FASN plays a critical role in lipid metabolism, which is involved in regulating ovarian follicular development. However, the molecular mechanisms of how FASN regulate the function of ovarian follicular cells still remain elusive. In this study, by overexpression or interference of FASN in pre-hierarchical follicle granulosa cells (phGCs) and hierarchical follicle granulosa cells (hGCs), we analyzed their effects on the granulosa cell transcriptome and metabolome profiles using RNA-Seq and LC-MS/MS, respectively. The results showed that overexpression of FASN promoted proinflammatory factors expression by activating TLR3/IRF7 and TLR3/NF-κB pathways in phGCs, but only by activating TLR3/IRF7 pathways in hGCs. Then, necroptosis and apoptosis were triggered through the JAK/STAT1 pathway (induced by inflammatory factors) and BAK/caspase-7 pathway, respectively. The combined analysis of the metabolome and transcriptome revealed that FASN affected the demand of GCs for 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) by activating the neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathway in two categorized GCs and only altering the metabolic pathway of tryptophan in phGCs, and ultimately participated in regulating the physiological function of geese GCs. Taken together, this study showed that the mechanisms of FASN regulating the physiological function of geese phGCs and hGCs were similar, but they also had some different characteristics.

Puerarin, a bioactive isoflavone extracted from Pueraria lobata, possesses well-documented pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and metabolic regulatory effects, which have been extensively studied in mammalian models and traditional medicine. Recently, its potential as a functional feed additive in aquaculture has garnered increasing attention. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary puerarin supplementation on growth performance, immune response, antioxidant capacity, and disease resistance in largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides. A total of 120 fish were randomly assigned to 4 dietary groups, receiving a basal diet supplemented with 0 (control), 200, 500, and 1000 mg/kg puerarin for 8 weeks. The results showed that dietary puerarin significantly (p < 0.05) improved weight gain, with the 200 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg groups exhibiting the best performance. Puerarin supplementation enhanced acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), and lysozyme (LZM) activities, reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities, indicating improved immune function and oxidative stress resistance in groups receiving medium concentrations of puerarin supplementation. The expression of the TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, and HSP70 genes was significantly downregulated, especially in the 200 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg groups, suggesting anti-inflammatory and anti-stress effects, while Nrf2 expression was upregulated in the 1000 mg/kg group, reinforcing its antioxidative role. Additionally, puerarin-fed fish exhibited significantly lower mortality rates following Aeromonas hydrophila infection, highlighting enhanced disease resistance. In summary, the dose-dependent effect of puerarin on largemouth bass aquaculture has been revealed in this study. Dietary supplementation with moderate doses of puerarin (200 and 500 mg/kg) effectively suppressed inflammation and enhanced immune function, while the highest dose (1000 mg/kg) may mildly activate the immune system. These findings suggest that puerarin is a promising phytogenic feed additive for improving fish health and aquaculture sustainability.

The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of tartary buckwheat flavonoids (TBF) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D₃ (25-OHD) on fatty liver syndrome (FLS) in laying hens. A total of 450 35-wk-old Lohmann laying hens were selected and randomly divided into five groups, with six replicates per treatment and 15 laying hens in each replicate. The control group was fed a corn-soybean meal basal diet. The FLS group was fed a high- energy–low-protein (HELP) diet, and the other three experimental groups were fed HELP diets supplemented with 60 mg/kg TBF, 69 μg/kg 25-OHD, and 60 mg/kg TBF plus 69 μg/kg 25-OHD, respectively. The experiment lasted 8 weeks. The results demonstrated that feeding laying hens with a HELP diet led to a significant accumulation of fat in their livers, liver enlargement and yellowing, as well as a decline in liver antioxidant capacity and an aggravation of inflammation. TBF alone, 25-OHD alone, and their combination had no effect on the laying performance of laying hens fed with a HELP diet. However, 25-OHD significantly enhanced the albumin content, eggshell strength, and eggshell thickness of eggs (p < 0.05). Compared with the HELP group, TBF, 25-OHD, or their combination reduced serum LDL-C and TG (p < 0.05). The combined treatment further lowered serum NEFA and MDA, enhanced liver SOD activity (p < 0.05), and unlike TBF alone (which reduced hepatic TG) or 25-OHD alone (which decreased liver index), reduced both liver index and hepatic TG (p < 0.05). Liver gene expression analysis showed that combined TBF and 25-OHD significantly inhibited the expression of fat synthesis-related genes (ACC, FAS, GPAT1, ChREBP1, LXRα, SREBP-1C, SREBP-2, FABP) as well as inflammation-related genes (IL-6, TNF-α, NF-κB, TLR4) (p < 0.05). At the phylum level of the cecal microbiota, TBF increased the abundance of Bacteroidota (p < 0.05), and combined TBF and 25-OHD tended to increase the abundance of Firmicutes_D. At the genus level, TBF increased the abundance of Phocaeicola_A (p < 0.05). Furthermore, TBF, 25-OHD, or their combination reduced the abundance of Faecalibacterium (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that combined TBF and 25-OHD mitigates FLS in laying hens potentially through remodeling gut microbiota and maintaining lipid metabolic homeostasis.

Seneca Valley virus (SVV), also referred to as Senecavirus A (SVA), is an emerging pathogen within the Picornaviridae family. Since its initial identification, SVV has been implicated in the onset of porcine idiopathic vesicular disease (PIVD) across several prominent pig-producing nations globally. Due to the clinical manifestations of SVV being challenging to differentiate from those of significant animal diseases such as foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), it poses considerable economic burdens and biosecurity challenges to the swine industry. This review endeavors to provide a comprehensive synthesis of the current state of research on SVV, systematically detailing its virological characteristics, molecular biology, global epidemiology, and evolutionary dynamics. The focus is placed on elucidating its pathogenic mechanisms in swine and the intricate molecular networks that govern its interactions with the host. Particular attention is given to the strategies employed by viral proteins to counteract host innate immune responses and to modulate autophagy, apoptosis, and other critical signaling pathways. Furthermore, we consolidate the existing diagnostic technologies and advancements in vaccine development, and we explore prospective research directions, aiming to furnish a reference for the clinical prevention and control of SVV.

Avian influenza virus (AIV), a zoonotic pathogen capable of cross-species transmission, poses a significant global health threat due to its rapid evolutionary adaptation. This review consolidates evidence from the past decade on AIV-autophagy interactions, emphasizing mechanistic insights and therapeutic potential. Research indicates that various AIV strains can trigger autophagosome formation via viral components, although the completeness of autophagic flux is not fully understood. These virus–host interactions are notably influenced by viral genotypes (e.g., H5N1 vs. H9N2) and host species (avian vs. mammalian). Current studies suggest that modulating autophagy may reduce AIV-induced acute lung injury, with pharmacological agents showing potential in mitigating inflammatory responses. We systematically explore three research areas: (1) strain-specific mechanisms of autophagy induction, (2) host-specific autophagic responses in poultry and human models, and (3) the therapeutic potential of stage-specific autophagy manipulation. This synthesis clarifies critical knowledge gaps, particularly the need for standardized autophagic flux assessment in avian cells, while providing a conceptual framework for developing autophagy-targeted strategies against AIV pathogenesis.

Viral diseases that cause swine reproductive disorders pose severe threats to the global pig industry and result in enormous economic losses worldwide. The high similarity of clinical symptoms, widespread co-infections, and continuous emergence of novel pathogens urgently require rapid and accurate diagnostic strategies to support efficient disease prevention and control. This narrative review summarizes and analyzes the latest advances in diagnostic technologies for major swine reproductive viral pathogens, including Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV), Classical Swine Fever Virus (CSFV), Porcine Circovirus (PCV), Pseudorabies Virus (PRV), and Porcine Parvovirus (PPV). We mainly focus on state-of-the-art diagnostic approaches centered on nucleic acid detection and serological identification. In terms of nucleic acid detection, this review elaborates on the technological evolution from conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) to real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) and digital PCR (dPCR), highlighting the critical value of multiplex PCR (mPCR) in differential diagnosis of swine viral diseases. Meanwhile, we summarize widely applicable isothermal amplification techniques, including Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) and Recombinase Polymerase Amplification (RPA)/Recombinase-Aided Amplification (RAA), which are highly suitable for point-of-care testing (POCT). Emerging CRISPR-Cas-based diagnostic systems for swine viral detection are also comprehensively discussed. Regarding serological detection, this article systematically reviews diverse Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) methods and their practical applications in serological antibody monitoring and the Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals (DIVA) strategy. Furthermore, the potential application of Lateral Flow Immunoassay (LFIA) in rapid on-site screening is evaluated. This review aims to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date theoretical reference for the precise prevention and targeted control of swine reproductive viral diseases.