluxes during the submerging period were higher than the NO3--N loss fluxes via overland flow, but they were lower than the NO3--N loss fluxes via interflow. Different from the pattern of NO3--N, the NH4+-N and available phosphorus release fluxes in the three treatments were much higher than the sum of the NH4+-N and available phosphorus loss fluxes via overland flow and interflow. Based on these findings, our results suggest that efforts to avoid further eutrophication of the reservoir water should take into account nutrient release from the soil of arable croplands in the riparian zone during the submerging period.

ACS Style

Tao Wang; Bo Zhu; Minghua Zhou; Lei Hu; Shiwei Jiang; Zheng Wang. Nutrient loss from slope cropland to water in the riparian zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir: Process, pathway, and flux. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 2020, 302, 107108 .

AMA Style

Tao Wang, Bo Zhu, Minghua Zhou, Lei Hu, Shiwei Jiang, Zheng Wang. Nutrient loss from slope cropland to water in the riparian zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir: Process, pathway, and flux. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 2020; 302 ():107108.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tao Wang; Bo Zhu; Minghua Zhou; Lei Hu; Shiwei Jiang; Zheng Wang. 2020. "Nutrient loss from slope cropland to water in the riparian zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir: Process, pathway, and flux." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 302, no. : 107108.

Journal article
Published: 25 July 2020 in Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
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Controlling nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loss from hill slope cropland is crucial to mitigate agricultural non-point source (AGNPS) pollution in the upper Yangtze River basin. However, pathways and loadings of soil N and P loss and their responses to agricultural management practices are not well documented. We conducted a three-year field experiment using the free-drain lysimeters to evaluate the long-term effects of organic amendments on N and P loss from sloping cropland. The field experiment included five experimental treatments: mineral fertilizers (NPK) as a control, fresh pig slurry as organic manure only (OM), crop residues only (CR), organic manure combined with NPK (OMNPK), and crop residues combined with NPK (CRNPK). The results show that organic amendment applications decrease discharges of overland flow and interflow compared with NPK treatment. On average, annual total N (TN) loss loadings ranges from 8.3 to 27.6 kg N ha−1, with 1.1 to 5.2 kg N ha−1 of particulate N (PN), and 6.4 to 19.1 kg N ha-1 of nitrate N (NO3--N) loss loadings, respectively for the five treatments. Thus, PN and NO3--N losses accounts for 13–19 %, and 63–78 % of TN loss loadings, respectively across the five treatments. However, the average annual total P (TP) loss loadings ranges from 0.23 to 0.84 kg P ha−1, with 0.21 to 0.80 kg P ha-1 of particulate P (PP) for the five treatments. Moreover, PP loss accounts for 92–96 % of TP loss loadings across the five treatments. Compared to NPK treatment, organic amendment applications significantly decrease TN loss, by 85 % via overland flow and 117 % via interflow on average. Organic amendment applications also significantly decrease TP loss, by 162 % via overland flow and, by 90 % via interflow compared with NPK treatment on average. This study shows that the combination of mineral fertilizers and organic amendments of either manure or crop residues can mitigate hydrological N and P loss from slope croplands in the upper Yangtze River basin.

ACS Style

Hamidou Bah; Minghua Zhou; Xiao Ren; Lei Hu; Zhixing Dong; Bo Zhu. Effects of organic amendment applications on nitrogen and phosphorus losses from sloping cropland in the upper Yangtze River. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 2020, 302, 107086 .

AMA Style

Hamidou Bah, Minghua Zhou, Xiao Ren, Lei Hu, Zhixing Dong, Bo Zhu. Effects of organic amendment applications on nitrogen and phosphorus losses from sloping cropland in the upper Yangtze River. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 2020; 302 ():107086.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hamidou Bah; Minghua Zhou; Xiao Ren; Lei Hu; Zhixing Dong; Bo Zhu. 2020. "Effects of organic amendment applications on nitrogen and phosphorus losses from sloping cropland in the upper Yangtze River." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 302, no. : 107086.

Journal article
Published: 18 July 2020 in International Soil and Water Conservation Research
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The Natural Resources Conservation Service runoff curve number (NRCS-CN) method is widely used to simulate direct runoff, but the impact of rainfall intensity has not been considered. In this study, a rainfall intensity modification factor (γ) was incorporated into the Ia-S relationship of the NRCS-CN method, and the modified method (NRCS–CN–γ) was compared with the NRCS-CN method with λ = 0.2 and λ = 0.05 in three watersheds of the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed (WGEW). The results showed that for 2016–2018 period, the simulation performance of the NRCS–CN–γ method was close to the NRCS-CN (λ = 0.05) method and better than the NRCS-CN (λ = 0.2) method. When the new data (2009 data with high variance) was added, the significant improvement was observed by NRCS–CN–γ method with all the evaluation parameters being the best in the three watersheds, indicating a more adapted capability of the modified method with highly uneven rainfall intensities. The covariance between rainfall intensity and the simulated runoff were 19.01, 15.14, and 16.35 for the three methods, respectively. When the optimal CN changed, the relative errors representing CN sensitivity were 6.25, 6.49 and 17.39 for the methods, respectively. It is suggested that the NRCS–CN–γ method outperformed the other two methods and could contribute to a more accurate estimation of direct runoff where rainfall intensity greatly varied, especially in monsoon region or under the context of climate change.

ACS Style

Pengcheng Hu; Jialiang Tang; Jihui Fan; Shumiao Shu; Zhaoyong Hu; Bo Zhu. Incorporating a rainfall intensity modification factor γ into the Ia-S Relationship in the NRCS-CN method. International Soil and Water Conservation Research 2020, 8, 1 .

AMA Style

Pengcheng Hu, Jialiang Tang, Jihui Fan, Shumiao Shu, Zhaoyong Hu, Bo Zhu. Incorporating a rainfall intensity modification factor γ into the Ia-S Relationship in the NRCS-CN method. International Soil and Water Conservation Research. 2020; 8 (3):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pengcheng Hu; Jialiang Tang; Jihui Fan; Shumiao Shu; Zhaoyong Hu; Bo Zhu. 2020. "Incorporating a rainfall intensity modification factor γ into the Ia-S Relationship in the NRCS-CN method." International Soil and Water Conservation Research 8, no. 3: 1.

Journal article
Published: 10 June 2020 in Atmosphere
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Characterizing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and global warming potential (GWP) has become a key step in the estimation of atmospheric GHG concentrations and their potential mitigation by cropland management. However, the impacts of organic amendments on GHG, GWP, and yield-scaled GWP on cropland have not been well documented. Here, we investigate four amendment treatments (no amendment, mineral fertilizers, and pig slurry or crop residue combined with mineral fertilizers) during a two-year field experiment in rain-fed wheat-maize cropping systems. The results show that the average annual cumulative methane (CH4) flux ranged from −2.60 to −2.97 kg·C·ha−1 while nitrous oxide (N2O) flux ranged from 0.44 to 4.58 kg·N·ha−1 across all four treatments. N2O emissions were significantly correlated with soil inorganic nitrogen (i.e., NH4+-N and NO3−-N), and soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC) during both the winter wheat and summer maize seasons. On average, organic amendments combined with mineral fertilizers increased the annual GWP by 26–74% and yield-scaled GWP by 19–71% compared to those under only mineral fertilizers application. This study indicates that the fertilization strategy for Eutric Regosols can shift from only mineral fertilizers to organic amendments combined with mineral fertilizers, which can help mitigate GHG emissions and GWP while maintaining crop yields.

ACS Style

Hamidou Bah; Xiao Ren; Yanqiang Wang; Jialiang Tang; Bo Zhu. Characterizing Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Global Warming Potential of Wheat-Maize Cropping Systems in Response to Organic Amendments in Eutric Regosols, China. Atmosphere 2020, 11, 1 .

AMA Style

Hamidou Bah, Xiao Ren, Yanqiang Wang, Jialiang Tang, Bo Zhu. Characterizing Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Global Warming Potential of Wheat-Maize Cropping Systems in Response to Organic Amendments in Eutric Regosols, China. Atmosphere. 2020; 11 (6):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hamidou Bah; Xiao Ren; Yanqiang Wang; Jialiang Tang; Bo Zhu. 2020. "Characterizing Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Global Warming Potential of Wheat-Maize Cropping Systems in Response to Organic Amendments in Eutric Regosols, China." Atmosphere 11, no. 6: 1.

Journal article
Published: 02 June 2020 in Journal of Soils and Sediments
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Sustaining crop yield and decreasing the environmental risk of phosphorus (P) loss are key challenges for P fertilization management, which is helpful for achieving the goals for agriculture sustainable development. The effects of the long-term application of different organic amendments on P loss through surface runoff and leaching on sloping croplands have not been studied until now. We simultaneously measured the P loss based on a long-term fertilization experiment using a lysimeter (8 × 4 m2) with four treatments: control (no fertilizer; CK), mineral fertilizer (MF), mineral fertilizer combined with swine manure (MFSM), and mineral fertilizer combined with crop straw (MFCS). Annual P loss loads through surface runoff and leaching in the MF treatment were 90.3 ± 29.4 and 39.2 ± 13.2 mg m−2, respectively. The quantitative relationship between soil P surplus and total P loss load was described by a positive linear function, which suggested that a total P loss of approximately 2.9 kg ha−1 occurred with each 100 kg ha−1 of P surplus. P recovery efficiencies in the MFSM and MFCS treatments increased obviously by 24.0% and 34.5%, whereas soil P surplus decreased by 10.5% and 62.4%, respectively. Overall, the yield-scaled total P losses for the MFSM and MFCS treatments decreased significantly by 71% and 200%, respectively, compared with the MF treatment (0.12 ± 0.04 kg t−1). Long-term organic amendment application, especially for crop straw, effectively decreased P surplus and P loss, thereby increasing P efficiency. We recommend the combined application of mineral fertilizer with crop straw as a sustainable agronomic P management practice to achieve sustainable goals for development of the United Nations and the land degradation neutrality challenge.

ACS Style

Keke Hua; Bo Zhu. Phosphorus loss through surface runoff and leaching in response to the long-term application of different organic amendments on sloping croplands. Journal of Soils and Sediments 2020, 20, 3459 -3471.

AMA Style

Keke Hua, Bo Zhu. Phosphorus loss through surface runoff and leaching in response to the long-term application of different organic amendments on sloping croplands. Journal of Soils and Sediments. 2020; 20 (9):3459-3471.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Keke Hua; Bo Zhu. 2020. "Phosphorus loss through surface runoff and leaching in response to the long-term application of different organic amendments on sloping croplands." Journal of Soils and Sediments 20, no. 9: 3459-3471.

Journal article
Published: 31 March 2020 in Sustainability
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With an increasing interest in closing the nutrient loop in agroecosystems, organic amendments are highly recommended as a reliable resource for soil nutrient recycling. However, from a carbon sequestration perspective, not much has been reported on the contribution of different organic amendments to soil organic carbon (SOC), crop carbon (C) uptake, and soil carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in wheat-maize cropping systems of sloppy upland soil. To fill the knowledge gap, a two-year lysimeter-field plots experiment was conducted in a sloppy upland purplish soil under wheat-maize cropping systems. The experiments were arranged in a complete random block design with five treatment plots, namely; fresh pig slurry as organic manure (OM), crop residues (CR), conventional mineral fertilizers (NPK) as the control, organic manure plus mineral fertilizers (OMNPK), and crop residues plus mineral fertilizers (CRNPK). Our results showed the leaf photosynthesis rate was not significantly increased by organic amendment application treatments compared to NPK treatment, and was within a range of 4.8 to 45.3 µmol m−2 s−1 for the wheat season and −20.1 to 40.4 µmol m−2 s−1 for the maize season across the five treatments and the measured growth stages. The soil CO2 emissions for the maize season (in the range of 203 to 362 g C m−2) were higher than for the wheat season (in the range of 118 to 252 g C m−2) on average across the different experimental treatments over the two-year experiment. The organic amendment application increased annual cumulative CO2 emissions from 30% to 51% compared to NPK treatment. Over the two years, the average crop C uptake ranged from 174 to 378 g C m−2 and from 287 to 488 g C m−2 for the wheat and maize seasons, respectively, and the organic amendment application increased the crop C uptake by 4% to 23% compared to NPK treatment. In the organic amendment treatments, the C balance ranged from −160 to 460 g C m−2 and from −301 to 334 g C m−2 for the wheat and the maize seasons, respectively, which were greater than those in the NPK treatment. Overall, the present study results suggest incorporation of organic amendments could be an effective strategy for increasing C sequestration and sustaining crop productivity in sloppy upland soil.

ACS Style

Hamidou Bah; Minghua Zhou; Simon Kizito; Ren Xiao; Syed Turab Raza; Zhixin Dong; Bo Zhu. Carbon Balance under Organic Amendments in the Wheat-Maize Cropping Systems of Sloppy Upland Soil. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2747 .

AMA Style

Hamidou Bah, Minghua Zhou, Simon Kizito, Ren Xiao, Syed Turab Raza, Zhixin Dong, Bo Zhu. Carbon Balance under Organic Amendments in the Wheat-Maize Cropping Systems of Sloppy Upland Soil. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (7):2747.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hamidou Bah; Minghua Zhou; Simon Kizito; Ren Xiao; Syed Turab Raza; Zhixin Dong; Bo Zhu. 2020. "Carbon Balance under Organic Amendments in the Wheat-Maize Cropping Systems of Sloppy Upland Soil." Sustainability 12, no. 7: 2747.

Journal article
Published: 18 March 2019 in Applied Soil Ecology
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Manure application and crop residue returning have been performed to enhance crop yield and reduce soil reactive nitrogen (Nr) gas (N2O and NOx) emissions. However, the dynamic characteristics of soil nitrogen-cycling (N-cycling) enzyme activities, and the relationship among N-cycling enzyme activities, Nr contents and Nr gas emissions are not clearly understood. Six fertilization regimes, including control (CK-no fertilizer), synthetic N fertilizer alone (N), synthetic nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer (NPK), pig manure (OM), pig manure (30% of N rate) with synthetic NPK (70% of N rate) (OMNPK), and crop residues (20% of N rate) with synthetic NPK (80% of N rate) (CRNPK), were used for 11 years to form stable soil conditions. The total N application rate in each fertilization regime, except CK, is the same (130 kg N ha−1) in the winter wheat season. The results showed that the cumulative emissions of N2O plus NOx in OM increased significantly by 43.7%, while those in OMNPK and CRNPK decreased by 8.2 and 15.3% compared to conventional fertilization regimes of NPK. The long-term application of manure or returning crop residues to partly replace synthetic N fertilizer may significantly enhance soil hydrolase activities compared with NPK at most stages of wheat growth. In contrast to OM, OMNPK and CRNPK primarily inhibited the activities of nitrate reductase (NR) and nitrite reductase (NiR) but increased hydroxylamine reductase (HyR) activity. Redundancy analysis (RDA) and stepwise multiple linear regression showed positive NR and NiR activities, while PRO activity is negative for N2O emission. NOx emissions were mainly controlled by HyR activities. Thus, soil reactive nitrogen (Nr) gas emissions may be mitigated by different fertilization regimes through the regulation of soil enzyme activities. Fertilization regimes, such as manure application and returning crop residues with synthetic NPK, could be recommended as optimal N fertilization strategies in Regosols to mitigate Nr gas emissions.

ACS Style

Yulin Pu; Bo Zhu; Zhixin Dong; Yun Liu; Changquan Wang; Chun Ye. Soil N2O and NOx emissions are directly linked with N-cycling enzymatic activities. Applied Soil Ecology 2019, 139, 15 -24.

AMA Style

Yulin Pu, Bo Zhu, Zhixin Dong, Yun Liu, Changquan Wang, Chun Ye. Soil N2O and NOx emissions are directly linked with N-cycling enzymatic activities. Applied Soil Ecology. 2019; 139 ():15-24.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yulin Pu; Bo Zhu; Zhixin Dong; Yun Liu; Changquan Wang; Chun Ye. 2019. "Soil N2O and NOx emissions are directly linked with N-cycling enzymatic activities." Applied Soil Ecology 139, no. : 15-24.

Journal article
Published: 31 January 2019 in Journal of Hydrology
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Domestic sewage is a key source of surface water pollution in rural areas of developing countries, especially in China, where a large amount of highly concentrated nutrients is directly discharged into the receiving waters. Therefore, in this study, a set of ecological ditch systems was designed to remove nutrients from rural domestic sewage in the hilly area of the central Sichuan Basin, China. The results show that the total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiencies range from 14.87%–84.24%, with an average of 47.97%, and the total phosphorus (TP) removal efficiencies range from 13.93%–86.22% with an average of 49.79%. The highest daily TN and TP removal rates are 13.06 and 1.30 g m-2 d-1, respectively, and the average removal rates are 3.19 g m-2 d-1 for TN and 0.28 g m-2 d-1 for TP. Our results indicate that the ecological ditch system to treat rural domestic sewage with high nutrient concentrations can be used in the study area or areas with similar topography. Furthermore, we found that the nutrient removal efficiencies exhibit considerable seasonal variations and are sensitive to the hydraulic flow rates. The nutrient removal capacity of the ecological ditch system is therefore somewhat limited. Based on our findings, the use of winter-hardy wetland plants and increase of the size of the filter unit are recommended to make the ecological ditch system more efficient and maintain high nutrient removal rates year-round. Furthermore, we suggest that regular mowing of plants and the removal of accumulated sediment are necessary to manage the ecological ditch system.

ACS Style

Tao Wang; Bo Zhu; Minghua Zhou. Ecological ditch system for nutrient removal of rural domestic sewage in the hilly area of the central Sichuan Basin, China. Journal of Hydrology 2019, 570, 839 -849.

AMA Style

Tao Wang, Bo Zhu, Minghua Zhou. Ecological ditch system for nutrient removal of rural domestic sewage in the hilly area of the central Sichuan Basin, China. Journal of Hydrology. 2019; 570 ():839-849.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tao Wang; Bo Zhu; Minghua Zhou. 2019. "Ecological ditch system for nutrient removal of rural domestic sewage in the hilly area of the central Sichuan Basin, China." Journal of Hydrology 570, no. : 839-849.

Journal article
Published: 22 January 2019 in Science of The Total Environment
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The impact of afforestation and deforestation on the carbon cycle and carbon sequestration in agricultural landscape has been well studied, while the direction and magnitude of the effects on soil CH4 fluxes remain uncertain in particular in the subtropical region. Thus, multi-site and multi-year field experiments were conducted to measure soil CH4 fluxes from an afforestation chronosequence (cropland [wheat-maize rotation], 15-year old forest, 20-year old forest and 30-year forest) and a deforestation chronosequence (secondary forest, grassland, cropland without fertilization and cropland with fertilization [wheat-maize rotation]) in a subtropical agricultural landscape from 2012 to 2017. The soil at all land uses functioned exclusively as a sink for atmospheric CH4 through the whole experimental years. Soil CH4 uptakes showed great seasonal and inter-annual variations along with those of temporal patterns of soil environmental variables. At the afforestation chronosequence, annual CH4 uptake rates averaged 1.37, 1.68, 1.80 and 2.97 kg C ha−1 yr−1 for cropland, 15-year old forest, 20-year old forest and 30-year old forest. Compared to cropland, afforestation increased annual CH4 uptake by 23 to 117%. Soil CH4 uptake decreased with increasing soil content, soil NH4+ content and soil NO3− content but increased with increasing soil DOC content at the afforestation chronosequence (P < 0.05). At the deforestation chronosequence, annual CH4 uptake rates were 1.37, 1.70, 1.77 and 2.01 kg C ha−1 yr−1 for secondary forest, grassland, cropland without fertilization and cropland with fertilization. Compared to secondary forest, deforestation increased annual CH4 uptake by 24 to 47%. Soil CH4 uptakes were negatively correlated with soil water content and positively correlated with soil NO3− content. We conclude that both afforestation and deforestation have the potential to increase the sink capacities of atmospheric CH4 in the subtropical agricultural landscape and consequently provide the negative feedbacks to climate system.

ACS Style

Minghua Zhou; Xiaoguo Wang; Xiao Ren; Bo Zhu. Afforestation and deforestation enhanced soil CH4 uptake in a subtropical agricultural landscape: Evidence from multi-year and multi-site field experiments. Science of The Total Environment 2019, 662, 313 -323.

AMA Style

Minghua Zhou, Xiaoguo Wang, Xiao Ren, Bo Zhu. Afforestation and deforestation enhanced soil CH4 uptake in a subtropical agricultural landscape: Evidence from multi-year and multi-site field experiments. Science of The Total Environment. 2019; 662 ():313-323.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Minghua Zhou; Xiaoguo Wang; Xiao Ren; Bo Zhu. 2019. "Afforestation and deforestation enhanced soil CH4 uptake in a subtropical agricultural landscape: Evidence from multi-year and multi-site field experiments." Science of The Total Environment 662, no. : 313-323.

Original article
Published: 14 August 2018 in Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems
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Biogeochemical processes regulating cropland soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions are complex, and the controlling factors need to be better understood, especially for seasonal variation after fertilization. Seasonal patterns of N2O emissions and abundances of archaeal ammonia monooxygenase (amoA), bacterial amoA, nitrate reductase (narG), nitrite reductase (nirS/nirK), and nitrous oxide reductase (nosZ) genes in long-term fertilized wheat–maize soils have been studied to understand the roles of microbes in N2O emissions. The results showed that fertilization greatly stimulated N2O emission with higher values in pig manure-treated soil (OM, 2.88 kg N ha−1 year−1) than in straw-returned (CRNPK, 0.79 kg N ha−1 year−1) and mineral fertilizer-treated (NPK, 0.90 kg N ha−1 year−1) soils. Most (52.2–88.9%) cumulative N2O emissions occurred within 3 weeks after fertilization. Meanwhile, N2O emissions within 3 weeks after fertilization showed a positive correlation with narG gene copy number and a negative correlation with soil NO3− contents. The abundances of narG and nosZ genes had larger direct effects (1.06) than ammonium oxidizers (0.42) on N2O emissions according to partial least squares path modeling. Stepwise multiple regression also showed that log narG was a predictor variable for N2O emissions. This study suggested that denitrification was the major process responsible for N2O emissions within 3 weeks after fertilization. During the remaining period of crop growth, insufficient N substrate and low temperature became the primary limiting factors for N2O emission according to the results of the regression models.

ACS Style

Zhixin Dong; Bo Zhu; Yan Jiang; Jialiang Tang; Wenli Liu; Lei Hu. Seasonal N2O emissions respond differently to environmental and microbial factors after fertilization in wheat–maize agroecosystem. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 2018, 112, 215 -229.

AMA Style

Zhixin Dong, Bo Zhu, Yan Jiang, Jialiang Tang, Wenli Liu, Lei Hu. Seasonal N2O emissions respond differently to environmental and microbial factors after fertilization in wheat–maize agroecosystem. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems. 2018; 112 (2):215-229.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhixin Dong; Bo Zhu; Yan Jiang; Jialiang Tang; Wenli Liu; Lei Hu. 2018. "Seasonal N2O emissions respond differently to environmental and microbial factors after fertilization in wheat–maize agroecosystem." Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 112, no. 2: 215-229.