Thalassemia is a genetic blood disorder in which body is unable to synthesis hemoglobin characterized by chronic anemia. Improper erythropoiesis is the major problem in thalassemia. 50 Pakistani and 50 Afghani patients (male and female) from various public sector hospitals of Quetta city a year, were include in this study. Patients were divided into four groups (N=25 each group): Group-I: Included male and female Pakistani control individuals, Group-II Included male and female Pakistani thalassemia patients, Group-III included male and female Afghan control individuals, Group-IV included male and female Afghan thalassemia patients. BMI (Kg/m2) was recorded. 3-5 ml of blood was collected, serum was isolated and biochemical analysis for hematological parameters (Hb, MCV, MCH, MCHC, and PCV), renal function test (urea, creatinine) and liver function test (AST, ALT) were done. A significant reduction in the BMI (P<0.0001) was reported both in Pakistani and Afghani thalassemia patients as compared to normal individuals. Significant decrease was found for hematological parameters in thalassemia patients in both populations and in both genders. Serum AST, ALT, creatinine and urea was significant increase in both Pakistani and Afghani thalassemia patients as compare to control. The prevalence of thalassemia is more severe in Afghani patients as compare to Pakistani patients since in Afghanistan health facilities are very poor, inter tribe marriages are very common and lack of knowledge.

Water play a vital and significant role for life. The Fresh water Phytoplankton diversity and Physico-chemical parameters of Pathan kot have been studied for period of one year from Kech Amakzai River is situated district Loralai Balochistan. The Physico-chemical and plankton diversity was studied from January 2017 to December 2017. The Physico-chemical parameters includes Temperature, water temperature, pH, Turbidity, Total dissolved Solids( TDS), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), Silicate, Total Hardness, Alkalinity, sulphate, CO2. The statistics obtained from the physico-chemical analysis of the water quality in the Killi Kach Amaqzai of district Loralai clearly indicates that most of the important parameters are in the permissible limits of WHO standards. It is evident that the ecological conditions of water reservoir support a rich diversity of algal flora, therefore this river has rich number of species and biodiversity of fresh water Phytoplankton. A total 38 species belonging to four groups were recorded of which 10 species belonged to Cyanophyceae, 14 to Chlorophyceae, 11 to Bacillariophyceae, 3 to Euglenophyceae. The present study reveals that each species as well as group appeared to prefer certain months of the year to record their highest counts. Further, in term of count, among the various groups, the order of dominance was Chlorophyceae > Bacillariophyceae > Cyanophyceae > Euglenophyceae.

Background: Type 2 Diabetes mellitus, is a metabolic disorder responsible for disturbance in carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism. The objective of current study was to evaluate the effect of Quercetin and Metformin on serum lipid profile and gene expression involved in lipid metabolism. Methods: Sixty-four (64) Wistar rats in a range of live body weight 196.75-198.19 grams, were divided in eight (8) groups (n=8 each); CONTROL, DIABETIC, DIAB+MET, DIAB+25Q, DIAB+50Q, NONDIAB+MET, NONDIAB+25Q and NONDIAB+50Q. A single dose of Streptozotocin drug @ 35 mg per kg was used for the induction of diabetes. The particular doses of Metformin and Quercetin were given by gavage on daily basis in their respective groups till the end of 14-week trial. Result: In case of FAS gene expression in liver, DIAB+MET (1.26±0.03), DIAB+25Q (1.31±0.02) and DIAB+50Q (1.19±0.04), suppresses the elevated expression compared to Diabetic group, while in case of SREBP-1c, both DIAB+MET (1.31±0.05) and DIAB+50Q (1.38±0.04) showed predominant results compared to DIAB+25Q. Moreover, for PPAR-α, DIAB+MET (0.87±0.06) exhibited considerable upregulation in comparison with DIAB+25Q (0.65±0.03) and DIAB+50Q (0.76±0.04). In adipose, FAS gene was significantly downregulated in DIAB+50Q (1.28±0.03) group as compared to other two diabetic treatment groups, however, for PPAR-γ gene, in term of significance both DIAB+MET (0.84±0.05) and DIAB+50Q (0.88±0.06) displayed statistically similar level of upregulation. In muscles, PPAR-α expression was best observed in DIAB+50Q (0.80±0.03) and DIAB+MET (0.76±0.02) compared to DIAB+25Q (0.59±0.03). Moreover, serum lipid profile (TC, HDL, TG, LDL and VLDL) was also significantly improved in Metformin and Quercetin treatment groups. In non-diabetic treatment groups, a non-significant difference was observed when compared to CONTROL group.