Background: Parastromateus niger, is one of the important fish species from economic point of view in Gwadar, Balochistan-Pakistan. This study was carried out to determine the growth and fecundity of Parastromateus niger. Methods: Growth of P. niger was determined by applying Le Cren formula while mean fecundity and relative fecundity of this fish was calculated by using equation of Yelden and Avsar. Result: Relationship between fish weight and ovary weight was found as 0.384 and 0.898 respectively in 1st and 2nd year of research. Annual mean fecundity of P. niger was calculated as 43165.4 eggs with relative fecundity of 73.7 in 2017-18 and annual mean fecundity in 2018-19 was 39759.5 eggs with 50.2 relative fecundity. Value of R2 in first year of research between fecundity and ovary weight was 0.751, for mean fecundity and relative fecundity was 0.545, in term of fecundity and total length of fish was 0.60 and for fish total weight and fecundity was 0.596. Value of R2 between fecundity and weight of ovary was 0.951, with mean fecundity and relative fecundity as 0.968, between fish fecundity and total length was 0.578 and in case of fecundity and total body weight was found 0.809 in second year of research period.

Background: Ticks and tick-borne diseases (TBDs) are considered to be the most serious health problems for animals and humans. This issue prompts veterinarians and researchers to adopt better preventive and control strategies. Therefore, this study aims to develop hybridoma vaccine against Hylomma dromedarii infesting Camelus dromedaries. Methods: Myeloma cell culture was administered to the immunized mouse in order to produce hybridomas cells. These cells were then emulsified with Montanide ISA-51 adjuvant. Two doses of the prepared anti-tick vaccine were administered intradermally to camels with an interval of five weeks. The humoral response of experimental animals was measured by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Result: There was a significant (p less than 0.05) decrease in immune responses in tick counts and molting capacity. Overall, 85% efficacy of the developed vaccine was recorded. It is concluded that hybridoma based vaccine is effective in controlling H. dromedarii infestation against camels.

Objective: To determine the relation of baseline serum albumin levels with the duration of neutropenia after induction chemotherapy in acute leukaemia. Study design: Prospective longitudinal study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Medical Oncology, Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, Dec 2018 and Dec 2020. Methodology: Ninety-one patients with newly diagnosed acute leukaemia who were planned to receive induction chemotherapy were included. Before starting chemotherapy, blood counts and serum albumin levels were determined in each patient. The tests were monitored during treatment, and the duration of days when the patient experienced neutropenia was noted. Results: The mean age of participants was 29.70±9.50 years. 64(70.3%) were males and 27(29.7 %) were female. At presentation, the mean white blood cell (WBC) count in peripheral blood was 16.70±39.60 x109/L. 29 (31.9%) patients had hypoalbuminemia with serum albumin <3.5g/dL, while 62 (68.1%) patients had normal serum albumin ≥3.5g/dL. The mean duration of neutropenia in the Low Albumin Group was 8.20±5.30 days. The mean duration of neutropenia in Normal Albumin (≥3.5g/dL) Group was 7.50±6.30 days. There was no Statistical difference between low serum albumin and the duration of neutropenia (p-value 0.605). Conclusion: This study shows that the pre-chemotherapy serum albumin level has no significant relation with the duration of neutropenia experienced by the patient after induction chemotherapy of acute leukaemia.

Background: Type 2 Diabetes mellitus, is a metabolic disorder responsible for disturbance in carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism. The objective of current study was to evaluate the effect of Quercetin and Metformin on serum lipid profile and gene expression involved in lipid metabolism. Methods: Sixty-four (64) Wistar rats in a range of live body weight 196.75-198.19 grams, were divided in eight (8) groups (n=8 each); CONTROL, DIABETIC, DIAB+MET, DIAB+25Q, DIAB+50Q, NONDIAB+MET, NONDIAB+25Q and NONDIAB+50Q. A single dose of Streptozotocin drug @ 35 mg per kg was used for the induction of diabetes. The particular doses of Metformin and Quercetin were given by gavage on daily basis in their respective groups till the end of 14-week trial. Result: In case of FAS gene expression in liver, DIAB+MET (1.26±0.03), DIAB+25Q (1.31±0.02) and DIAB+50Q (1.19±0.04), suppresses the elevated expression compared to Diabetic group, while in case of SREBP-1c, both DIAB+MET (1.31±0.05) and DIAB+50Q (1.38±0.04) showed predominant results compared to DIAB+25Q. Moreover, for PPAR-α, DIAB+MET (0.87±0.06) exhibited considerable upregulation in comparison with DIAB+25Q (0.65±0.03) and DIAB+50Q (0.76±0.04). In adipose, FAS gene was significantly downregulated in DIAB+50Q (1.28±0.03) group as compared to other two diabetic treatment groups, however, for PPAR-γ gene, in term of significance both DIAB+MET (0.84±0.05) and DIAB+50Q (0.88±0.06) displayed statistically similar level of upregulation. In muscles, PPAR-α expression was best observed in DIAB+50Q (0.80±0.03) and DIAB+MET (0.76±0.02) compared to DIAB+25Q (0.59±0.03). Moreover, serum lipid profile (TC, HDL, TG, LDL and VLDL) was also significantly improved in Metformin and Quercetin treatment groups. In non-diabetic treatment groups, a non-significant difference was observed when compared to CONTROL group.